An improved quantum watermarking scheme using small-scale quantum circuits and color scrambling

In order to solve the problem of embedding the watermark into the quantum color image, in this paper, an improved scheme of using small-scale quantum circuits and color scrambling is proposed. Both color carrier image and color watermark image are represented using novel enhanced quantum representation. The image sizes for carrier and watermark are assumed to be \(2^{n+1}\times 2^{n+2}\) and \(2^{n}\times 2^{n}\), respectively. At first, the color of pixels in watermark image is scrambled using the controlled rotation gates, and then, the scrambled watermark with \(2^n\times 2^n\) image size and 24-qubit gray scale is expanded to an image with \(2^{n+1}\times 2^{n+2}\) image size and 3-qubit gray scale. Finally, the expanded watermark image is embedded into the carrier image by the controlled-NOT gates. The extraction of watermark is the reverse process of embedding it into carrier image, which is achieved by applying operations in the reverse order. Simulation-based experimental results show that the proposed scheme is superior to other similar algorithms in terms of three items, visual quality, scrambling effect of watermark image, and noise resistibility.     

量子图像水印技术在电力大数据中的应用

为保证电力大数据的安全和处理效果,本文提出一种基于量子图像水印技术的嵌入及提取方法。该方法首先将原载体灰色图像用量子表示,并利用量子小波变换四次分解原载体图像得到子图,再通过量子离散余弦变换对子图进行系数转换。通过对系数矩阵进行奇异值分解得到对角矩阵,再利用量子广义Arnold变换和Logistic映射对水印进行置乱,并进行奇异值分解,从而实现量子水印的嵌入。嵌入的水印图像被分解后,每个像素的灰度信息为一个均衡的量子叠加态,测量后整幅图像为一个均匀的白噪声。水印图像的提取过程为嵌入的逆过程。仿真结果表明,相对经典图像水印,量子图像水印技术计算复杂度更低,计算速度更快,嵌入的水印图像具有很好的安全性,并且不影响载体图像的视觉效果。     

A quantum watermarking scheme using simple and small-scale quantum circuits

A new quantum gray-scale image watermarking scheme by using simple and small-scale quantum circuits is proposed. The NEQR representation for quantum images is used. The image sizes for carrier and watermark are assumed to be \(2n \times 2n\) and \(n \times n\), respectively. At first, a classical watermark with \(n \times n\) image size and 8 bits gray scale is expanded to an image with \(2n \times 2n\) image size and 2 bits gray scale. Then the expanded image is scrambled to be a meaningless image by the SWAP gates that controlled by the keys only known to the operator. The scrambled image is embedded into the carrier image by the CNOT gates (XOR operation). The watermark is extracted from the watermarked image by applying operations in the reverse order. Simulation-based experimental results show that our proposed scheme is excellent in terms of three items, visual quality, robustness performance under noises, and computational complexity.     

一种基于含水印量子图像的自适应量子隐写算法

利用NEQR量子图像表示法,提出了一种能在含水印量子载体图像中实现隐蔽通信的量子隐写算法。新算法借助水印通常拥有很好的稳健性和其特有的自恢复系统,对秘密信息的稳健性进行了多重强化。相比于之前的量子隐写算法,新算法不仅强化了秘密信息自身的稳健性,而且通过量子线路的设计提高了其嵌入和提取的可执行性和执行效率。经实验仿真结果和性能分析验证,新算法在保留原有隐蔽性和安全性基础上,进一步提高了秘密信息的稳健性和嵌入率。     

Quantum representation and watermark strategy for color images based on the controlled rotation of qubits

In this paper, a novel quantum representation and watermarking scheme based on the controlled rotation of qubits are proposed. Firstly, a flexible representation for quantum color image (FRQCI) is proposed to facilitate the image processing tasks. Some basic image processing operations based on FRQCI representation are introduced. Then, a novel watermarking scheme for quantum images is presented. In our scheme, the carrier image is stored in the phase \(\theta \) of a qubit; at the same time, the watermark image is embedded into the phase \(\phi \) of a qubit, which will not affect the carrier image’s visual effect. Before being embedded into the carrier image, the watermark image is scrambled to be seemingly meaningless using quantum circuits, which further ensures the security of the watermark image. All the operations mentioned above are implemented by the controlled rotation of qubits. The experimental results on the classical computer show that the proposed watermarking scheme has better visual quality under a higher embedding capacity and outperforms the existing schemes in the literature.     

Analysis and improvement of the watermark strategy for quantum images based on quantum Fourier transform

We investigate the quantum watermark strategy for quantum images based on quantum Fourier transform proposed by Zhang et al.(Quantum Inf Process 12(2):793–803, 2013). It is aimed to embed the watermark image into the Fourier coefficients of the quantum carrier image without affecting the carrier image’s visual effect. However, in our opinion the protocol is not clearly described and several steps are ambiguous. Moreover, we argue that the watermarking algorithm claimed by the authors is incorrect. At last, a possible improvement strategy is presented.     

一种基于密钥的受控最低有效位修改技术的稳健型量子水印算法

如何更好地保护量子图像的版权，是量子水印技术的一个重要研究课题。基于对数极坐标的量子图像表示，提出了一种新颖的量子水印算法。根据通信双方共享一组密钥的值，发送方选择量子载体图像像素灰度值的高四位中的某一位作为受控位；再根据所选受控位的值，发送方将水印信息嵌入到量子载体图像的最低有效位或次最低有效位上。这种基于密钥的受控最低有效位修改技术，提高了量子水印图像的透明性和稳健性。基于MATLAB的实验仿真和性能分析，也表明新算法在透明性、稳健性和嵌入容量上有着良好的表现。     

Analysis and improvement of the dynamic watermarking scheme for quantum images using quantum wavelet transform

We investigate the dynamic watermarking scheme for quantum images using quantum wavelet transform (QWT) proposed by Song et al. (Quantum Inf Process 12(12):3689–3706, 2013). It is aimed to embed the watermark image into the wavelet coefficients of the quantum carrier image. However, in our opinion, the key procedures of the protocol are wrong. At last, a possible improvement strategy is presented.     

基于小波能双重自恢复的音频数字水印算法

本文设计了一种在音频信息中加入双重图像作为数字水印,这些水印经过多种攻击能相互自恢复的算法。此算法实现了将双重图像作为数字水印嵌入到WAV音频载体中的过程,在实现过程中通过对载体进行3层小波分解,将数字水印的信息嵌入到第三层小波解的低频区,即CA3中,并对双重数字水印分别设置密钥,建立起两者间稳定的映射关系,能较好地以完成自恢复的功能。     

基于DCT的彩色图像数字水印算法

实现一种在彩色载体图像中嵌入彩色水印图像的算法。在嵌入时,先将载体图像分成与水印图像大小相同的块;然后,在DCT变换域中,将水印图像R、G、B层的变换系数嵌入到载体图像每一块对应层的中低频系数中。在提取时,先通过DCT反变换从带水印图像的每一块中提取出水印图像,再计算这些水印图像的平均值从而得到最终的水印图像。测试结果表明该算法满足了数字水印的不可见性和鲁棒性要求。     

一种基于熵理论的自适应水印嵌入算法

为了提高数字图像嵌入水印时的不可感知性与鲁棒性,提出一种利用图像信息熵与边缘熵理论并结合果蝇优化算法的水印嵌入方案。首先对载体图像进行分块,并计算每个分块的信息熵与边缘熵,将每个分块的2个熵值相加并排序。然后根据嵌入水印的容量选择熵值较高的分块,并将每一位水印信息嵌入到经过小波变换与奇异值分解的分块中。最后为了进一步平衡嵌入水印不可感知性与鲁棒性之间的矛盾,利用果蝇算法对嵌入水印的强度进行自适应优化。实验结果表明该方法具有更好的不可感知性,在面对多种类型、多种强度的模拟攻击时比同类算法表现出更强的鲁棒性。     

Dynamic watermarking scheme for quantum images based on Hadamard transform

In this paper, a novel watermarking scheme for quantum images based on Hadamard transform is proposed. In the new scheme, a unitary transform controlled by a classical binary key is implemented on quantum image. Then, we utilize a dynamic vector, instead of a fixed parameter as in other previous schemes, to control the embedding process. The dynamic embedding vector is decided by both the carrier quantum image and the watermark image, which is only known by the authorized owner. The proposed scheme is analyzed from visual quality, computational complexity, and payload capacity. Analysis and results show that the proposed scheme has better visual quality under a higher embedding capacity and lower complexity compared with other schemes proposed recently.     

一种基于HVS的图像自适应盲水印算法

利用人眼视觉系统对背景亮度和纹理的掩盖特性,对小波变换后的系数进行分类,分类的结果是基于图像特征的。对二值水印图像预处理后,根据分类结果采用不同强度自适应的嵌入水印,嵌入采用奇偶判决法则。水印的提取不需要原始载体图像和原始水印图像。实验结果表明,此算法的不可觉察性很好,并对一些诸如中值滤波、JPEG有损压缩、附加高斯噪声、裁剪等各种图像处理攻击有较强的鲁棒性。     

基于位平面分解技术的JPEG水印算法*

提出一种基于位平面分解技术的JPEG压缩水印算法。该算法首先对图像进行置乱变换;然后采用位平面分解技术对灰度水印图像进行预处理操作,将该灰度水印图像转换成二值信息流;最后把水印嵌入载体图像中。实验表明,该算法对于不同类型的攻击有较强的鲁棒性。     

Watermarking and authentication of quantum images based on restricted geometric transformations

A secure, keyless, and blind watermarking and authentication strategy for images on quantum computers, WaQI, is proposed based on restricted geometric transformations. In contrast with conventional digital watermarking techniques where geometric transformations on the contents of an image are considered undesirable, the proposed WaQI scheme utilises the restricted variants (of the quantum versions) of these transformations as the main resources of the watermark embedding and authentication circuits. This is accomplished by a careful analysis of the classical content of the image–watermark pair, based on which a bespoke watermark map that translates into the gate sequences of the quantum watermark embedding and authentication circuits is realised. Simulation-based experimental results involving the classical (i.e. conventional or non-quantum) simulation of the input images, watermark signals, and quantum circuits yielded a 25% improvement in terms of overall watermark-embedding capacity and between 7% and 50.7% in terms of the visible quality of the watermarked images in comparison with select digital watermarking methods for various pairs, thus, demonstrating both the feasibility and capabilities of the proposed WaQI scheme when the necessary quantum hardware are realised physically. This scheme, provides the framework for representing two or more quantum data as a single quantum circuit, and opens the door for other applications aimed at quantum data protection.     

面向小波域的加权分数阶微积分图像数字水印新算法

针对现有加密技术易被破解,算法缺乏初值敏感性的问题,提出了一种采用分数阶微分和交换小波变换系数的图像数字水印的新算法。该算法充分利用了分数阶微分阶次具有极强的敏感性的特点,首先采用分数阶Cauchy公式对正弦信号做两个不同阶次的微分,同时将微分信号分别采样后加权叠加成伪随机序列;然后用此伪随机序列置乱水印,通过交换Haar小波分解的载体图像的高频系数将置乱水印嵌入载体图像。实验结果表明,提出的新算法能经受多种常见图像处理的攻击,具有较强的鲁棒性和较好的不可见性,能够实现较好的图像数字水印效果。     

图像特征里的小波域水印算法

提出一种基于图像特征区域的鲁棒水印算法。确定载体图像的关键点,利用轮廓跟踪工具勾出嵌入水印区域的轮廓,从而确定嵌入位置。对确定的图像区域做离散小波变换（DWT）。将由密钥产生的水印信息按照从大到小的顺序嵌入到低频变换域里,再做离散小波逆变换,将抽出的部分与含水印部分叠加,得到完整含水印图像。实验结果证明,算法既保证了载体图像的视觉质量,同时对于一般常见攻击也具有较好的鲁棒性。     

数字博物馆中的图像盲水印技术*

针对数字博物馆中图像数量大、类型多的特点,提出一种适用于多种类型图像的盲水印算法。该算法将用户ID作为水印信息,从而实现对图像的操作跟踪。水印嵌入时,首先将水印信息转换成ASCII码形式,并对其进行交织和BCH编码以提高抗突发和随机错误的能力,然后根据图像类型取得嵌入水印的载体,再对该载体语义丰富的位置进行分块DCT变换,最后通过修改子块DCT系数间关系嵌入水印。水印检测时,以嵌入过程的逆过程抽取水印信息,并计算其与所有用户ID的相似度来获得初始嵌入的ID。实验表明,该算法能抵抗一般的信号处理操作和特定条件下的几何变换。     

基于Arnold置乱和小波变换的数字水印算法

深入讨论了基于Arnold置乱和小波变换的数字水印算法,使用Arnold变换将水印图像置乱,通过小波变换将水印图像和载体图像进行融合,完成水印的嵌入,实验证明该算法有较好的嵌入效果和鲁棒性。     

基于非均匀B样条小波的图像水印算法

提出了一种基于非均匀B样条小波变换的数字水印嵌入与提取算法,并通过实验分析了其鲁棒性。由于利用非均匀B样条小波对图像进行分解可以得到小于原图的任意大小的低分辨子图,因而利用方法可以方便地嵌入小于载体图像的任意大小的二值水印,并可以盲提取。实验结果表明,该算法具有较强的抗各种常见攻击的鲁棒性。