一种适用于传感器信号检测的斩波运算放大器

提出一种适合传感器微弱信号检测应用的全差分低噪声、低失调斩波运算放大器。采用两级折叠共源共栅运放结构,基于斩波稳定及动态元件匹配技术,通过在运放低阻节点的电流通路上添加斩波开关的设计方式,增加了运放的输入信号带宽和输出电压摆幅。芯片采用TSMC 0.18μm 1P6MCMOS工艺实现。测试结果表明,在1.8V电源电压,25kHz输入信号和300kHz斩波频率下,斩波运放输入等效失调电压小于120μV,在10Hz～1kHz之间,输入等效噪声为5nV/Hz^1/2,最高开环增益为84dB,单位增益带宽为4MHz。     

一种71 dB动态范围的低噪声可编程增益放大器

介绍了一种采用0.18μm CMOS工艺制作的动态范围达71 dB、步长为1 dB的低噪声可编程增益放大器。为了克服传统的三运放仪表放大器共模输入范围受限的缺点，本设计采用了电流模架构，实现轨到轨的共模输入范围。内部运放采用斩波来减小其失调电压和低频1/f噪声。增益控制由粗调级和精调级两部分来实现，粗调级将电压信号转换为电流信号，精调级将电流信号恢复为电压信号，最终实现宽范围和高精度。仿真结果表明，该设计总共实现了-3 dB～68 dB的增益范围和1 dB的步长；在48 dB增益下1 Hz到100 kHz的等效输入噪声为3.573μV,1 kHz处CMRR和PSRR分别为118.9 dB和120.6 dB。     

一种输入输出轨到轨的电流模式仪表放大器设计

本文提出了一种基于标准CMOS工艺的电流模式仪表放大器.该放大器内部运放采用斩波调制技术去除低频1/f噪声和失调,并采用正、负电荷泵,使系统具有轨到轨的输入能力.芯片使用TSMC 0.25μm CMOS混合信号工艺模型设计并流片.测试结果表明,使用60kHz的斩波频率,系统增益为40dB时,具有100dB的共模抑制比和...     

嵌套式斩波运放的分析与设计

针对传统的斩波运放具有大残余失调的特点,设计了一个嵌套式斩波运放。基于SMIC0.18μm工艺,通过Spectre仿真工具进行验证与仿真,运放的开环增益达到78.3dB,共模抑制比达到112dB。在斩波频率fchophigh=10kHz、fchoplow=500Hz的条件下,通过使用非匹配斩波开关,分别对单斩波和嵌套式斩波运放进行仿真。结果表明,嵌套式斩波技术能有效减小残余失调的影响。适用于带宽较低的微弱信号检测与处理电路,如传感器前端读出电路和音频信号放大电路等。     

一种适用于微传感器读出电路的低噪声、低失调斩波放大器

提出一种适合微传感器读出电路的高精度折叠共源共栅放大器.基于斩波技术和动态元件匹配技术,降低了折叠共源共栅放大器的噪声和失调,采用低阻节点斩波的方法和低压共源共栅电流镜扩大了放大器可处理的输入信号带宽和输出电压摆幅.芯片在0.35μm 2P4M CMOS工艺下设计并流片,测试表明在3.3V的典型电源电压和100kHz的斩波频率下,斩波放大器具有小于93.7μV的输入等效失调电压典型值,19.6nV/Hz的输入等效噪声,开环增益达83.9dB,单位增益带宽为10MHz.     

一种伪随机开关动作的自稳零运算放大器

设计实现了一种低失调、高增益的轨到轨运算放大器(运放),整体电路主要包含带隙基准、环形振荡器、伪随机信号发生器、主运放以及调零辅助运放。采用时间交织结构的自稳零技术降低了运放的输入失调电压,通过主运放与辅助运放增益相叠加的方式获得高增益。为了改善自稳零运放开关动作所引起的互调失真现象,设计了一种伪随机信号发生器,用于控制自稳零运放的开关动作,以一种非固定周期的伪随机时序信号代替传统的周期性时序信号,避免了由MOS开关管周期性动作引入的二次谐波甚至多次谐波,改善了运放的调零效果,消除了输出信号中的互调失真。基于0.5 μm CMOS工艺完成了整体电路的设计与流片,电路仿真与芯片实测数据均达到较好效果。在电源电压5 V,环境温度25 ℃条件下,实测输入失调电压为0.6 μV,输入偏置电流小于10 pA,开环增益为140.8 dB,共模抑制比为138.4 dB,电源抑制比为142.9 dB,该电路可用于高精度信号采集和调理。     

一种适用于微传感器读出电路的低噪声、低失调斩波放大器

提出一种适合微传感器读出电路的高精度折叠共源共栅放大器.基于斩波技术和动态元件匹配技术,降低了折叠共源共栅放大器的噪声和失调,采用低阻节点斩波的方法和低压共源共栅电流镜扩大了放大器可处理的输入信号带宽和输出电压摆幅.芯片在0.35μm 2P4M CMOS工艺下设计并流片,测试表明在3.3V的典型电源电压和100kHz的斩波频率下,斩波放大器具有小于93.7μV的输入等效失调电压典型值,19.6nV/Hz的输入等效噪声,开环增益达83.9dB,单位增益带宽为10MHz.     

基于移动设备的D类放大器前置放大器的设计

基于SMIC 0.18μm工艺,设计了一款低功耗、低噪声的D类前置放大器。通过对常用运放的结构进行比较,选择了一种开关电容共模反馈电路的两级运放,并加入斩波结构降低噪声。用Cadence/Spectre仿真器进行仿真,仿真结果表明,该全差分运放的直流开环增益为65 dB,单位增益带宽为259.7 MHz,相位裕度为70°,转换速率为98 V/μs,静态功耗为1 mW。适合于现代的便携产品应用中。     

一种高线性度14位40 MS/s流水线A/D转换器

设计了一个14位40 MHz、100 dB SFDR、1.8 V电源电压的流水线A/D转换器(ADC).采用增益自举密勒补偿两级运放,可在保证2 Vpp差分输出信号摆幅的前提下获得130dB的增益,有效地减小了运放有限增益的影响;同时,采用冗余位编码技术和动态比较器,降低了比较器失调电压的设计难度和功耗.该设计采用UMC 0.18 μm CMOS工艺,芯片面积为2mm×4 mm.仿真结果为:输入满幅单频9 MHz的正弦信号,可以达到100 dB SFDR和83.8 dBSNDR.     

一种用于水听器电压检测的模拟前端电路

提出了一种用于水听器电压检测的模拟前端电路,包括低噪声低失调斩波运算放大器,跨导电容(gm-C)低通滤波器,增益放大器三部分主体电路;低噪声低失调斩波运算放大器用于提取水听器前端传感器输出的微弱电压信号;gm-C低通滤波器用于滤除电压信号频率外的高频噪声和高次谐波;最后经过增益放大器放大至后级模数转换器的输入电压范围,输出数字码流;芯片采用台积电(TSMC)0.18μm单层多晶硅六层金属(1P6M)CMOS工艺实现。测试结果表明,在电源电压1.8 V,输入信号25 kHz和200 kHz时钟频率下,斩波运放输入等效失调电压小于110μV;整体电路输出信号动态范围达到80 dB,功耗5.1 mW,满足水听器的检测要求。     

Resolution Enhancement Technology:Integrated Process Solutions using OPC

DUV lithography, using the 248 nm wavelength, is a viable manufacturing option for devices with features at 130 nm and less. Given the low kl value of the lithography, integrated process development is a necessary method for achieving acceptable process latitude. The application of assist features for rule based OPC requires the simultaneous optimization of the mask, illumination optics and the resist.Described in this paper are the details involved in optimizing each of these aspects for line and space imaging.A reference pitch is first chosen to determine how the optics will be set. The ideal sigma setting is determined by a simple geometrically derived expression. The inner and outer machine settings are determined, in turn,with the simulation of a figure of merit. The maximum value of the response surface of this FOM occurs at the optimal sigma settings. Experimental confirmation of this is shown in the paper.Assist features are used to modify the aerial image of the more isolated images on the mask. The effect that the diffraction of the scattering bars (SBs) has on the image intensity distribution is explained. Rules for determining the size and placement of SBs are also given.Resist is optimized for use with off-axis illumination and assist features. A general explanation of the material' s effect is discussed along with the affect on the through-pitch bias. The paper culminates with the showing of the lithographic results from the fully optimized system.     

Cost-effective test solutions for smart card and other integrated flash applications

From its emergence in the late 1980s as a lower cost alternative to early EEPROM technologies, flash memory has evolved to higher densities and speedsand rapidly growing acceptance in mobile applications.In the process, flash memory devices have placed increased test requirements on manufacturers. Today, as flash device test grows in importance in China, manufacturers face growing pressure for reduced cost-oftest, increased throughput and greater return on investment for test equipment. At the same time, the move to integrated flash packages for contactless smart card applications adds a significant further challenge to manufacturers seeking rapid, low-cost test.     

Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain in the optical-fiber sensors

The relation between the power of the Brillouin signal and the strain is one of the bases of the distributed fiber sensors of temperature and strain. The coefficient of the Bfillouin gain can be changed by the temperature and the strain that will affect the power of the Brillouin scattering. The relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is thought to be linear by many researchers. However, it is not always linear based on the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Therefore, errors will be caused if the relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is regarded as to be linear approximately for measuring the temperature and the strain. For this reason, the influence of the parameters on the Brillouin gain coefficient is proposed through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.     

An improved parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations

The parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations is improved in this paper. By analyzing the notions of connected components and passes, a conclusion is drawn that the number of passes and the number of eight-connected components are equal. Then the expression of the number of eight-connected components is obtained which replaces the old one in the algorithm. And a reserving condition is proposed by experiments, which alleviates the excess deletion where a diagonal line and a beeline intersect. The experimental results demonstrate that the thinned curve is almost located in the middle of the original curve connectivelv with single pixel width and the processing speed is high.     

Novel fiber-optical interferometer with miniaturized probe for in-hole measurements

Today, micro-system technology and the development of new MEMS （Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems） are emerging rapidly. In order for this development to become a success in the long run, measurement systems have to ensure product quality. Most often, MEMS have to be tested by means of functionality or destructive tests. One reason for this is that there are no suitable systems or sensing probes available which can be used for the measurement of quasi inaccessible features like small holes or cavities. We present a measurement system that could be used for these kinds of measurements. The system combines a fiber optical, miniaturized sensing probe with low-coherence interferometry, so that absolute distance measurements with nanometer accuracy are possible.     

Development of the readout system for waveguide multilayer optical card

Waveguide multilayer optical card （WMOC） is a novel storage device of three-dimensional optical information. An advanced readout system fitting for the WMOC is introduced in this paper. The hardware mainly consists of the light source for reading, WMOC, motorized stages addressing unit, microscope imaging unit, CCD detecting unit and PC controlling ＆ processing unit. The movement of the precision motorized stage is controlled by the computer through Visual Basic （VB） language in software. A control panel is also designed to get the layer address and the page address through which the position of the motorized stages can be changed. The WMOC readout system is easy to manage and the readout result is directly displayed on computer monitor.     

Study of waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers

This paper presents a new method to increase the waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers. We find that the propagation constant of the InGaAsP emitting layer can be equal to that of the Si resonant layer through improving the design size of the InP waveguide. The coupling power achieves 42% of the total power in the hybrid lasers when the thickness of the bonding layer is 100 nm. Our result is very close to 50% of the total power reported by Intel when the thickness of the thin bonding layer is less than 5 nm. Therefore, our invariable coupling power technique is simpler than Intel＇s.     

Collinear phase-matching study of terahertz-wave generation via difference frequency mixed in GaAs and Inp

The collinearly phase-matching condition of terahertz-wave generation via difference frequency mixed in GaAs and InP is theoretically studied. In collinear phase-matching, the optimum phase-matching wave hands of these two crystals are calculated. The optimum phase-matching wave bands in GaAs and lnP are 0.95-1.38μm and 0.7-0.96μm respectively. The influence of the wavelength choice of the pump wave on the coherent length in THz-wave tuning is also discussed. The influence of the temperature alteration on the phase-matching and the temperature tuning properties in GaAs crystal are calculated and analyzed. It can serve for the following experiments as a theoretical evidence and a reference as well.     

Effects of the alloy compositions on the phonon-polaritons in ternary mixed crystals

Composition dependence of bulk and surface phonon-polaritons in ternary mixed crystals are studied in the framework of the modified random-element-isodisplacement model and the Bom-Huang approximation. The numerical results for Several Ⅱ - Ⅵ and Ⅲ- Ⅴ compound systems are performed, and the polariton frequencies as functions of the compositions for ternary mixed crystals AlxGa1-xAs, GaPxAS1-x, ZnSxSe1-x, GaAsxSb1-x, GaxIn1-xP, and ZnxCd1-xS as examples are given and discussed. The results show that the dependence of the energies of two branches of bulk phonon-polaritons which have phonon-like characteristics, and surface phonon-polaritons on the compositions of ternary mixed crystals are nonlinear and different from those of the corresponding binary systems.     

New insert layer structure OLEDs

An insert layer structure organic electroluminescent device（OLED） based on a new luminescent material （Zn（salen）） is fabricated. The configuration of the device is ITO/CuPc/NPD/Zn（salen）/Liq/LiF/A1/CuPc/NPD/Zn（salen）/Liq/LiF/A1. Effective insert electrode layers comprising LiF（1nm）/Al（5 nm） are used as a single semitransparent mirror, and bilayer cathode LiF（1 nm）/A1（100 nm） is used as a reflecting mirror. The two mirrors form a Fabry-Perot microcavity and two emissive units. The maximum brightness and luminous efficiency reach 674 cd/m^2 and 2.652 cd/A, respectively, which are 2.1 and 3.7 times higher than the conventional device, respectively. The superior brightness and luminous efficiency over conventional single-unit devices are attributed to microcavity effect.