闭式循环高温气冷堆氦气轮机的性能优化

1前言高温气冷堆氦气轮机是将氦气轮机与模块式高温气冷堆相结合,利用高温气冷堆产生的高温氦气直接推动涡轮做功进行高效率发电。与目前的蒸汽轮机相比较,氦气轮机发电系统结构紧凑,都安装在一回路压力边界内,采用中间冷却和回热等技术后热效率高。氦气的比热容大(约为空气的5     

我国快堆应用前景分析和探讨

从可持续发展的角度,阐述了快堆在我国核能总体战略中的定位.通过重点分析铀资源对热堆的保障能力、快堆嬗变在核废物最小化中的作用、快堆的成熟性和竞争力等因素,提出我国近期大规模部署快堆的条件还不成熟.从能源安全战略的高度.应重视快堆技术的研发.     

我国亟需尽快启动快堆核能系统的技术开发

本文概述核能对保障我国能源安全从而促进国民经济可持续发展的重要作用,指出我国的压水堆核电技术从第二代向第三代发展,总体上可以说是“今天”核电产业的技术升级工程。快堆及其燃料闭合循环可以充分利用铀资源和实现核废物的最少化,从而保证核裂变能的可持续发展。作者强调,我国核能科技的发展战略不仅要重视“今天”的核电产业的技术升级,更应着眼于“明天”的核能产业的技术开发。尽快启动我国快堆核能系统的技术开发具有极其重要的战略意义。     

闭式循环气轮机装置使用的无气体产生燃料

无气体产生燃料在AIP装置上的应用具有优势,如不会释放燃烧反应气体,不存在燃烧产物排放问题,不会形成排气尾迹。针对闭式循环气轮机装置使用的无气体产生燃料,提出了无气体产生燃料及其氧化剂选择和需满足的技术要求,给出了一些无气体产生燃料及其相应氧化剂的种类和性质,介绍了无气体产生燃料的燃烧方式和燃烧设备,描述了使用无气体产生燃料的闭式循环蒸汽轮机装置和燃气轮机装置的系统组成及工作原理,并对一些应用上问题进行了分析。     

拟闭式循环柴油机着火过程的研究

简要分析了以“人造大气”工作的闭式循环柴油机所需解决的技术问题和理论问题。针对发动机工作过程的特点，着重就工质成分对拟闭式循环柴油机自然着火过程的影响进行了实验和研究。结果表明，添加氩气有助于缩短冷焰和热焰诱导期，而工质中ＣＯ２浓度的增加则会延长冷，热焰诱导期；在着火滞燃期随工质成分而变化的趋势上，理论计算与实验测量基本相吻合。     

闭式注蒸汽燃气轮机循环热效率的估算方法

将实际循环在循环完善程度和设备完善程度方面与理论的卡诺循环进行对比,通过循环的特性参数估算出闭式注蒸汽燃气轮机循环的热效率,并在此基础上给出了中冷,再热和燃煤气的闭式注蒸汽循环热效率的估算公式,同时分析了循环系数和完善系数对循环热效率的影响。     

闭式燃气轮机循环的有限时间热力学分析

本文从有限时间热力学观点出发，导出了有限时间约束条件下闭式燃气轮机循环的最大功率及其相应的效率界限和任意功率下的效率界限，即最佳功率、效率关系，借此可分析热阻对闭式燃气轮机循环性能的影响，并实现其有限时间热力学优化．     

闭式循环柴油机系统的仿真研究

本文基于内燃机热力循环理论,编制了内燃机工作过程仿真程序,针对4102柴油机进行了开式循环和闭式循环的稳态模拟。通过计算结果与试验数据的比较,验证了计算的正确性。并比较了开式循环和闭式循环的各项参数,给出工质中不同含量的二氧化碳对闭式循环柴油机的影响规律。     

内可逆闭式布雷顿循环的功率密度优化

以功率密度——循环输出功率与最大比容之比——作为优化目标。用有限时间热力学方法 ,对恒温热源条件下内可逆闭式燃气轮机循环的高、低温侧换热器的热导率分配进行了优化。由数值算例给出了循环的一些主要特征参数对热导率最优分配和最大功率密度的影响 ,以及功率密度最大时的最佳热导率分配与最佳压比之间的对应关系。     

小型离心式压气机压缩氦气闭式循环的初步研究

介绍了小型离心式压气机闭式循环实验台的组成,并在此实验台上进行了压缩氦气和压缩空气闭式循环的实验,针对实验所得数据进行整理和理论分析,得到了压气机压缩氦气的特性线,并且利用压缩空气和压缩氦气的对比实验结果,初步分析了同一压气机压缩不同工质的相似现象。     

PWR-FBR with closed fuel cycle for a sustainable nuclear energy supply in China

From the thermal reactor to the fast reactor and then to the fusion reactor; this is the three-step strategy that has been decided for a sustainable nuclear energy supply in China. As the main thermal reactor type, the commercialized development phase of the pressurized water reactor (PWR) has been stepped up. The development of the fast reactor (FBR) is still in the early stage, marked by China experimental fast reactor (CEFR), which is currently under construction. According to the strategy study on the fast reactor development in China, its engineering development will be divided into three steps: the CEFR with a power of 65 MWt/20 MWe; the China prototype fast reactor (CPFR) with a power of 1 500 MWt/600 MWe; and the China demonstration fast reactor (CDFR) with a power of 2 500–3 750 MWt/1 000–1 500 MWe. With regards to the fuel cycle, a 100 t/a PWR spent fuel reprocessing pilot plant and a 500 kg/ a MOX fabrication plant are under construction. A project involving the construction of an industrial reprocessing plant and an MOX fabrication plant are also under application phase.     

West Germany's efforts to close the nuclear fuel cycle: Strategies for radioactive waste management

West Germany's efforts to reach a mature nuclear economy by [closing] the [back end] of the nuclear fuel cycle are discussed with special emphasis on radioactive waste management strategies. the radioactive wastes that would be generated in a closed nuclear fuel cycle are described. A brief discussion is given of the motives that underlie the current international disagreement regarding the desirability of, and the need for, closing the nuclear fuel cycle. West Germany's concept for closing the nuclear fuel cycle is outlined including institutional arrangements and responsibilities. A discussion of radioactive waste classification follows. Expected volumes and inventories of radioactive wastes are pointed out. Current practices, and research and development work in the treatment and disposal of radioactive wastes are outlined. A final section is devoted to the history, circumstances and implications of the current requirement for a [solution] for the back end of the nuclear fuel cycle as a precondition for continued expansion of nuclear power in West Germany.     

我国核裂变能可持续发展战略研究

本文从科学技术的角度,分析我国国民经济增长对核能发展的需求,探讨我国核能的近中期发展战略构想,指出为实现其发展战略目标而应重点研究的关键科学技术与问题,并提出一些相关的政策建议,为国家制定核能中长期发展规划提供参考。     

Future regional nuclear fuel cycle cooperation in East Asia: Energy security costs and benefits

Economic growth in East Asia has rapidly increased regional energy, and especially, electricity needs. Many of the countries of East Asia have sought or are seeking to diversify their energy sources and bolster their energy supply and/or environmental security by developing nuclear power. Rapid development of nuclear power in East Asia brings with it concerns regarding nuclear weapons proliferation associated with uranium enrichment and spent nuclear fuel management. This article summarizes the development and analysis of four different scenarios of nuclear fuel cycle management in East Asia, including a scenario where each major nuclear power user develops uranium enrichment and reprocessing of spent fuel individually, scenarios featuring cooperation in the full fuel cycle, and a scenario where reprocessing is avoided in favor of dry cask storage of spent fuel. The material inputs and outputs and costs of key fuel cycle elements under each scenario are summarized.     

Comparative study of different nuclear fuel cycle options: Quantitative analysis on material flow

As a nation develops its nuclear strategies, it must consider various aspects of nuclear energy such as sustainability, environmental-friendliness, proliferation-resistance, economics, technologies, and so on. A nuclear fuel cycle study could give convincing answers to many questions in regard to technical aspects. However, one nuclear fuel cycle option cannot be superior in all aspects. Therefore a nation must identify its top priority and accordingly evaluate all the possible nuclear fuel cycle options. For such a purpose, this paper examined four different fuel cycle options that are likely to be plausible under situation of Republic of Korea: once-through cycle, DUPIC recycling, thermal recycling using MOX fuel in PWR (pressurized water reactor), and SFR (sodium cooled fast reactor) employing fuel recycling by a pyroprocess. The options have been quantitatively compared in terms of resource utilization and waste generation based on 1 TWh electricity production at a “steady-state” condition as a basic analysis. This investigation covered from the front-end of the fuel cycles to the final disposal and showed that the Pyro-SFR recycling appears to be the most competitive from these material quantitative aspects due to the reduction of the required uranium resources and the least amount of waste generation.     

On the reconstruction of the fisson products distribution in nuclear fuel rods

The maximum likelihood tomographic method is used to reconstruct the radioactive fission products distribution in irradiated fuel pins from a very small number of projections. The method can be used to analyse the behaviour of the nuclear fuel during irradiation and also to obtain an improvement in burn-up estimation. An experimental result, for a CANDU type fuel pin, is reported. A criterion for optimally stopping the iterative algorithm is suggested.     

解析中国的核能战略

分析了我国发展核电三步走的战略（第一步压水堆核电站,第二步快中子增殖堆电站和第三步核聚变堆电站）及发展核电所需要的铀资源储备（重视国内外的铀资源利用）,进而对核燃料循环中的乏燃料后处理及乏燃料处置分离和嬗变技术（加速器驱动的次临界系统ADS）进行了讨论。     

Econometric modelling of certain nuclear power systems based on thermal and fast breeder reactors

Certain known economic analysis models for a LMFBR fast breeder and CANDU thermal solitary reactors are processed in this work, based on the concepts of discounting and levelization. These models are subsequently utilized as a basis for establishing an original model for the econometric analysis of certain thermal reactor systems or/and fast breeder reactors, considering techniques of scaling escalation and mediation of the components of the levelized present specific generation cost. The applied formalism is that of the constant monetary units as compared to the zero year of the interval under analysis which is based on the assumption that the inflation effects are excluded. Case studies are subsequently conducted with the systems: 1-CANDU, 2-LMFBR, 3-CANDU + LMFBR which enables us to draw certain interesting conclusions for a long range nuclear power policy.     

Life cycle study of coal-based dimethyl ether as vehicle fuel for urban bus in China

With life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology, a life cycle model of coal-based dimethyl ether (CBDME) as a vehicle fuel is established for China. Its life cycle from well to wheel are divided into three phases. They are feedstock extraction, fuel production and fuel consumption in vehicle. The primary energy consumption (PEC) and global warming potential (GWP) of CBDME pathway are analyzed and compared with coal-based diesel (CBD) as a latent rival to replace conventional petroleum-based diesel (CPBD).     

Life cycle analysis and cost of a molten carbonate fuel cell prototype

The LCA is a method enabling the performance of a complete study on the environmental impacts of the product, taking into consideration all its life cycle (“from the cradle to the tomb” or, better “from the cradle to the cradle” when also the maximum recycling/reusing of the materials is provided. There are many procedures to perform an LCA of the consumers’ products. In particular, the SUMMA method (Sustainability Multi-criteria Multi-scale Assessment) allows obtaining a number of indices of efficiency and environmental sustainability which make the LCA assessment much more complete and significant. LCA method often represents the basis for an additional assessment of industrial products and processes, the LCC (Life Cycle Costing) which, allowing the association of economic variables to any phase of the life cycle, represents a useful tool for financial planning and management. The case study analysed in the present work concerns an LCA analysis, using the SUMMA method and the LCC of one small size molten carbonate fuel cell, 2.5 kW, assembled in the Fuel Cells Laboratory within the Educational Pole of Terni at the Università degli Studi di Perugia. For sake of completeness of the results, the methods Ecoindicator99 and Impact2002 + were used in the analysis, as implemented in the used calculation software, the SimaPro 7.1 by PRè Consultants. From the registered results, it emerges that the environmental energy sustainability of the analysed element enables its widespread and in-depth employment in the phase subsequent to the optimisation of the connected economic frame; the scenarios opened by the present work envisage great margins of improvements of said aspects in the future experiments.