苹果浓缩汁二次混浊主要成分分析

通过比较正常果汁和二次混浊果汁的主要化学成分,研究2种果汁主要成分的区别,以揭示果汁二次混浊的主要成分。结果表明:二次混浊果汁总酚、黄烷醇类酚的聚合体,即缩合单宁含量高于正常果汁,而小分子酚类含量低于正常果汁。二次混浊果汁可溶性蛋白质含量高于正常果汁;二次混浊果汁金属离子K+、Ca2+、Mg2+含量高于正常果汁。     

贮藏和包装条件对苹果浓缩汁二次混浊形成的影响

本文研究了贮藏和包装条件对二次混浊物形成的影响.通过测定果汁的浊度以及与二次混浊有关的酚类和蛋白质的变化,阐明贮藏和包装条件对二次混浊形成的影响.二次混浊果汁的浊度及缩合单宁的含量随贮藏时间的延长和贮藏温度的升高而增加,小分子的酚类以及可溶性蛋白质的含量随贮藏时间的延长和贮藏温度升高而减少.贮藏期间二次混浊形成的浊度变化遵循一级反应方程.二次混浊现象随包装顶隙的增加而加重,用BOPP膜包装的果汁二次混浊比玻璃瓶和铝箔包装的严重,光照对果汁二次混浊的形成无影响.短时间或低温贮藏条件以及选择透氧率低的包装材料会减少二次混浊的形成.     

血脂干预型复合苹果汁果实品种筛选与果汁品质评价

为制备血脂干预型复合苹果汁,以具有降血脂功效的多酚单体为依据,通过主成分分析法及聚类分析法评价20个苹果品种的10种多酚单体及果汁的理化特性,筛选出多酚单体含量高及果汁品质评价好的2个苹果品种。结果表明:1)20个苹果品种中多酚单体的含量存在较大差异,其中阿克苏和秦冠含有的绿原酸含量居前2位,儿茶素、表儿茶素和根皮苷含量也居前列;2)以具有血脂干预功效的多酚单体成分绿原酸、表儿茶素、儿茶素和根皮苷为主要成分,对10种多酚单体进行主成分及聚类分析,结合果汁品质评价,确定阿克苏和秦冠是血脂干预型且果汁品质较好的2个苹果品种。     

果汁二次混浊研究的新进展

二次混浊是目前果汁加工中新的技术难题之一 ,直接影响产品品质。本文分析了果汁中引起二次混浊的因素 ,综述了二次混浊形成机理、调控规律等方面的研究进展 ,并提出了建立果汁加工工艺过程中二次混浊的调控体系的思路     

热烫处理对黑莓果汁营养成分和多酚氧化酶活力的影响

黑莓榨汁前采用蒸汽热烫处理,可以明显提高果汁中功能性成分———花色苷和总酚的含量,并且可以使导致果汁褐变和品质下降的主要内源酶多酚氧化酶失活,热烫3min,压榨得到果汁的花色苷和总酚含量达到最高值,当热烫时间2min,黑莓中的多酚氧化酶已完全失活。随着热烫时间延长,果汁出汁率有所下降。添加0.05%Vc进行护色处理,不能促进花色苷和总酚的溶出。黑莓榨汁前最佳的蒸汽热烫处理时间为3min。     

溶剂法萃取茶多酚的工艺研究

本实验通过对绿茶叶的提取,确定溶剂法萃取茶多酚的工艺条件,最佳温度为80℃;最佳乙醇水溶液浓度为65%;最佳萃取次数为3次;最佳萃取时间为60min。儿茶素含量最高的是利用乙醇萃取后再用乙酸乙酯和氯仿萃取,然后旋转蒸发干燥,此时茶多酚制品中功能成分儿茶素的含量可达24.19%,可以直接应用于食品加工工业。     

苹果-刺梨混浊汁生产工艺的研究

研究苹果-刺梨混浊汁的生产工艺,以新鲜苹果和刺梨为原料制混浊汁,采用感官评定和色差分析苹果与刺梨的配比对混浊汁色泽稳定性及风味的影响;采用浊度测定、色差分析和酚类测定等方法,研究苹果的前处理温度和时间、均质及其与离心的先后顺序对混浊汁混浊稳定性的影响.结果表明,苹果与刺梨的比例为45:1(W:W)时,果汁在加工过程中具有很好的色泽稳定性,且风味很好;苹果在45℃水浴中处理45 min,混浊汁具有很好的混浊稳定性;混浊汁在25 MPa、60℃均质后再离心(4 000 r/min,15 min),具有很好的贮藏稳定性.     

不同产地文冠果种仁黄酮类成分的LC-MS/MS检测

为考察不同产地文冠果种仁黄酮类成分的差异,以山东潍坊的60份和辽宁大连的58份文冠果种仁为原料,采用LC-MS/MS法检测其黄酮类成分及含量,并对两地文冠果种仁黄酮类成分含量的差异进行了对比分析。结果表明：118份文冠果种仁中均检测出5种黄酮类成分,其中芦丁含量为1.422～40.704μg/g,表没食子儿茶素含量为2.513～6.406μg/g,没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯含量为1.994～4.574μg/g,二氢槲皮素含量为1.102～4.452μg/g,没食子儿茶素含量为0.806～4.057μg/g;两地文冠果种仁黄酮类成分含量大小依次为芦丁>表没食子儿茶素>没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯>二氢槲皮素>没食子儿茶素;山东潍坊不同样树种仁中黄酮类成分总含量介于10.518～25.445μg/g之间,样树WF927的黄酮类成分总含量最高;辽宁大连不同样树种仁中黄酮类成分的总含量介于8.347～52.087μg/g之间,样树DL392的黄酮类成分总含量最高;两地文冠果种仁黄酮类成分含量间差异显著,其中辽宁大连文冠果种仁中黄酮类成分总含量平均值(19.491μg/g)极显著高...     

微波对茶多酚浸出特性的影响研究

以水为介质,对绿茶进行微波处理,结果表明,微波处理绿茶有利于茶多酚浸出,料液比（W／V）1：20,时间3min,微波浸提2次,再50℃水溶浸提1次,10min,茶多酚浸出率达90.55%,高于乙醇水浸提;高效液相色谱分析结果显示,经微波处理的茶叶,茶多酚制品儿茶素组成略有变化,但酯型儿茶素EGCG和ECG的含量下降不大。     

超高压处理对鲜榨复配果汁品质及货架期的影响

为使经杀菌处理后果汁的活性成分和风味物质更接近原鲜榨果汁,本研究以猕猴桃、菠萝、芒果为原料制备复配果汁,对比超高压处理与热处理(85℃、5 min)两种杀菌方式对鲜榨复配果汁品质及货架期的影响。结果表明：复配果汁比例V_菠萝原浆:V_{猕猴桃原浆}:V_芒果原浆=4:2:4时,与传统热处理相比,在450 MPa、25℃、15 min超高压条件下处理,p H、b*值、可溶性固形物无明显差异(P>0.05),维生素C含量损失减少12.1%、多酚含量损失减少17.5%,品质更接近于未处理果汁;通过对复配果汁主要挥发性成分进行分析,烯类、酯类、醇类、酮类、醛类等风味物质的损失显著小于(P<0.05)热处理,且蒸煮味物质糠醛没有生成,丙酮和1-辛烯-3-酮相对含量分别减少68.4%、41.4%;菌落总数、霉菌和酵母菌杀菌效果均符合饮料现行有效卫生标准;通过Q₁₀模型对货架期进行预测,在4℃条件下储藏,其货架期可达到103 d。综上,超高压处理鲜榨复配果汁在有效杀灭微生物的同时更利于复配果汁保持天然品质及其货...     

Kiwifruit Juice Clarification using a Fungal Proteolytic Enzyme

A commercial fungal proteolytic enzyme from Aspergillus niger was used in kiwifruit juice as a replacement for conventional fining agents to produce a stable clarified juice. Reductions in detectable protein levels of 73% and 82% were achieved using 500 mg/kg of enzyme and incubating at 60°C for 20 and 60 min respectively. Concentrates prepared from proteolytic enzyme-treated juice had reduced browning and haze formation compared to a control, without affecting ascorbic acid level. When stored at 20°C, proteolytic enzyme treated concentrates (60 min) remained clear up to 90 days and had minimal haze (A_{650 nm}= 0.047) and browning (A_{420 nm}= 0.93) after 6 mo storage. The molecular size of the protein as well as protein concentration are important factors in haze formation.     

高压二氧化碳对鲜榨西瓜汁杀菌效果和风味的影响

为研究高压二氧化碳对鲜榨西瓜汁的杀菌效果及对风味的影响,采用高压二氧化碳(HPCD)技术对鲜榨西瓜汁进行处理。以95℃、1min热处理西瓜汁作为对照,考察30MPa、60min HPCD处理对西瓜汁中菌落总数、霉菌和酵母菌总数及典型风味化合物含量的影响;并探讨两种处理西瓜汁在4℃、30d贮藏过程中上述指标的变化情况。结果表明:95℃、1min热处理的杀菌效果略好于30MPa、60min HPCD处理,采用两种处理西瓜汁的微生物指标均符合《果、蔬汁饮料卫生标准》的要求;并且保质期满足鲜榨西瓜汁的消费要求。30MPa、60min HPCD处理对西瓜汁的典型风味化合物含量影响较小;贮藏过程中风味变化也较小。总体看来,HPCD处理更适合于鲜榨西瓜汁的加工。     

Haze Development in Aerobically or Anaerobically Produced Clarified Apple Juices

Haze production in aerobically or anaerobically produced Red Delicious apple juice was assessed following heating, aeration, and protein addition. Stored aerobic juice produced haze in 6 wk, but anaerobic juice was haze-free unless oxygen was introduced. Phenolic material was incorporated into haze in both systems. HPLC (detection at 420 nm) of concentrated juice and addition of 100 mg/L BSA suggested the presence in both juices of ‘reactive’ material which could complex and precipitate during storage. Phenolic compounds, heating, and especially oxidation during processing (and storage) appear to be major determinants of ‘haze potential’ in clarified apple juice.     

多酚和蛋白质对苹果浓缩汁浊度的影响

用从苹果浓缩汁中提取的蛋白质,加入单宁酸建立模拟体系,测定浊度,并通过响应曲面分析了单宁酸和蛋白质对苹果汁浊度的影响,结果表明,苹果汁中单宁酸与浊度的关系是线性增加的,蛋白质与浊度的关系则是先上升后下降,蛋白质浓度为25mg/L时产生的浊度最大。     

In-line dosing for bentonite fining of wine or juice: Contact time, clarification, product recovery and sensory effects

Field tests to evaluate in-line dosing with bentonite followed by centrifugation as an alternative to batch fining for protein haze control in white wine or juice were undertaken. The tests were performed at a commercial winery with a Sultana wine and Gordo (Muscat of Alexandria) juice and using two types of bentonite: Vitiben and SIHA-Active-Bentonite G. Fining performance was monitored by heat testing and quantification of heat unstable protein by HPLC. Heat test turbidity and heat unstable protein concentration decreased to stable values between 30 s and 2 min after bentonite injection. Sensory evaluation of Sultana wine fined with Vitiben by balanced reference duo-trio difference tests detected no difference between untreated, in-line dosed, and batch fined wine. Furthermore the volume of wine or juice occluded in lees can be substantially reduced by centrifugal compaction. However, incomplete separation of bentonite from wine or juice during centrifugation produced a carryover of 30% of the added bentonite into the clarified wine. This carryover problem may be mitigated, inter alia, by reducing operating flowrate through the centrifuge or using multiple centrifugation steps (in parallel or series). Therefore, inline dosing followed by centrifugation provides a rapid processing method for protein haze reduction in wine or juice with a decreased volume of lees. It can reduce significant value losses presently arising in the wine industry from batch fining and the resulting quality downgrades that occur in wine recovered from bentonite lees by rotary drum vacuum filtration.     

浓缩苹果汁多糖对浊度的影响

采用醇沉法从浓缩苹果汁中提取多糖,HPLC测得苹果汁多糖由葡萄糖、果糖、阿拉伯糖组成,阿拉伯糖和葡萄糖聚合参与混浊的形成。建立多糖-蛋白质模拟体系(pH3.7的磷酸钠缓冲溶液)发现,浊度随着多糖和蛋白质浓度的增加呈上升趋势,多糖能降低蛋白质-单宁酸聚合产生的浊度。     

用浊度法预测香蕉汁中混浊活性蛋白质和多酚

本研究采用浊度仪测香蕉汁混浊活性(HA)蛋白和多酚含量。为减少内源性蛋白和多酚的影响,分别用聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(polyvinyl polypyrrolidone, PVPP)和膨润土吸附多酚和蛋白质。将单宁酸加入PVPP处理与未处理香蕉汁中,果汁浊度变化与蛋白质含量呈线性相关,在蛋白质含量相同情况下,PVPP处理果汁的浊度较未处理样品小。热处理添加适量明胶的香蕉汁可反映果汁中HA多酚的含量,膨润土处理与未处理系列样品的浊度与其HA多酚含量呈线性相关。浊度法可用于测定香蕉汁中HA蛋白和HA多酚。     

脉冲放电等离子体杀灭苹果汁中鲁氏接合酵母及对苹果汁品质的影响

应用研制的脉冲放电等离子体杀菌设备,以鲁氏接合酵母（Zygosaccharomyces rouxii,Z.rouxii）为试验菌株,探讨电气参数（脉冲电压、通气量和处理时间）、溶液参数（果汁可溶性固形物）及菌初始浓度对苹果汁中鲁氏接合酵母的杀灭影响,并比较了不同菌株杀灭效果的差异;同时对处理前后苹果汁的基本理化指标、有机酸、多酚及挥发性风味物质含量进行测定,探讨脉冲放电等离子体对苹果汁品质的影响。结果表明：在脉冲电压24 kV、通气量150 mL/min、果汁可溶性固形物12%和果汁pH=3.84时,脉冲放电等离子体能够将初始浓度为1.08×104 CFU/mL的鲁氏接合酵母LB在5 min内杀灭。同时脉冲放电等离子体对苹果汁基本理化指标、有机酸、多酚及挥发性风味物质含量大部分影响均不显著（p<0.05）,能够较大程度保持苹果汁品质,该研究为脉冲放电等离子体在食品杀菌中应用提供了重要依据。     

Preventing protein haze in bottled white wine

Slow denaturation of wine proteins is thought to lead to protein aggregation, flocculation into a hazy suspension and formation of precipitates. The majority of wine proteins responsible for haze are grape‐derived, have low isoelectric points and molecular weight. They are grape pathogenesis‐related (PR) proteins that are expressed throughout the ripening period post véraison, and are highly resistant to low pH and enzymatic or non‐enzymatic proteolysis. Protein levels in un‐fined white wine differ by variety and range up to 300 mg/L. Infection with some common grapevine pathogens or skin contact, such as occurs during transport of mechanically harvested fruit, results in enhanced concentrations of some PR proteins in juice and wine. Oenological control of protein instability is achieved through adsorption of wine proteins onto bentonite. The adsorption of proteins onto bentonite occurs within several minutes, suggesting that a continuous contacting process could be developed. The addition of proteolytic enzyme during short term heat exposure, to induce PR protein denaturation, showed promise as an alternative to bentonite fining. The addition of haze‐protective factors, yeast mannoproteins, to wines results in decreased particle size of haze, probably by competition with wine proteins for other non‐proteinaceous wine components required for the formation of large insoluble aggregations of protein. Other wine components likely to influence haze formation are ethanol concentration, pH, metal ions and phenolic compounds.