利用核磁共振及成像原理研究鸡蛋的煮熟过程

利用核磁共振技术研究在不同的煮熟时间下带壳鸡蛋的弛豫特性.采用IR、CPMG脉冲序列来测定不同煮熟时间下质子的自旋-晶格弛豫时间(T1)和自旋-自旋弛豫时间(T2).在蛋清和蛋黄不同的凝固和成形过程中,其表现出不同的弛豫时间.实验结果表明,蛋清先于蛋黄逐渐变性,弛豫时间T23对应的质子密度逐渐降低,最后达到稳定的状态,说明整个带壳鸡蛋的流动性下降.通过核磁共振成像能够直观地说明带壳鸡蛋在煮熟过程中内部结构的变化情况.     

NMR和MRI技术对面包和奶酪二元体系在贮藏过程中水分迁移的研究(英文)

采用低场核磁共振成像技术中的spin3D、CPMG等序列对面包和奶酪二元体系进行成像并测定自旋-自旋弛豫时间等参数,并对其在贮藏过程中水分迁移行为及规律进行了研究,为核磁共振技术在食品中的应用打下良好的基础。     

核磁共振研究蔗糖对面团中分子流动性的影响

利用脉冲梯度场核磁共振技术(PFG-NMR)研究蔗糖对面团自旋-自旋弛豫特性的影响。分子的自旋-自旋弛豫特性与分子的流动性呈正相关。采用CPMG脉冲序列检测面团中质子的自旋-自旋弛豫时间(T2)。在面团中流动性不同的水分,表现出不同的弛豫时间。实验结果表明,蔗糖的亲水性能够显著改变面团的自旋-自旋弛豫时间。通过磁共振图像可以发现蔗糖能够明显促进面团中质子的均匀分布,增强其流动性。当水分含量一定时,面团的自旋-自旋弛豫时间随蔗糖含量的增加而增加。     

核磁共振技术在脐橙保藏和质量评估中的应用

采用低场核磁共振技术研究脐橙储藏过程中水分的状态、变化以及水分的迁移.利用Carr-Purcell-Mei-boom-Gill(CPMG)序列采集样品的核磁共振受激回波信号,采用多重指数衰减模型对收集的信号数据进行分析并计算组织中不同水分自旋-自旋弛豫时间.探讨脐橙在储藏过程中品质变化与核磁共振弛豫参数变化的相关性.发现在脐橙的后成熟期、稳定期和腐烂期,对应的自旋-自旋弛豫时间变化呈现一个上升-稳定-急速下降的过程,且在脐橙腐烂前出现了一个自旋-自旋驰豫时间急剧下降的过程.该方法可以作为脐橙质量评估的有效手段,对于脐橙的质量评估和保藏方法的评估等具有指导意义.     

核磁共振技术研究冷冻处理对魔芋粉丝中水分的影响

利用核磁共振技术测定魔芋粉丝在不同处理温度过程中质子的自旋-自旋弛豫时间(T2)以及质子信号密度(A)。魔芋粉丝体系中水分流动性不同,T2和A不同。结果表明,在魔芋粉丝冷冻处理过程中,其“束缚水”和“自由水”迁移行为不同。当处理温度为－12℃,处理时间为3h时,复水后的魔芋粉丝持水性质最佳。     

不同烟草材料中水分赋存状态的低场核磁共振分析

为探讨不同烟草材料内部水分赋存状态,采用低场核磁LF-NMR手段分析了叶丝、梗丝、再造烟叶丝3种烟草材料的自旋-自旋弛豫时间T_2反演谱,并分析了不同烟草材料含湿量、微观结构对T_2反演谱中水分子信号峰弛豫时间、弛豫峰面积的影响规律。结果表明:(1)在10%~35%含水率范围内烟草材料的T_2反演谱图通常呈现2~4个质子信号峰,其中弛豫时间在0.01~10 ms范围T_(21)峰可反映烟草中水分的氢质子弛豫信号强度。(2)随着烟草材料含水率的增大,叶丝、梗丝、再造烟叶丝的T_(21)峰弛豫时间在0.183~1.430、0.166~1.560、0.166~1.650 ms范围内逐渐增大,烟草材料中迁移性较强的水分比例增大。(3)T_(21)弛豫峰面积与不同烟草材料含水率均存在显著的线性相关,该T_2反演信号可用于烟草材料含水率的定量分析。(4)天然烟草材料中30μm以上细胞尺度上的孔隙被破坏后,水分弛豫时间明显减小,表明天然烟草材料中水分赋存状态受其微观多孔结构影响明显。     

面包及花色面包生产工艺

面包的分类及特点 面包是粮油食品中受欢迎的大众化方便食品,依其配料的不同及制作工艺的各异,品种很多。 按其用途分类:有主食面包与点心面包两大类; 按其造型分类:有园面包、方面包(俗称枕式面包)和花色面包三大类; 按其配料及制作工艺不同分类:有清甜型、水果型、夹心型、椒盐型、嵌油型和塑面涂料型六大类;     

南酸枣糕烘干过程中水分的迁移和分布

利用核磁共振及其成像技术,探究南酸枣糕在烘干过程中水分含量、迁移和分布情况。通过分析南酸枣糕烘干过程中核磁共振的自由衰减弛豫时间、自旋-自旋弛豫时间和核磁共振成像图发现:南酸枣糕的水分含量与体系的质子密度高度线性相关,其相关系数达到0.990 6。因此,可以通过建立水分含量与核磁共振质子密度的标准曲线实现南酸枣糕水分含量的核磁共振定量测定;在烘干过程中,随着时间的延长,南酸枣糕中的束缚水的流动性(T21)呈降低的趋势,自由水的流动性(T22)呈先增加后降低的趋势,核磁共振成像图逐渐变暗;从成像图也可直观地看出,南酸枣糕内部弛豫信号比外部强,证实南酸枣糕干燥是一个不均匀的干燥过程。     

木薯淀粉- 黄原胶复配体系中淀粉糊化机理

采用光学显微镜(LM)及扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察木薯淀粉、木薯淀粉- 黄原胶复配体系在糊化过程中淀粉颗粒形态的变化。淀粉糊化是淀粉与水分相互作用的过程,利用核磁共振仪(NMR)测定质子自旋- 自旋弛豫时间(T2),来反映体系糊化过程中黄原胶对水分运动性的影响;通过测定渗漏直链淀粉含量,反映黄原胶对木薯淀粉糊化过程中链段运动性的影响,从而探究木薯淀粉在黄原胶为连续相体系中的糊化机理。结果表明：黄原胶一定程度上可抑制升温过程中淀粉颗粒的膨胀,同时SEM图显示黄原胶包裹于木薯淀粉颗粒周围,形成空间位阻使得淀粉颗粒分散均匀,与淀粉糊具有良好的相容性;升温过程中质子自旋- 自旋弛豫时间(T2)的差异体现了糊化过程中水分分布及结合程度的变化,由于黄原胶的吸水及包裹作用使得淀粉糊化温度升高,热糊稳定性提高,表现为T2 先降后升的拐点由50℃升高至60℃及95℃较高的T2;黄原胶的加入使得体系中链段运动性降低,表现为直链淀粉渗漏量随着黄原胶配比增加而减少。     

利用核磁共振技术研究鱼糜制品在储藏过程中的水分变化

利用核磁共振技术(NMR)监测鱼糜制品相应的自旋-自旋弛豫时间T2以及各组分水的含量变化。研究墨鱼丸、花枝丸两种鱼糜制品在-18℃(正常储藏温度)以及4℃/-18℃(扩大化模拟冷库温度变化)两种储藏条件下各种水分的分布和迁移情况。结果表明:这两种鱼糜制品具有4种流动性不同的水分,其对应的弛豫时间分别为T21、T22、T23、T24(0ms相似文献   

Proton Low-Field NMR Measurements on Crackers

We have shown that the signal obtained for crackers (3.5% water content) by low resolution NMR method using the CPMG sequence, described the relaxation of the protons of fat. For water content up to 7.1% the water signal is not seen by a CPMG sequence, the water has therefore a very short spin-spin relaxation time (T2 < 0.5 ms). However, that water modifies the mobility of protons of fat at solid-liquid interfaces. Protons exchangeable by deuterium affect neither the relaxation time of the short component (about 1 ms), nor its intensity. Between 7.1% and 14.8%, the water had a spin-spin relaxation time of about 1 msec and its signal was added to the short component of the fat. Thus, low resolution NMR could be used to follow the crystallization of fat in such samples after cooking.     

NMR和MRI技术研究面团的发酵过程

面团T2与发酵时间曲线表明酵母添加量和发酵时间对面团的T21和T22影响不大,对T23的影响则相对大很多,说明酵母的添加量和发酵时间对面团中自由水的影响要大于对结合水的影响。面团自由水表现出来的弛豫时间T23与发酵时间曲线在整个发酵期内呈波浪形变化。酵母添加量越多,面团的T23越大。MRI实验表明1.5%酵母的面团,在发酵过程中因酵母产气速度过快导致面团内部气孔分布很不均匀,面筋网络结构断裂。相比较而言,0.5%酵母和1.0%酵母的面团发酵过程产气速度比较平稳,整个过程面团的质子气泡区域的分布比较均匀,更适合用来加工馒头面团。     

Hydration of heat-treated soy protein isolate and its effect on the molten flow properties at an elevated temperature

The relationship between the flow properties of soy protein isolate (SPI) at 140°C, measured using an extrusion viscometer, and changes in the hydration state were investigated. The state of the water in SPI was analysed by measurement of the freezable water content using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and by spin-spin relaxation rate (R₂) measurements using pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The dependence of the flow properties on the state of water was indicated by the correspondence between the water content at which the flow characteristics of molten SPI changed, and the critical water content indicated by DSC measurement of the minimum freezable water content, and by the inflection point in NMR measurement of the spin-spin relaxation rate (R₂).     

Water Binding of Wheat Flour Doughs and Breads as Studied by Deuteron Relaxation

Water mobility in wheat flour doughs and breads was investigated by deuteron relaxation using pulsed NMR. Water was replaced by deuterium oxide in dough and bread at different concentrations. Mixograms indicated that wheat flour associated more strongly with D₂O than it did with H₂O. Varying the D₂O:H₂O ratio of flour doughs had no effect on the longitudinal (T₁) or transverse (T₂) relaxation times of deuteron. Hard wheat and soft wheat flour doughs showed similar increases in T₁ and T₂ with increasing moisture content. Staling of bread crumb was accompanied by decreased T₁ and T₂, indicating an overall decrease in water mobility and increase in water binding. The decrease in water mobility of bread crumb with storage time was shown to be independent of reduction in moisture content.     

Water distribution in mixtures of soy protein isolates with starch and maltodextrin

Hydration of soy protein isolate and its mixtures with potato starch and starch hydrolyzate is studied by the pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance method. As the water content varies between 0.05 and 3 g per gram solid, the relaxation of magnetization of protons of studied systems is approximated by two exponents with the spin-spin relaxation times falling within the ranges 2 to 10 ms and 20 to 200 ms. The values of relaxation times varying from 2 to 10 ms are attributed to the limited mobility of water molecules due to their interaction with the binding centers of macromolecules. Variations in the relaxation time from 20 to 200 ms with increasing water content is related to the limited mobility of water molecules as a result of two successive processes, namely filling and contraction of capillaries at low moisture content and formation of a fluctuation network of interactions between macromolecules at high water contents. The hydration of soy protein isolate-starch mixtures is noted for a number of features. Water is found to redistribute in mixtures in a more hydrophilic component.     

Nuclear magnetic resonance study of water mobility in pasta filata and non-pasta filata mozzarella

Changes in molecular mobility of water in pasta filata and non-pasta filata Mozzarella cheeses were investigated during the first 10 d of storage using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxation techniques. Water in pasta filata Mozzarella was classified into two fractions by spin-spin relaxation times, T21 and T22, and corresponding proton intensities, A1 and A2, representing low and high molecular mobility, respectively. Increase in A1 (and decrease in A2) suggested that, there was a redistribution of water from more- to less-mobile fraction (from T22 to T21 fraction) during the first 10 d of storage. The NMR data did not indicate the two-state behavior of water molecules in non-pasta filata Mozzarella. However, the T2 values of non-pasta filata Mozzarella were comparable to the T21 values of pasta filata Mozzarella indicating that the molecular mobility of water in non-pasta filata Mozzarella is comparable to that of the less mobile water fraction in pasta filata Mozzarella. Generally, T2 and T1 values of pasta filata and non-pasta filata Mozzarella cheeses increased during the 10-d storage. This is believed to be due to structural changes in the protein matrix.     

食品中核磁共振状态图的应用(英文)

食品中质量感官指标和货架期与它的理化特性有关,水是食品原料中重要组成部分,它的含量与食品的理化特性有关,并在其中扮演着重要角色。“玻璃态转化” 的概念是在研究食品原料和产品理化特性的聚合物理论时提出的。食品玻璃态转化状态图通常用来描述水含量与食品理化特性的关系。状态图能有效地反映在不同温度和水分含量下的物质的理化特性。本文提出一个新的观念-“核磁共振状态图” 概念,核磁共振状态图是指核磁共振弛豫时间(通常指自旋-自旋弛豫时间或T2)和温度之间的曲线图,它放映食品的核磁共振弛豫现象与食品的理化特性关系。我们在研究时发现这条曲线图与物质的许多理化特性有着良好的相关性。利用核磁共振状态图可以在以下方面得到应用:(1)通过分析产品的成分,确定产品变化的规律;(2)预测产品的理化性质的变化(质地、粘性、结块、水分和油脂的迁移等)的趋势,营养成分降解和微生物代谢与食品中水分活度之间的关系;(3)结合核磁共振成像技术能很好地帮助理解水分(特别游离水分)对食品的质量与安全的影响。本文描述了核磁共振的基本原理、核磁共振弛豫现象的特征与食品特性的关系,并为研究食品体系提供新的研究方法和途径。     

Water molecular dynamics during bread staling by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

Bread staling is a complex phenomenon that originates from multiple physico-chemical events (amylopectin retrogradation, water loss and redistribution) that are not yet completely elucidated. Molecular properties of white bread loaves were characterized by multiple proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) techniques (proton FID, T₂ and T₁ relaxation time) over 14 days of storage. Changes at a molecular level (faster decay of proton FIDs and shifting of proton T₂ relaxation times distributions towards shorter times), indicating a proton mobility reduction of the bread matrix, were observed during storage. Multiple ¹H T₂ populations were observed and tentatively associated to water-gluten and water-starch domains. Proton T₁ of bread was for the first time measured at variable frequencies (Fast Field Cycling NMR) and found to be strongly dependent upon frequency and to decrease in bread during storage, especially at frequencies ≤ 0.2 MHz. An additional proton T₁ population, relaxing at 2 ms, was detected at 0.52 MHz only at early storage times and tentatively attributed to a water-gluten domain that lost mobility during storage.     

应用核磁共振技术对含抗性淀粉的速冻馒头的配方优化

利用核磁共振技术(NMR)研究不同配方含抗性淀粉的速冻馒头中水分状态及含量的变化,并结合感官评定优化配方。结果表明,抗性淀粉添加量为12%,醒发时间为1h,加水量为62%,醒发温度为32℃,酵母添加量为1.2%为最佳组合,可制得感官评分为82.5的馒头;馒头的感官评分与其弛豫特性相关性显著,这充分说明,水分的分布是其中影响馒头感官品质的主要因素之一。