变电站线-线串中间断路器重合闸改进

分析了双馈感应发电机组在电网电压跌落时Crowbar阻值变化对电网的影响。根据双馈感应发电机（Doubly-Fed Induction Generator,DFIG）的数学模型,推导出在发电机机端发生对称故障时,定子、转子电流的表达式,通过故障期间的最大转子电流,给出Crowbar阻值估算值。在PSCAD/EMTDC软件中仿真分析不同的Crowbar阻值对系统的影响,验证公式推导的正确性,并通过仿真试验确定合理的Crowbar切除出时间。     

考虑Crowbar阻值和退出时间的双馈风电机组低电压穿越

在电网发生严重故障情况下,双馈风电机组多采用Crowbar保护电路以实现低电压穿越(LVRT),而Crowbar阻值和退出时间对LVRT效果有很大影响.文中从磁链角度推导给出了双馈感应发电机(DFIG)在并网运行情况下发生机端三相短路故障后的转子短路电流表达式及最大短路电流估算式,并给出了Crowbar阻值的整定方法.为了验证推导所得转子电流表达式的正确性,并分析Crowbar阻值与最大短路电流及其出现时间之间的关系和Crowbar阻值及退出时间对DFIG的LVRT效果的影响,针对1.5 MW DFIG进行了一系列仿真分析,结果表明:推导所得转子短路电流表达式及最大短路电流估算式比较准确;随着Crowlbar阻值的增大,最大转子电流逐渐减小,其出现时间在半同步周期内逐渐提前,但转子侧最大电压逐渐升高;在保证网侧变流器不过压的情况下,若Crowbar阻值在合理范围内偏大且Crowbar在故障切除前退出运行,则DFIG的LVRT效果更好.     

Crowbar保护电路参数选择对双馈风电系统低电压穿越的影响

在电网电压严重跌落故障下,通常采用转子侧增设Crowbar保护电路实现双馈风电系统低电压穿越(LVRT)运行,而不同的Crowbar退出时间和阻值对LVRT性能影响较大。针对双馈感应发电机(DFIG)系统机端三相短路故障,从磁链角度推导出转子侧暂态电流及其最大估算值,根据短路电流和直流母线耐受电压,给出Crowbar串联电阻值的整定范围。在MATLAB/Simulink平台进行仿真研究,结果表明,为防止电网电压恢复时Crowbar电路再次动作,可采取故障消除后切除Crowbar电路方案;在约束范围内,Crowbar电路阻值有利于暂态电流加速衰减,提高DFIG系统LVRT能力。     

Crowbar阻值对双馈感应发电机低电压穿越特性的影响

研究了Crowbar阻值选取对双馈感应发电机低电压穿越的影响。从功率耗损的角度对Crowbar阻值与定、转子暂态直流磁链的衰减关系进行推导分析;讨论了Crowbar阻值对低电压穿越下双馈感应发电机电磁转矩的影响;提出了通过在Crowbar回路中串联附加电感的方法抑制电压跌落瞬间电磁转矩的振荡。研究表明,过大或过小的Crowbar阻值都将削弱双馈感应发电机低电压穿越能力,Crowbar阻值的选取存在最优值,附加串联电感在一定程度上可以抑制电磁转矩暂态振荡。     

基于CROWBAR的双馈感应发电机低电压穿越的仿真研究

针对双馈感应发电机在低电压穿越过程中所遇到定子、转子过流的问题,笔者提出采用主动Crowbar保护电路作为转子过电流旁路通道,以抑制直流母线过电压.通过在PSCAD/EMTDC平台下搭建双馈感应发电机的仿真模型及对有无Crowbar电路的DFIG在三相短路条件下进行仿真,其结果证明,主动Crowbar电路能够有效实现双馈感应发电机在故障条件下的低电压穿越.     

电压跌落时带有Crowbar电路的双馈感应发电机的瞬态分析

为了研究双馈感应发电机对电网电压跌落的适应能力,以及其实现低电压穿越的功能,文章通过将由向量法求出的瞬态电流与由等效电路法求出的稳态电流进行叠加而得出的定子、转子故障电流的近似解析式,来分析在定子端三相对称电压跌落、转子侧变换器断开、投入Crowbar电路情况下的双馈感应发电机内部的电磁关系变化过程。此外,在理论分析的基础上,文中建立了2　MW双馈感应发电机的PSCAD模型,且在7.5 kW双馈风力发电测试平台上进行了实验验证。仿真和实验结果表明,这种通过瞬态电流和稳态电流进行叠加的方法而求得的双馈感应发电机故障电流的近似解析表达式可以准确地反映出双馈感应发电机磁链和电流的瞬态变化。     

基于Crowbar保护的双馈感应发电机暂态特性与参数设计

双馈风力发电系统中,Crowbar(撬棒)仍是实现低电压穿越的常用方案之一,传统的分析方法忽略了定、转子磁链间的耦合,会带来较大的分析误差并遗漏一些暂态特性。从双馈感应发电机的数学模型出发,通过分析端口电压发生对称跌落、投入Crowbar后双馈感应发电机的暂态过程,推导出了定子磁链、定子电流、转子电流的解析表达式,并在表达式的基础上分析了各暂态量的幅值和变化规律等特性。在MATLAB/Simulink中建立了双馈感应发电机的仿真模型,结果证明了表达式的准确性。从复杂的数学表达式中抽离出Crowbar阻值与暂态特性的关系,分析了不同的Crowbar阻值对于故障期间系统的功率、电磁转矩的影响,并结合转子电流峰值计算及直流母线电压钳位效应的限制,给出了一种Crowbar电阻取值方案,该方案将有助于实际工程中选取合适的Crowbar参数。     

电网电压跌落对双馈感应发电机轴系的影响分析

为研究电网电压跌落对双馈感应发电机(DFIG)轴系造成的影响,通过对向量法求出的瞬态电流与等效电路法求出的稳态电流进行叠加而得出定子、转子故障电流的近似解析式,进而通过电流求出电机的转矩解析式,并将此种方法用来分析定子端三相对称电压跌落、转子侧变换器断开、投入Crowbar电路情况下的DFIG转矩的变化过程.在理论分析的基础上,建立了2MW双馈感应发电机的PSCAD模型,并对此进行电磁暂态仿真.仿真结果验证了通过瞬态电流和稳态电流进行叠加的方法而求得的DFIG故障转矩的近似解析表达式可以用来分析电机轴系转矩的变化,最后给出了Crowbar电阻的优化值.     

电网电压跌落对双馈感应发电机轴系的影响分析

为研究电网电压跌落对双馈感应发电机(DFIG)轴系造成的影响,通过对向量法求出的瞬态电流与等效电路法求出的稳态电流进行叠加而得出定子、转子故障电流的近似解析式,进而通过电流求出电机的转矩解析式,并将此种方法用来分析定子端三相对称电压跌落、转子侧变换器断开、投入Crowbar电路情况下的DFIG转矩的变化过程。在理论分析的基础上,建立了2 MW双馈感应发电机的PSCAD模型,并对此进行电磁暂态仿真。仿真结果验证了通过瞬态电流和稳态电流进行叠加的方法而求得的DFIG故障转矩的近似解析表达式可以用来分析电机轴系转矩的变化,最后给出了Crowbar电阻的优化值。     

兆瓦级双馈风电机组电网故障时的暂态分析

以1.5MW双馈式风力发电机组为研究对象,通过分析双馈式异步发电机的暂态电气关系,给出了电网三相短路故障时双馈式异步电机的定子绕组暂态电流和转子绕组暂态电流的计算方法.建立双馈式风电机组的并网模型,并进行了电网三相短路故障的仿真,仿真结果验证了暂态响应算法的有效性.对双馈式风电机组的Crowbar电路的作用进行了理论分析和仿真研究,采用Crowbar电路时风电机组的暂态响应比未采用该电路时有了明显改善.     

A SCR crowbar commutated with power converter for DFIG-based wind turbines

This paper presents an active crowbar, constructed with silicon controlled rectifiers (SCRs), for doubly fed induction generator (DFIG)-based wind turbines to fulfill low-voltage ride-through (LVRT) requirements demanded by grid codes. By this design, not only the active deactivation of the costly IGBT crowbar, replacing the passive crowbar for this ability, can be achieved with the more cost-effective SCRs, but also the reliability of the circuit is strengthened thanking to the high surge capability of SCR. In this topology, three back-to-back SCR switches are connected in delta form and further engaged with the rotor circuit of DFIG through power dissipation resistors, working as the main circuit of crowbar, while the rotor side converter (RSC) is used to commutate the SCRs at the desired deactivation moment to disconnect the crowbar, allowing for resumption of the feedback control to DFIG. By this topology the harmonics introduced into the rotor circuit by the diode bride in the IGBT crowbar are got rid of and by this commutation method the overvoltage risk at turning off the IGBT is eliminated. With the simulative results on a 2 MW DFIG, the comparison with the IGBT crowbar is made. The feasibility of the proposed crowbar technique is further demonstrated with experiments on a laboratory-scale test rig.     

A novel controllable crowbar based onfault type protection technique for DFIGwind energy conversion system usingadaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system

This paper proposes a novel controllable crowbar based on fault type (CBFT) protection technique for doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) wind energy conversion system connected to grid. The studied system consists of six DFIG wind turbines with a capacity of 1.5 MW for each of them. The operation mechanism of proposed technique is used to connect a set of crowbar resistors in different connection ways via activation of controllable circuit breakers (CBs) depending on the detected fault type. For each phase of DFIG, a crowbar resistor is connected in parallel with a controllable CB and all of them are connected in series to grid terminals. The adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) networks are designed to detect the fault occurrence, classify the fault type, activate the CBs for crowbar resistors associated with faulted phases during fault period, and deactivate them after fault clearance. The effectiveness of proposed CBFT protection technique is investigated for different fault types such as symmetrical and unsymmetrical faults taking into account the single-phase to ground fault is the most frequently fault type that occurs in power systems. Also, a comparison between the behaviours of studied system in cases of using traditional parallel rotor crowbar, classical outer crowbar, and proposed CBFT protection techniques is studied. The fluctuations of DC-link voltage, active power, and reactive power for studied system equipped with different protection techniques are investigated. Moreover, the impacts of different crowbar resistance values on the accuracy of proposed technique are studied. The simulation results show that, the proposed technique enhances the stability of studied wind turbine generators and contributes in protection of their components during faults.     

Short Circuit Current Calculation Method of Doubly-Fed Induction Generator with Crowbar Protection Based on Flux Transient Characteristics

With the wide application of doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG), accurate calculation and analysis of the short circuit currents of DFIG with crowbar protection has become very important key to realizing the low voltage ride through (LVRT) capability of DFIG and establishing the corresponding grid protection scheme. In view of this, a method to calculate the short circuit currents of DFIG with crowbar protection when different types of fault occur in the grid is proposed in this paper. First, the DFIG stator and rotor 2nd-order differential equations in the cases of grid symmetrical fault and asymmetrical fault are established respectively. And the short circuit current calculation model when crowbar resistance remains unchanged in the fault duration is obtained. On this basis, the short circuit current calculation model when crowbar resistance varies in the fault duration is derived. And then, the influence of crowbar resistance and DFIG rotor speed on the short circuit current calculation model is analyzed, including the variation pattern of flux eigenvalues with the crowbar resistance, and the variation feature of flux amplitude and phase angle with the rotor speed. Besides, the transient variation characteristics of different flux components are studied. Finally, time-domain simulation tests verify that the proposed calculation method is correct and applicable to different types of crowbar circuits in the market. Besides, the influence of crowbar resistance and DFIG rotor speed on the stator short circuit current peak, peak time and current frequency in different fault cases is revealed.     

基于主动式Crowbar的双馈风电机组LVRT性能优化分析

面对短路故障引起的电压大幅跌落,为避免直接脱网对电网造成的不利影响,双馈感应风电(DFIG)机组多采用撬棒保护电路(Crowbar)实现低电压穿越(LVRT)功能。文章利用磁链平衡原理对含Crowbar电路的DFIG三相短路电流简化表达式进行推导,提出旁路阻值的优化整定方法。为验证整定方法的有效性及Crowbar退出时间对LVRT性能的影响,利用PSCAD/EMTDC平台对电压骤降情况下DFIG的LVRT性能进行了一系列仿真分析,结果表明:在确保网侧变流器正常工作的前提下,Crowbar阻值在整定范围内取偏大值且Crowbar在故障清除1个周波后退出运行,会使DFIG得到更好的LVRT效果。     

计及低电压穿越的双馈感应发电机三相短路运算曲面法

分析了常规电源对双馈感应发电机(DFIG)的电压支撑作用,将DFIG接入点以外的系统进行戴维南等值,利用DFIG短路电流周期分量与计算电抗、开路电压的关系曲面,提出了DFIG接入电网的短路电流运算曲面法。针对撬棒投入和未投入时DFIG的暂态特性差异,以转子电流峰值为撬棒投入的判据,分析撬棒动作与故障后DFIG端电压关系;考虑转子励磁控制和撬棒动作延时,推导了DFIG三相短路电流计算式;制定不同时刻DFIG三相短路电流与计算电抗、开路电压运算曲面,给出计及低电压穿越的DFIG短路运算曲面法计算步骤,通过仿真验证该方法的正确性。     

改善双馈感应发电机无功特性的变阻值撬棒保护方案

撬棒保护的接入及其电阻值会改变低电压穿越期间双馈感应发电机(DFIG)的无功功率动态特性,由此将影响风电场周边区域电网电压稳定性。针对这一问题,详细分析不同电网电压跌落水平和低电压过渡不同时期撬棒保护接入对DFIG无功特性的影响机理及其变化规律。提出了一种改善机组无功特性的变阻值撬棒保护方案,制定了该方案的撬棒阻值整定方法及其投切控制策略,并进行仿真对比研究。仿真结果表明,相比以限流为目标的传统撬棒保护和以尽快恢复机组可控性的主动式撬棒保护,所提撬棒保护方案不仅能在故障持续期间缩短撬棒投入时间,减少撬棒投入期间DFIG吸收的无功功率,提升出口电压。同时也能最大限度降低故障切除时的DFIG无功振荡峰值,加速电网电压恢复,有助于系统区域电压稳定性的提升。     

电容基强流脉冲电源续流电路的应用研究

分析了电容基脉冲电源工作放电的电路特征和续流开关导通时电路的过渡过程,根据二阶系统特性,从机理上阐明了工作放电时续流支路冲击电流形成的原因,并通过模拟实验验证了冲击电流的成因.提出了抑制硅堆续流支路冲击电流的方法,采用缓冲电阻增大二阶系统的阻尼比,能有效抑制电流冲击,防止硅堆损坏,实验表明提出的保护方案行之有效.     

Short circuit fault analysis in a grid connected DFIG based wind energy system with active crowbar protection circuit for ridethrough capability and power quality improvement

In power industry, improvement of the short circuit Fault-ride through (FRT) capability of grid integrated Doubly Fed Induction Generators (DFIGs) for the wind power system is an important issue. In this paper an Active Crowbar Protection (ACB_P) system is proposed to enhance the Fault-ride through (FRT) capability of DFIG so as to improve the power quality of the system. The protection scheme proposed here is designed with a capacitor in series with the resistor unlike the conventional Crowbar (CB) having only resistors. The importance of ACB_P is to maintain the connection of DFIG with the grid during fault conditions to provide uninterruptable power supply to the loads. The major functions of the capacitor in the protection circuit are to eliminate the ripples generated in the rotor current and to protect the converters as well as the DC-link capacitor. The main objectives of the proposed approach are: minimisation of magnitude of rotor fault currents, maintenance of constant DC-link voltage, reduction in crowbar operation time to avoid disconnection between the DFIG and the Rotor side converter (RSC), improvement in the short circuit response of terminal voltage and enhancement in the dynamic responses of the DFIG. These objectives are achieved through the incorporation of ACB_P scheme between the rotor of the DFIG and RSC. The proposed scheme is validated on different types of fault conditions and it is observed that there is significant improvement in the objectives. Simulation results are carried out on a 1.7 MVA DFIG based WECS under different types of short circuit faults in MATLAB/Simulation and functionality of the proposed scheme is verified.     

Low voltage ride-through enhancement of DFIG-based wind turbine using DC link switchable resistive type fault current limiter

Doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG)-based wind turbines utilise small-scale voltage sourced converters with a limited overcurrent withstand capability, which makes the DFIG-based wind turbines very vulnerable to grid faults. Often, modern DFIG systems employ a crowbar protection at the rotor circuit to protect the rotor side converter (RSC) during grid faults. This method converts the DFIG to a squirrel cage induction generator, which does not comply with the new grid codes. The recent grid codes need wind turbines to stay connected to the utility grid during and after power system faults, especially in high penetration level of wind power. Furthermore, the crowbar switch is expensive. This paper proposes a novel DC-link switchable resistive-type fault current limiter (SRFCL) to improve the LVRT capability of the DFIG. The proposed SRFCL is employed in the DC side of the RSC. The SRFCL solves crowbar protection activation problems and eliminates subsequent complications in the DFIG system. The proposed SRFCL does not have any significant impact on the overall performance of the DFIG during normal operation. Whenever the fault, whether symmetrical or asymmetrical, occurs, the SRFCL not only limits rotor over-currents but also prevents rotor speed acceleration and restricts high torque oscillations even during zero grid voltage, as recommended by some grid codes. To prove the effective operation of the SRFCL on the RSC fault current limitation, analytical analysis is performed in each switching interval. The proposed approach is compared with the crowbar-based protection method. Simulation studies are carried out in PSCAD/EMTDC software. In addition, a prototype is provided to demonstrate the main concept of the proposed approach.     

基于撬棒控制策略的DFIG风电场动态等值建模研究

为研究双馈风电机组(doubly fed induction generator,DFIG)低电压穿越对风电场动态等值的影响,提出了一种基于撬棒控制策略的双馈风电场动态等值建模方法。首先通过对DFIG在电网故障时的转子电流分析,给出了时域下转子暂态电流表达式。然后研究撬棒电路两种常用控制策略在不同电压跌落程度及DFIG运行状况下对风电机组低电压穿越的影响,仿真结果表明两种控制策略均有各自的适用范围。在此基础上,文中提出了撬棒电路投切曲线及控制策略选择区域曲线,以此判断电网故障时撬棒电路投切以及投切时控制策略选择情况。考虑故障前一时刻风电场机群划分情况,在电网故障时以实测风速与撬棒电路是否动作共同作为分群指标,将撬棒电路动作机组从故障前原"N"个机群中独立出来形成"N+1"个机群,利用容量加权法计算各机群参数,建立多机等值模型。最后在MATLAB/Simulink平台上搭建算例,验证了该等值方案的有效性和准确性。