世界各国碳交易的发展状况

2005年2月16日,《京都议定书》正式生效,为了促进各国完成温室气体减排目标,议定书规定可以采用绿色开发机制,促使发达国家和发展中国家共同减排温室气体。买家在“限量与贸易”体制下购买由管理者制定、分配（或拍卖）的减排配额,买主向可减低温室气体排放的项目购买减排额。     

国际碳交易给节能减排带来的机遇

回顾了当前国际温室气体减排贸易市场形成的背景,介绍了<京都议定书>气候贸易体系,比较了清洁发展机制和地区性气候贸易体系这两个与我国企业直接相关的市场平台,指出参与国际温室气体减排贸易可给中国节能减排企业增加一个经济增长点,以及国内企业参与国际温室气体减排贸易应当做好的三个准备.帮助企业和相关金融机构认识新的历史机遇,对做好温室气体减排贸易具有重要意义.     

我国生物质能源现代化应用前景展望(四)——生物质能源转化生命周期分析

生物质种类不同,转化为运输燃料的途径也是多种多样,生命周期排放的温室气体和能耗也不相同。总结对比主要生物质转化途径的全生命周期分析(LCA)结果,有助于明确需要进一步改进的技术难题和方向。生物质转化为醇类燃料时,使用E85比使用传统汽油的碳排放明显下降,纤维素生化转化途径排放的二氧化碳当量值约为传统汽油的0.2~0.7倍,热化学途径约为传统汽油的0.6~0.9倍,玉米干法为传统汽油的0.8~1倍。油脂类生物质转化为酯类燃料时,生物柴油减排温室气体的效果,动物油脂地沟油、棕榈油豆油、椰子油菜籽油。动物油脂、地沟油生产生物柴油可减排温室气体70%~90%,以植物为原料的生物柴油可减排10%~90%。生物质转化为烃类燃料时,菜籽油基喷气燃料可减排温室气体13%~55%,F-T合成油比油脂加氢具有更好的减排效果,BTL通常可减排80%以上的温室气体,CBTL的减排效果与掺入生物质的比例有关,热解汽柴油的温室气体减排率为58%~70%。对于微藻生物燃料工艺过程,在微藻产率和含油量不太低的情况下,池子系统的温室气体排放低于石油柴油。     

中国农村能源温室气体主要减排技术评价及潜力分析

农村能源减排技术是优化能源结构,减少温室气体排放的重要途径之一,有利于实现国家温室气体减排的目标。文章综合分析评价了农村能源温室气体减排技术,计算减排效果并估算未来的减排潜力。结果表明,2009年中国主要农村能源技术温室气体减排量为8 529万tCO2,测算到2020年,中国农村能源温室气体的减排潜力约为2.97亿t CO2。农村户用沼气、生物质固体成型燃料、太阳能热利用等农村节能减排技术已基本成熟,实现了产业化应用,且减排潜力较大,是未来推广的重点。     

论温室气体减排法律机制

气候变化是当前人类面临的严重的全球性环境问题,温室气体排放是引起全球气候变化的一个重要原因。介绍了《京都议定书》为发达国家实现温室气体减排目标提供的低成本的替代性法律机制,指出了这些机制存在的不足之处．为在2012年之后的后京都时代进一步完善温室气体减排法律机制提出了建议。     

垃圾处理方式对温室气体减排作用影响分析

介绍了填埋、焚烧和堆肥3种垃圾处理方式对温室气体减排的影响;分析了这3种不同处理方式下,各种温室气体的产气模型,采用IPCC推荐模型;根据填埋气发电、焚烧发电、有机垃圾堆肥这些温室气体减排措施,分析项目的流程边界,得到温室气体减排量计算公式;提出垃圾综合处理才能实现较好的温室气体减排效果。     

日本需付1.2万亿日元购买温室气体排放权

日本财务省发布一项报告称．日本必须大力减排温室气体,否则将付出多达1．2万亿日元（约合105亿美元）在全球市场上购买温室气体排放权。根据《京都议定书》,日本承诺在2008～2013年间,将其每年的温室气体排放量减少到1990年94％的水平。但事实上,在2005至2006年的一年中,日本的温室气体排放量比1990年增长7.8％．     

强制交易市场和自愿交易市场

<正>2005年2月16日,《京都议定书》正式生效,为了促进各国完成温室气体减排目标,议定书规定可采用绿色开发机制,促使发达国家和发展中国家共同减排温室气体。买家在"限量与贸易"体制下购买由管理者制定、分配(或拍卖)的减排配额,买主向可减低温室气体排放的项目购买减排额。清洁发展机制(CDM)双赢机制的出现,在发达国家和发展中国家间开启了一个巨大的碳交易市场。从碳市场建立的法律基础上看,碳交易市场可分为强制交易市场和自愿交易市场。如果一个国家或地区政府法律明     

沼气发酵猪粪管理系统对温室气体排放的影响

基于生命周期清单分析以及清洁发展机制,引入"碳足迹"概念,对我国散养猪以及规模化养猪场引入沼气发酵系统后猪粪管理系统温室气体排放及减排进行了估算。农户散养猪粪处理系统中,12 m3沼气池厌氧发酵过程碳足迹为223.40 kg CO2e/a,沼气代替原煤燃烧减少444.33 kg CO2e/a温室气体,沼气发酵净减少220.93 kg CO2e/a温室气体,我国散养生猪产生的猪粪以此沼气池发酵可减少温室气体20 984.62 Gg CO2e/a;分析运行规模约1 000 m3大型沼气工程的碳足迹,保守估计为2 835.32 t CO2e/a,运行沼气工程替代煤炭以及减少猪粪排放的温室气体共约2 914.23 t CO2e/a,故沼气工程年减少温室气体78.91 t CO2e,该项目共可减排1 578.20 t CO2e。在猪粪管理系统中采用沼气发酵系统可以更好地促进温室气体减排的进行。     

规模化养殖场沼气工程温室气体减排选址优化模型研究

我国严峻的能源现状和不断加大的生态环境压力亟需大力开发可再生能源.在规模化养殖场建沼气发电工程,不仅能减少养殖场温室气体的排放,还对电力企业的减排做出了贡献.根据沼气发电的现状和特点,运用整数规划求解方法,结合联合国政府间气候变化专门委员会提供的温室气体估算方法学及缺省值,以规模化养殖场沼气发电工程减排温室气体的二氧化碳当量为优化目标,建立规模化养殖场温室气体减排选址优化模型.案例分析表明:优化后,项目比原方案每年多减排温室气体2.0×1010t二氧化碳当量.     

水库温室气体排放过程中若干问题的研究

针对近几年水电的温室气体减排作用历年均存在的争议,介绍了水库温室气体排放的研究情况,并从水库温室气体的排放途径入手,就水库上游输入、水库沉积物—水界面、水库水—气界面及水库下游输出四方面阐述了水库温室气体排放的主要过程,为研究水库温室气体排放机制和估算水库温室气体净排放提供了参考。     

世界气候变暖形势严峻 二氧化碳减排工作势在必行

温室气体大量排放而引起的全球气候变暖问题日趋严峻,由此导致的空气污染和温室效应正在严重地威胁着人类赖以生存的环境。为减缓气候变化,就要减少温室气体排放和增加温室气体的吸收,各个国家相继采取积极有效措施。地质埋存CO2是避免气候变化的有效途径,结合气候变暖存在问题,中国政府批准国家973项目——开展温室气体提高石油采收率的资源化利用及地下埋存研究,提出二氧化碳减排发展对策,必将为全球资源和环境的高水平、高效益开发和可持续发展提供理论及实践依据。     

Development of CO2 emission factors from a large circulating fluidized bed boiler

Greenhouse gas emissions of the nation should be precisely assessed in order to effectively tackle the problems stemming from climate changes. To do so, country-specific data that reflect a nation’s distinct characteristics must be applied to more precisely assess greenhouse gas emissions. In this research, carbon emission factors were assessed for emission sources making up over 53% of the domestic anthracite consumption with calorific values of fuels and elementary analysis. Furthermore, oxidation rates were assessed based on measurement results of unburned carbon produced from tested power plants to calculate CO₂ emission factors. Ultimately, the CO₂ emission factor was calculated at 106,747 kg/TJ, about 9% higher than the anthracite emission factor presented by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Control. Such differences are assumed to mainly come from disparities of anthracite properties along with combustion technology and differences of oxidation rates depending on the combustion conditions. Therefore, continued research on a wide variety of fuels and energy consumption facilities should be conducted in order to establish country-specific data, which will help more accurately assess greenhouse gas emissions and subsequently will lead to reliable greenhouse gas reduction goals.     

Greenhouse gas emission factor development for coal-fired power plants in Korea

Accurate estimation of greenhouse gas emissions is essential for developing an appropriate strategy to mitigate global warming. This study examined the characteristics of greenhouse gas emission from power plants, a major greenhouse gas source in Korea. The power plants examined use bituminous coal, anthracite, and sub-bituminous coal as fuel. The CO₂ concentration from power plants was measured using GC–FID with methanizer. The amount of carbon, hydrogen, and calorific values in the input fuel was measured using an elemental analyzer and calorimeter. For fuel analysis, CO₂ emission factors for anthracite, bituminous coal, and sub-bituminous coal were 108.9, 88.4, and 97.9 Mg/kJ, respectively. The emission factors developed in this study were compared with those for IPCC. The results showed that CO₂ emission was 10.8% higher for anthracite, 5.5% lower for bituminous coal, and 1.9% higher for sub-bituminous coal than the IPCC figures.     

我国垃圾填埋气发电项目利用清洁发展机制的可行性研究

结合垃圾填埋气发电案例,分析了垃圾填埋气发电CDM项目开发的基准线和额外性,评估了我国垃圾填埋气发电项目利用清洁发展机制的可行性,并结合国情指出CDM有利于减少我国垃圾填埋场温室气体排放水平。     

Estimation of methane and nitrous oxide emission from livestock and poultry in China during 1949–2003

To investigate the greenhouse gases emission from enteric fermentation and manure management of livestock and poultry industry in China, the present study presents a systematic estimation of methane and nitrous oxide emission during 1949–2003, based on the local measurement and IPCC guidelines. As far as greenhouse gases emittion is concerned among livestock swine is found to hold major position followed by goat and sheep, while among poultry chicken has the major place and is followed by duck and geese. Methane emission from enteric fermentation is estimated to have increased from 3.04 Tg in 1949 to 10.13 Tg in 2003, an averaged annual growth rate of 2.2%, and methane emission from manure management has increased from 0.16 Tg in 1949 to 1.06 Tg in 2003, an annual growth rate of 3.5%, while nitrous oxide emission from manure management has increased from 47.76 to 241.2 Gg in 2003, with an annual growth rate of 3.0%. The total greenhouse gas emission has increased from 82.01 Tg CO₂ Eq. in 1949 to 309.76 Tg CO₂ Eq. in 2003, an annual growth rate of 2.4%. The estimation of livestock methane and nitrous oxide emissions in China from 1949 to 2003 is shown to be consistent with a linear growth model, and the reduction of greenhouse gas emission is thus considered an urgent and arduous task for the Chinese livestock industry.