组织培养与土壤栽培西洋参中皂甙对比研究

对比分析指出，４周组培西洋参中总皂甙含量（愈伤组织４４３％、悬浮细胞４５７％）远高于１年土培的（２７９％），接近于２年土培的（４８２％），组培西洋参中单体皂甙的种类与土培的相同，都含有Ｒｏ、Ｒａ、Ｒｂ、Ｒｃ、Ｒｄ、Ｒｅ、Ｒｇ１和Ｒｇ２，在组培西洋参的悬浮细胞中，以下六种单体皂甙的含量分别为：Ｒａ（００６％）、Ｒｂ（０２７％）、Ｒｃ（０３０％）、Ｒｄ（０２０％）、Ｒｅ（０７１％）、Ｒｇ（１４２％），其和占总皂甙的６４８％，是主要的皂甙成份。     

提高西洋参细胞生长和皂甙生产的几种方法研究

以三年生西洋参根为材料进行了愈伤组织的诱导和细胞株系的筛选；同时探讨了不同培养基、不同碳源、不同添加物以及不同钙离子浓度对西洋参细胞生长和总皂甙生产的影响，试验结果发现；ＭＳ培养基有利于西洋参细胞的生长，而皂甙含量的Ｂ５培养基的培养结果为最佳。用白糖替代蔗糖（ＡＲ），可促进细胞生长及提高皂甙的产量，在ＭＳ培养基中添加２ｇ／Ｌ酵母提取物时，细胞生长速率显著提高，细胞生长的最佳Ｃａ２＋浓度为４．４９ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ，而皂甙生产的最佳Ｃａ２＋浓度为０．９０ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ。     

气升式反应器中的西洋参细胞培养

在不同的气升式反应器中对西洋参细胞进行了大规模培养。西洋参细胞得率为11g～14gdwt/e,细胞中总皂甙含量为4.45％。讨论了西洋参细胞在新型的气升式反应器内培养过程中的流变学特性、传质特性以及流场剪切应力变化规律。文章还讨论了培养基成分对大规模培养结果的影响。     

西洋参皂甙对免疫抑制小鼠免疫功能的影响

目的探讨西洋参皂甙对免疫抑制小鼠免疫功能的影响。方法用不同浓度的西洋参皂甙[0.12、1.20和12 g/(kg.d)]灌胃小鼠,每天1次,连续灌胃21 d,第10～14天,经腹腔注射环磷酰胺0.1 g/(kg.d)。测定小鼠血中血小板(PLT)、白细胞(WBC)、红细胞(RBC)的数量和血红蛋白(Hb)含量以及免疫器官重量;鸡红细胞吞噬试验检测小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞的吞噬功能,并进行二硝基氟苯(2,4-D)皮肤试验(DTH);体外测定小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞和脾淋巴细胞的增殖活性、腹腔巨噬细胞NO含量以及脾淋巴细胞转化功能。结果西洋参皂甙可使免疫抑制小鼠血中的PLT、WBC、RBC和Hb的降低恢复良好,并恢复小鼠免疫器官重量,2,4-D所致迟发型超敏反应减轻,促进小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞代谢,增强巨噬细胞吞噬功能,诱导巨噬细胞产生NO,提高脾淋巴细胞转化率及淋转指数。结论西洋参皂甙能提高免疫抑制小鼠巨噬细胞吞噬功能,增强小鼠细胞免疫与体液免疫功能。     

细胞培养西洋参生理作用的研究

细胞培养西洋参的提取液，皂甙液，野生西洋参的提取液，皂甙液，对小鼠均具有抗缺氧，抗疲劳，抗惊厥等药理作用，尤其是组培西洋参抗疲劳作用较为突出，且无毒性。     

不同温湿度和包装条件对脱水西洋参贮藏的影响

通过短时间的贮藏实验，研究了不同温度、湿度条件及包装材料对脱水西洋参贮藏的影响。脱水西洋参的考察指标为总皂甙、色差。结果表明，脱水西洋参的较佳贮藏条件为环境湿度及比室温稍低的温度，包装材料应选用LDPE膜。     

Bi_2O_3-石墨烯修饰玻碳电极阳极溶出伏安法测定西洋参中的铅和镉

建立西洋参中药中重金属铅和镉含量的电化学测定方法,考察市售西洋参药材的重金属铅和镉的含量。采用Bi_2O_3-石墨烯材料修饰玻碳电极,建立了阳极溶出伏安法同时快速测定铅和镉的新方法。在10~190μg/L浓度范围内,Pb~(2+)和Cd~(2+)的溶出峰电流与Pb~(2+)和Cd~(2+)的浓度呈良好线性关系,r=0.9991/r=0.9983,回收率RSD5.00%(n=6);西洋参重金属铅和镉的含量分别为15.19、16.81μg/L。Bi_2O_3-石墨烯材料修饰玻碳电极的阳极溶出伏安法检测重金属铅和镉简便、灵敏,可用于西洋参中铅和镉的检测。     

西洋参检验结果分析

目的回顾分析本实验室检验西洋参质量情况。方法对本实验室近十年西洋参检验结果情况及其中重金属检验数据进行分析及分类总结。结果西洋参总体合格率为,合格率高,其中重金属项目合格率为100%,不同的西洋参样品重金属含量没有显著性差异。结论西洋参质量情况较好,重金属项目均符合规定,重金属残留风险低。     

微波消解-ICP-MS法测定人参和西洋参中锰的含量

建立微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定人参、西洋参中的Mn含量的方法，并对32批人参及33批西洋参中的Mn含量进行测定。样品经微波消解法处理，采用ICP-MS法碰撞反应模式下进样测定，分析样品中Mn含量差异的原因。经方法学验证，在1.0～100μg·mL^-1浓度范围内，线性关系良好，相关系数r=0.9975，检出限为12.5μg·kg^-1。低、中、高水平平均回收率为102.0%、97.3%、97.1%，精密度良好。所检人参和西洋参样品中共有5批次Mn含量超标，超标2.7～25倍不等。方法操作简便、稳定性好、灵敏度高、重现性好，适用于人参及西洋参中Mn含量的测定。     

刷参水的成分分析

本文提供了分析刷参水的方法，定性检出了刷参水中的皂甙、有机酸、酚类化合物、糖式、氨基酸、类固醇等化学成分，井定量测定了刷参水中的总皂甙量、十八种氨基酸的含量和维生素B_1、B_2、C、pp的含量。结果表明，刷参水含多种营养成分，是珍贵的化妆品原料。     

Effects of pre-fermentation enzyme treatments of leaves,stems, and roots of ginseng on <Emphasis Type="Italic">Lactobacillus</Emphasis> fermentation characteristics and ginsenoside metabolite formation

The extraction and enzymatic treatment conditions of ginseng leaves, stems and roots for the production of fermented ginseng were optimized in order to enhance the extraction of oligosaccharide, which is a Lactobacillus growth-activating factor. Additionally, the effects of enzymatic hydrolysis on Lactobacillus fermentation characteristics and metabolites of ginsenoside were investigated. The ginseng leaves were found to be more suitable for the raw material of fermented ginseng products because ginseng leaves have higher carbohydrate and crude saponin content than ginseng roots. The optimized conditions were found as particle size of ginseng raw material below 0.15 mm, pH 5.0–5.5, reaction temperature of 55–60 °C, Ceremix concentration of 1%, and reaction time of 2 h. It was shown that the polysaccharides of ginseng were hydrolysed to oligosaccharide by the enzymatic hydrolysis of ginseng leaves, stems and roots. The total oligosaccharide content increased by the enzyme treatment up to 2.2-fold, 5.3-fold and 2.3-fold in ginseng leaves, stems and roots, respectively, compared to control (no treatment). It was found that the enzymatic treatment promoted the Lactobacillus growth, resulting in more significant change in total oligosaccharide consumption and total acidity. The content of several metabolites of ginsenoside, such as Compound K, Rg₁, Rh₁ and Rg₃, was selectively increased by combining the enzymatic treatment and Lactobacillus fermentation. Especially, in the case of enzyme treatment using ginseng leaves, Compound K formation was enhanced up to three-fold compared to control (no treatment). Moreover, in case of combined treatment of enzyme and fermentation, Compound K formation was significantly promoted up to ten-fold.     

人参水提取液脂质体的制备及包封率的测定

针对人参水提取液脂质体,采用薄膜分散一冻融法制备,标准加入法测定人参水提取液中人参皂甙的含量,并测定了脂质体的包封率。实验结果表明,用标准加入法测定人参水提取液中人参皂甙的含量,方法简便、准确。用标准加入法测定得人参水提取液脂质体的包封率为37．26％。     

细胞培养生产的紫草色素与天然紫草色素理化性质比较

对细胞培养生产的紫草色素与天然紫草色素进行了理化性质比较研究，结果表明，两者的耐热性、耐氧化性及不同ｐＨ值条件下颜色的变化无明显差异，而耐还原性则具显著差异。此外，还对细胞培养生产的紫草色素和天然紫草色素的组成成份进行了ＴＬＣ和ＨＰＬＣ分析，发现两者组成成份基本一致，只是相对含量具一定差异．     

蒙脱石八面体层中(Fe~(3+)+Mg~(2+))含量和晶胞参数b_0对蒙脱石-水体系电导的影响

蒙脱石八面体层中(Fe~(3+)+Mg~(2+))含量影响晶胞参数b_0亦影响蒙脱石的比亲水性,即影响蒙脱石结合水膜的厚度。结合水膜厚度的大小,影响蒙脱石层间交换性阳离子在蒙脱石-水体系中的电导。本工作通过对不同地区,不同类型蒙脱石-水体系电导测试,讨论了蒙脱石八面体层中(Fe~(3+)+Mg~(2+))含量和晶胞参数b_0的变化对电导率影响的规律。     

酶法水解大豆苷中的含糖部分

Saponin is the general name of low polymerized glycosides and in which the steroid or terpenoid is aglycone.The soybean saponin is composed of the triterpenoid aglycones (sapogenols)and sugar-moiety.Soybean saponin was divided into group A,group B,group E and group DDMP by the aglycones［1-3］.It has been shown that soybean saponin has a lot of physiological activities and pharmacological action.For example,it can be used to resist cancer,adjust immunity,prevent and treat heart blood vessel disease.In addition, soybean saponin has been extensively used in cosmetics.However,the soybean saponin has dry mouth feel(DMF)which decreases the quality of soybean food products.Many facts have verified that sugar-moiety is very important to the biological activity of saponin［4］.For example,in ginseng saponin of binary alcohol,the saponins which contain five sugar-moieties such as Ra1,Ra2,Ra3,have low activity,however,saponins containing one sugar-moiety like Rh2 have very strong activity of resisting cancer.When the sugar-moiety of soybean saponin was removed out,some special activities like resisting oxidation and resisting thrombus emerged and the DMF would decrease.But,reports concerning the sugar-moiety hydrolysis of soybean saponin by enzyme have not been found.In the paper,the enzyme hydrolysis of soybean saponin sugar-moiety and the strains producing hydrolytic enzyme of saponin were studied.     

Production and biological activity of saponins and canavanine in alfalfa seedlings

The saponin and canavanine concentrations and pattern were analyzed in growing alfalfa seedlings (Medicago sativa L.). Accumulation of saponins and canavanine was found to follow different time courses. During the first eight days, saponin concentration rose from zero in alfalfa seeds to 8.7% in roots and 1.8% in shoots on eighth day and then slowly decreased to 7.6% in roots and 0.8% in shoots present on the 24th day. Canavanine was found in seeds at a concentration of 1 % then increased to 3.2% in seedlings on the sixth day and rapidly decreased to 0.2% per dry mass in roots and shoots on the 24th day. The effect of saponins-medicagenic acid sodium salt and medicagenic acid glycosides-on the growth ofAmaranthus andLepidium in Petri dishes and tomato (Lycopersicon) cell growth in tissue culture also was investigated. In contrast to medicagenic acid glycosides, a very strong inhibition of plant and cell growth was found as an effect of medicagenic acid.     

微波辅助双水相提取盾叶薯蓣中的皂苷成分

采用微波辅助乙醇/硫酸铵双水相体系,从盾叶薯蓣中提取皂苷成分. 实验结果表明,各种皂苷成分可有效地富集于醇相,盾叶新苷、三角叶皂苷、薯蓣皂苷元-葡萄糖三糖苷、薯蓣皂苷元-葡萄糖二糖苷、延龄草次苷的最大分配系数分别达89, 91, 93, 117和153. 微波辅助双水相提取皂苷成分的最佳药材/乙醇质量比为1:21,最佳相组成为乙醇25%(w),硫酸铵19%(w),该条件下的提取率为,总皂苷95.1%,盾叶新苷99.8%,三角叶皂苷97.4%,薯蓣皂苷元-葡萄糖三糖苷97.3%,薯蓣皂苷元-葡萄糖二糖苷86.6%,延龄草次苷63.2%.     

Fractionated extraction of saponins from Brazilian ginseng by sequential process using supercritical CO2, ethanol and water

Saponins are surfactants that reduce the surface tension of aqueous solutions, besides having pharmacological actions. In order to extract and fractionate saponins from Pfaffia glomerata roots and Hebanthe eriantha roots using supercritical technology, fractionated extracts were obtained from a sequential process in fixed bed using supercritical CO₂ (scCO₂), ethanol, and water as solvents. All extractions were carried out in four sequential steps, at 50 °C and 300 bar. In the first step, pure scCO₂ was used as solvent, while (a) scCO₂/etanol (70:30, w/w); (b) ethanol, and (c) ethanol/water (70:30, v/v) were used as solvents in the three subsequent steps. The extracts were analyzed by thin layer chromatography (TLC) and surface tension. The extraction yields of the four steps were 0.16, 0.55, 1.00, and 6.90% for P. glomerata roots, and 0.17, 0.58, 0.89, and 28% for H. eriantha roots, showing a predominance of high polarity compounds in these species. TLC analysis showed that the extraction process was selective according to the polarity of the solvent, and provided extracts containing different saponins, except for scCO₂ extraction. The extracts from the extraction using ethanol + scCO₂ (Step 2) showed the greatest ability to reduce the surface tension of water from 72 mN m⁻¹ (pure water) to 25 mN m⁻¹, suggesting that this step was the best for extraction of less polar saponins in the extracts. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) values were approximately 2 and 8 g L⁻¹ for P. glomerata and H. Eriantha, respectively. These results confirmed the efficacy of the extraction process under study.