长期时效对一种新型镍基合金的组织及持久性能的影响

研究一种新型镍基合金在750、800、850℃长期时效（500—2000h）过程中的组织变化及其对750℃／510MPa持久性能的影响。用扫描电子显微镜对合金显微组织及持久断口进行观察。结果表明：在750—800％时效该合金有针状TCP相（拓扑密排相）析出,随其析出量的增加,合金基体的强度降低,合金持久断裂趋于从沿晶断裂转为穿晶断裂;800％、850％经不同时间时效处理,1000h处持久强度最低,这与γ’相尺寸变化有关;随时效温度的升高,试验合金750℃／510MPa的持久激活能降低,持久强度下降。     

GH4033合金短时超温后的显微组织损伤及力学性能

对已服役的航空发动机用GH4033合金二级涡轮叶片榫头部位进行900~1100℃短时超温3 min热处理,之后再进行组织表征和力学性能测试,研究了短时超温过程中合金的组织损伤及其对室温硬度和700℃,430 MPa下持久寿命的影响规律.结果表明,GH4033合金中γ'相颗粒在短时超温过程中发生粗化和回溶现象,当温度达到980℃及以上时,保温3 min后γ'相完全回溶;随着超温温度的升高,晶界碳化物逐渐溶解,1100℃时完全溶解,并造成晶粒开始长大.短时超温后叶片合金的室温硬度随着γ'相的回溶急剧下降,当γ'相完全回溶时室温硬度降低至170 HV左右.合金在700℃,430 MPa下持久寿命随着短时超温温度的升高呈现先增大后急剧降低的规律,其主要受γ'相的回溶与再析出以及晶界碳化物回溶的影响.     

长期时效对一种镍基单晶高温合金组织演化及持久性能的影响

研究了长期时效对一种镍基单晶高温合金显微组织及持久性能的影响。结果表明:800℃时效1000h后,γ′相仍保持立方体形态;980℃时效1000h、1010℃时效500h后,γ′相逐渐连接形筏。980℃时效500h、1010℃时效100h后,μ相以针状和颗粒状形态逐渐析出,980℃时随时效时间延长,μ相逐渐增加,1010℃时随时效时间延长,μ相先增加后减少。800℃长期时效后合金的持久寿命变化不大,980,1010℃时随时效温度升高和时效时间延长,合金的持久寿命递减。     

一种Ni基单晶高温合金[001]方向的持久性能与断裂行为

利用SEM观察了一种Ni基单晶高温合金[001]方向持久断裂的断口、纵向剖面和变形后的组织结构．结果表明：在760-1100℃温度范围内，合金的断裂均属于韧性断裂．在低于800℃的低温高应力下，合金中的γ’相不形成筏形组织，合金的断裂特征为纯剪切型断裂，对显微疏松缺陷不敏感；随着温度的增加和应力的降低，γ’相逐渐发生定向粗化，形成筏形结构，合金的持久断裂逐渐转变为微孔聚集型断裂，气孔和疏松成为主要的裂纹源．     

K424合金超温后显微组织与典型性能研究

以标准热处理态的K424合金为研究对象,进行不同条件的超温热处理（1050℃~1150℃/2h,空冷）,对超温后的合金进行975℃/196MPa条件下的高温持久实验和室温拉伸实验,并对其显微组织和断裂特征进行表征。结果表明：标准热处理后的K424合金经过1050℃~1150℃超温处理2h并空冷后,力学性能仅发生轻微降低,其力学性能指标仍明显高于标准规定值。组织表征结果表明：经过不同温度超温处理并空冷后合金晶粒、晶界和枝晶间γ’相的形貌并未呈现出明显的变化规律。一次γ’相的立方度提高以及γ通道中二次γ’相析出是合金超温后力学性能仅轻微降低的主要原因。同时,对超温后K424合金的高温和室温断裂机制也进行了讨论。     

热处理对一种抗热腐蚀单晶高温合金组织和持久性能的影响

研究了热处理对一种抗热腐蚀单晶高温合金微观组织及1070 ℃/140 MPa持久性能的影响。结果表明：长时间的均匀化热处理显著降低了元素偏析;随着均匀化时间的延长,微孔面积分数逐渐增加,平均尺寸不断增大,微孔的密度呈先升高后降低的变化趋势;随一级时效温度的升高,γ′相尺寸逐渐增大,γ′相面积分数先增加后减少;合金的持久寿命随一级时效温度的提高先升高后降低,一级时效温度为1100 ℃时,立方状γ′相尺寸约370 nm且正方度较好,γ′相的面积分数最大,持久寿命最高;持久断口具有韧性断裂特征,亚晶界处的碳化物和微孔是引起持久试样断裂的主要裂纹源。     

热处理工艺对Ti60合金持久性能的影响

将α+β两相区变形的Ti60合金锻件分别在950、995、1 015℃进行固溶处理,研究了固溶温度和冷却方式对Ti60合金微观组织及持久性能的影响。结果表明:Ti60合金的显微组织和持久性能受固溶温度和冷却方式的双重影响。950℃固溶处理,冷却方式对合金组织的影响较小,空冷试样的持久性能略低于油冷试样。995℃和1 015℃固溶处理,随温度的升高组织中的初生α相含量降低,空冷组织中的初生α相尺寸略大于油冷组织;在实验温度范围内,Ti60合金的持久性能随固溶温度的升高而升高,且在相同固溶温度下,空冷试样在600℃、340 MPa下的持久寿命明显高于油冷试样。次生α相的含量和α板条/α集束的尺寸是影响Ti60合金持久寿命的重要因素,合金的持久寿命与二者成正相关。     

热处理状态对GH4698合金盘件组织和蠕变性能影响研究

开展了GH4698盘件后续热处理对盘件显微组织和蠕变性能影响研究以及GH4698盘件标准热处理下750℃的全阶段蠕变行为研究。试验结果表明:GH4698盘件标准热处理后的显微组织由晶内两种尺寸的球状γ'相和碳化物组成。增加第四段热处理后,显微组织有所变化,晶内小γ'相尺寸有所增加,晶界γ'相贫化区的宽度明显减小,晶界颗粒状碳化物析出更加完善。四段热处理后对GH4698盘件在750℃/382 MPa下的蠕变极限有利。GH4698合金750℃全蠕变曲线以及俄原型机盘件蠕变性能对比表明,GH4698合金在750℃稳态蠕变阶段较短,盘锻件的显微组织和晶粒度的不均匀会造成蠕变性能较大波动,合理的蠕变性能验收条件应为700℃/412 MPa/100 h下残余应变≤0.2%。     

GH4169D合金电子束焊接接头显微组织和持久断裂特征

采用金相显微镜和扫描电镜分析了GH4169D合金电子束焊接接头的显微组织,利用显微硬度计测试了母材、热影响区和焊缝的显微硬度,采用体式显微镜和扫描电镜研究了焊接接头持久断裂特征。结果表明,GH4169D母材中的主要析出相为1~20μm长的片层状晶界η相、30~80 nm的颗粒状γ′相和少量的碳氮化物。热影响区中的主要析出相为10~20 nm的颗粒状γ′相,几乎没有晶界η相。焊缝中为枝晶组织,枝晶间存在含有共晶组织的白色析出相,析出相尺寸为2~6μm,枝晶杆中含有10 nm以下的细小颗粒状γ′相。母材的显微硬度低于热影响区和焊缝,不同区域的显微硬度主要受γ′相尺寸的影响。焊接接头的持久断裂过程包括蠕变裂纹扩展、快速扩展和瞬断3个阶段,蠕变裂纹扩展区中为沿晶断裂,快速扩展区中为沿晶和穿晶混合断裂,瞬断区为穿晶断裂。蠕变裂纹扩展起始于试样表面的热影响区,热影响区中晶界η相含量低和裂纹尖端晶界氧化是导致焊接接头持久性能低于母材的主要原因。     

超温处理对GH4169合金显微组织及拉伸性能影响规律研究

采用不同热处理参数模拟超温服役工况,研究了超温工况下温度和时间对GH4169合金显微组织形貌和力学性能的影响。结果表明:合金内δ相的含量随温度的升高呈先升高后下降的趋势,900℃时δ相的析出量最大。在800～950℃时,δ相随超温时间的增加而增加,在1000～1050℃时,δ相随超温时间的增加而减少。合金的显微维氏硬度随超温处理温度的升高而不断下降。800～900℃和950～1000℃时,GH4169合金的抗拉强度随超温处理温度的升高大致呈下降的趋势,900～950℃时,合金的抗拉强度变化不明显。合金的塑性随温度的升高而持续增大。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。