不同处理方式对花生蛋白致敏性的影响

花生蛋白是主要食物过敏原之一,会引起严重的甚至致命的食物过敏。不同的加工处理方式都可以显著改变花生过敏原的分子结构,从而影响它们的致敏性。结合已有的花生致敏的研究成果和最新的研究进展,分析比较花生传统热处理如烘烤处理、水煮处理、油炸处理和新型非热处理如超高压微射流处理、辐射处理、酶法处理对花生致敏性的影响,为加工生产低致敏性或无致敏性的花生制品提供理论依据。     

典型热加工对花生致敏蛋白及其免疫反应性的影响

通过免疫学方法检测了花生制品加工过程中几种典型热加工方式对花生致敏蛋白的免疫反应性的影响。结果表明:烘焙、水煮、油炸和高温高压处理均使花生可溶性蛋白含量显著降低;随之,处理后样品中蛋白提取物的免疫反应性也显著下降,其中高温高压处理最为显著;热处理对花生致敏蛋白Ara h 2的溶解性及免疫反应性的影响较小,而对Ara h1和Ara h 3的影响则比较明显。     

不同加工方式对花生致敏性的影响

近年来,食物过敏成为很严重的食品安全问题,花生作为八大致敏原之一,其致敏性具有严重性、高发性等特点,通常难以治愈且伴随终生。现已发现花生含有16种致敏蛋白,分别为Ara h 1～Ara h 17。不同的加工方式对花生蛋白的结构与功能产生不同的影响,引起花生致敏性发生一定的改变。通过结合已有的花生致敏性的研究成果,综合评估细胞模型和评估动物模型2种常用花生致敏评价模型,分析传统热处理如热风干燥、煎炸、烘烤、水煮和新型非热处理如酶解、辐照、高压微射流等处理对花生致敏性的影响,为降低花生制品的致敏性提供理论依据。     

热加工花生的蛋白分离及其过敏原纯化方法研究进展

花生不仅本身是一种营养丰富的食品,而且作为原料或配料广泛应用于食品加工中。然而花生及其制品是FAO/WHO认定的八大类食物过敏原之一,可导致严重的过敏反应,通常伴随终身,甚至危及生命。不同地区的人们食用花生的加工方式不同,其花生过敏的患病率也有所不同,热加工是花生的主要加工方式,因此各类热加工导致的花生致敏性变化成为研究热点。过敏原蛋白的分离作为花生热加工研究中的重要步骤,也变得十分重要。本文主要对常见的3种热加工花生(水煮、油炸和烘烤)中的花生蛋白分离及其过敏原纯化的方法研究进行综述。现有的花生热加工研究中蛋白分离技术主要是通过溶剂浸提;而过敏原纯化技术主要是借助层析法,根据各组分在物理化学性质上的差异进行纯化;此外还可以根据最终研究目的的不同采用其他的辅助方法达到分离纯化效果。通过对现有分离纯化方法进行了解和比较,可为热加工花生过敏原蛋白的分离纯化甚至进一步的分析检测提供理论参考和指导。     

加工方式对花生致敏性的影响及其致敏性评价研究进展

花生蛋白是一种理想的食品加工原料,同时也是一种致死率较高的食物过敏原,严重危害人类健康。本文主要综述食品加工方式对花生过敏蛋白致敏性的影响,以及体内、体外致敏性评价方法,为低致敏或无致敏花生制品的开发提供参考和指导。     

不同食品加工方式对提取鮟鱇鱼肉DNA的影响

目的研究不同食品加工方式对提取鮟鮟鱼肉DNA的影响。方法以实时荧光PCR方法检测鮟鮟鱼成分标准为例,采取水煮、微波、油炸3种处理方式,选用试剂盒提取DNA,利用核酸蛋白测定仪测定其在260 nm、280 nm处的吸光度,通过A260来计算核酸浓度,A260/A280来评估核酸的纯度。以提取的DNA为模板,进行实时荧光PCR扩增。通过Ct值判断不同加工方式对实时荧光PCR结果的影响。结果水煮、微波、油炸3种加工方式中,油炸对DNA的影响最明显,当在高温下油炸时间过久会导致鱼肉焦糖化反应及蛋白质变性严重,变成具有一定孔隙的焦状物,此时鱼肉在提取DNA的过程中难以消化,造成DNA提取量少,最终导致实时荧光PCR结果假阴性。而水煮、微波两种加工方式即使处理时间过久也没有对实时荧光PCR结果产生明显影响。结论在鱼制品使用实时荧光PCR方法检测时,应充分考虑加工方式对鱼制品DNA的影响。     

改性处理对花生蛋白致敏性的影响

通过检测花生蛋白SDS-PAGE电泳及免疫印迹图谱研究不同改性处理对花生蛋白致敏性的影响。结果表明,物理方法及化学方法虽然能降低一定的致敏性,但效率不高。经转谷氨酰胺酶处理后63.2、53.2、47.4、41.6 ku的致敏蛋白含量及致敏性随加酶量的增加而降低。     

花生致敏蛋白的研究进展

食物过敏已成为重要的食品安全问题。而花生蛋白是重要的食物过敏原,因此研究花生蛋白致敏的机制,探索脱敏方法,保证花生制品的安全性是亟待解决的课题。本文综述了花生过敏临床症状、花生致敏蛋白的识别及已建立的脱敏方法。并提出了探索合适的蛋白改性方法,既降低花生蛋白的致敏性又拓宽花生蛋白的应用范围是未来工作的关键     

三种制法花生的香气成分分析

为扩大花生的开发利用,优化花生加工产品风味,研究水煮花生、油炒花生、烘烤花生3种制法花生的香气成分特征及差异.采用热脱附法提取样品的香气成分,并通过气相色谱-质谱及氢火焰离子检测器法(GC-MSD-FID)进行分析.其中水煮花生检出49种挥发性物质,油炒花生检出57种,烘烤花生检出79种.各花生制品分析出来的挥发性物质...     

不同加工方法对花生总黄酮含量的影响

为研究不同加工方法对花生总黄酮含量的影响,以东北花生、山东花生、临汾花生为原料,采用水煮、油炸、微波三种方法处理不同产地的花生.试验结果表明,在水煮、微波、油炸处理过程中,每种处理方法对三种产地的花生总黄酮含量影响的变化规律基本一致.水煮过程中,随着水煮温度的升高和水煮时间的延长,花生总黄酮含量先是增加,随后降低.在水煮温度接近80℃,水煮时间20 min时,水煮处理的花生总黄酮含量增加最多.微波处理过程中,随着微波功率的增加和处理时间的延长,花生总黄酮含量一直呈下降趋势.油炸过程中,随着油炸温度的升高和油炸时间的延长,花生黄酮含量呈显著线性下降趋势.其中,微波处理的花生总黄酮含量下降最多.     

IDENTIFICATION AND QUANTIFICATION OF MAJOR PEANUT ALLERGENS (IN CHINA) WITH IGE-BINDING PROPERTY

Peanut allergens have not been studied in China. This study aimed to investigate (1) whether there are differences in the relative amounts of major peanut allergens between the Chinese peanut varieties and the American, and (2) the effect of cooking methods on peanut allergenicity. The allergenic property of raw peanuts and peanut preparations was assessed by immunoblotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The relative contents of the major peanut allergens were quantified by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis densitometry. For results, Ara h 1 and Ara h 3 were major peanut allergens in China. The amounts of Ara h 1 and Ara h 3 in peanut varieties differ significantly and were both lower than the American varieties. The immunoglobulin E (IgE)-binding ability of different processed peanuts to IgE was not significantly different. Therefore, peanut varieties may induce different amounts of allergens. The relative lower contents of Ara h 1 and Ara h 3 may lead to the lower prevalence of peanut allergy.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Because of its nutritional and rheological properties, peanut is used in a wide range of different foods, and peanut allergy represents an important health problem. It is essential to identify the compounds of peanut allergens and to study their characteristics in order to explore approaches for the therapies and to breed the nonallergenic peanut seed.     

Peanut varieties with reduced Ara h 1 content indicating no reduced allergenicity

Peanut allergy is a major cause of food‐induced severe anaphylactic reactions. To date, no medical care is available to prevent and treat peanut allergy and therefore hypoallergenic peanut varieties are of considerable health political and economic interest. Major allergens that induce IgE‐responses in peanut‐sensitive patients are Ara h 1, Ara h 2 and Ara h 3/4. In order to identify hypoallergenic peanuts, commercially locally available peanut varieties were screened for their allergen content. Ara h 1‐deficient peanuts from Southeast Asia were identified by SDS‐PAGE, immunoblotting, inhibition assays and ELISA. 2‐D PAGE analyses demonstrated the different compositions of the tested extracts and revealed a number of variations of the allergen patterns of peanuts from different varieties. Mediator release experiments of these peanut extracts demonstrated similar allergenicities as compared with standard peanut extract. These results indicate that the allergenicity of peanuts with reduced Ara h 1 content might be compensated by the other allergens, and thus do not necessarily cause a reduction of allergenicity.     

中国花生致敏蛋白的识别

我国对花生过敏方面的研究很少。本实验利用中国常用花生品种识别鉴定了中国主要的致敏蛋白,比较了国内外花生品种致敏蛋白相对含量的差异,期望找到中国花生过敏发病率较低的原因,为临床食物过敏患者的治疗和低过敏花生品种的培育提供理论依据。研究结果表明:Ara h1和三条Ara h3多肽是中国主要的致敏蛋白,并发现了Ara h1的亚基,分子量为58kD的多肽。Ara h1和Ara h3的相对含量各品种之间差异显著,并且低于国外花生品种。因此中国花生主要致敏蛋白相对含量低可能是导致中国花生过敏发病率较低的主要原因。     

脂质过氧化物对花生过敏原致敏性的影响

目的 阐明加工过程中脂质过氧化物对花生过敏蛋白Ara h 1结构和过敏原性的影响.方法 通过十二烷基硫酸钠聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术,圆二色谱法和内源荧光光谱法研究不同脂质过氧化物[2,2-偶氮二(2-甲基丙基咪)二盐酸盐(2,2'-azobis(2-methylpropanimidamide)dihydrochlorid...     

Enzymatic treatment of peanut butter to reduce the concentration of major peanut allergens

This study investigated the effects of enzymatic treatment of peanut butter on two‐major peanut allergens (Ara h 1 and Ara h 2). Home‐made and commercial peanut butter samples were treated with alpha‐chymotrypsin, trypsin or the combination of these enzymes and incubated at room temperature for 24 h or at 37 °C for 3 h. Treated peanut butter samples were sampled weekly for evaluation of total soluble proteins and extractable Ara h 1/Ara h 2. Data show that 1:1 alpha‐chymotrypsin: trypsin at 0.04% of enzyme‐to‐peanut butter ratio resulted in near complete reduction of extractable Ara h 1 and Ara h 2 respectively. Treatment of peanut butter with a combination of trypsin and alpha‐chymotrypsin resulted in a decrease in IgE‐binding, suggesting that enzymatic treatment has the potential to reduce the allergenicity. However, clinical tests are needed to confirm any reduction in allergenic potential. The amount of water used to disperse enzyme did not have significant effect on allergen reduction but affected the consistency and colour of treated products, especially when the amount of water added was above 5% of peanut butter weight.     

Investigation on sequential extraction of peanut allergens for subsequent analysis by ELISA and 2D gel electrophoresis

A two-step sequential extraction method of peanut proteins was proposed with the aim to investigate the protein composition and allergen content of peanut samples. The extraction procedure reported is fully compatible with subsequent analysis by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) as well as 2D gel electrophoresis (2D PAGE). This sequential extraction method was used to study three different peanut varieties and three different types of food processing. Peanuts were analysed for total protein content and the extraction efficiency of raw and processed peanuts was determined. The total protein content of the three peanut varieties was found to be comparable, but their extraction efficiency varies. The peanut extracts were characterised by employing three different ELISA test kits specific to either the allergens Ara h 1 or Ara h 2, or to soluble peanut proteins. The content of both Ara h 1 and Ara h 2 differed in the raw peanut extracts of the three varieties. However, thermal processing resulted in much larger changes in detectability. Blanching significantly increases the detectability of Ara h 2, whereas Ara h 1 detection remains almost unchanged. After roasting a clear decrease of detectability was observed for both Ara h 1 and Ara h 2, although the effect is more severe for Ara h 1. 2D PAGE was employed to compare the protein profiles and abundances of peanut extracts. Statistically relevant differences were observed for the two different protein fractions obtained by using the described method, showing the relevance of this two-step sequential extraction method.     

花生致敏性评估方法及食品加工对其致敏性影响的研究进展

花生是“8大类”过敏原食物之一，因其诱发严重的临床症状及日益上升的发病率而受到广泛关注。文章概述了花生过敏原(Ara h 1-18)的结构特性、免疫特性及体内和体外评估方法，总结了不同食品加工对花生致敏性的研究进展，并展望了未来食品加工技术对消减花生致敏性的研究方向。     

Boiling peanut Ara h 1 results in the formation of aggregates with reduced allergenicity

Scope : Roasting rather than boiling and Maillard modifications may modulate peanut allergenicity. We investigated how these factors affect the allergenic properties of a major peanut allergen, Ara h 1. Methods and results : Ara h 1 was purified from either raw (N‐Ara h 1) or roasted (R‐Ara h 1) peanuts. Boiling (100°C 15 min; H‐Ara h 1) resulted in a partial loss of Ara h 1 secondary structure and formation of rod‐like branched aggregates with reduced IgE‐binding capacity and impaired ability to induce mediator release. Glycated Ara h 1 (G‐Ara h 1) formed by boiling in the presence of glucose behaved similarly. However, H‐ and G‐Ara h1 retained the T‐cell reactivity of N‐Ara h 1. R‐Ara h 1 was denatured, comprised compact, globular aggregates, and showed no evidence of glycation but retained the IgE‐binding capacity of the native protein. Conclusion : Ara h 1 aggregates formed by boiling were morphologically distinct from those formed by roasting and had lower allergenic activity. Glycation had no additional effect on Ara h 1 allergenicity compared with heating alone. Taken together with published data on the loss of Ara h 2/6 from boiled peanuts, this supports the hypothesis that boiling reduces the allergenicity of peanuts.     

饼干模型对小麦及花生过敏原消化稳定性和免疫活性的影响

食品加工或食物基质可以不同程度地影响过敏原消化稳定性和免疫原性。然而,对食品加工和食物基质对 食物模型中过敏原的影响却知之甚少。本实验通过体外模拟胃肠消化的方式,包括模拟口腔咀嚼、胃部消化和十二 指肠消化,采用十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳和免疫印迹的方法,分析焙烤模型饼干中小麦过敏原和花生 过敏原的消化特性和免疫原性。结果显示：小麦和花生蛋白均可被胃蛋白酶迅速水解,醇溶蛋白、谷蛋白等致敏原 被降解成低分子质量多肽;可溶性蛋白中花生过敏原Ara h 1和Ara h 3基本消失,Ara h 2/6耐受胃肠消化;酶联免疫 吸附测定结果显示,消化后饼干中过敏原的致敏性降低。综合以上结果表明,饼干模型的消化性质基本不受焙烤加 工和其他基质的影响,免疫原性因致敏原被消化而降低。     

花生过敏原在加工中的变化

简述了花生中主要的过敏原Arah1、Arah2、Arah3和Arah4的一般特征及其所存在的与IgE结合的表位特征,详细介绍了焙烤、风干、水煮和煎炸等加热方法及酶解、研磨、发芽和压榨等加工工艺对花生过敏原的影响,为开发无过敏或低过敏性花生制品提供了一定的科学依据。