基于变精度上近似与程度下近似的双量化边界及其算法

近似空间中,精度与程度结合形成的双量化是一个创新课题.利用笛卡尔积进行量化信息合成,基于变精度上近似与程度下近似探讨双量化边界及其算法.首先,基于上述两个近似,自然地构建了双量化扩张粗糙集模型,定义了双量化扩张边界.接着,分析了该边界的双量化语义,得到了该边界的精确刻画与数学性质;为计算该边界,提出了近似集算法与信息粒算法,进行了算法分析与算法比较,得到了信息粒算法具有更优的算法空间复杂性的重要结论.最后,应用一个医疗实例对该边界及其算法进行了说明.该边界扩张了经典Pawlak边界,并对局部不确定性进行了双量化的完备与精细刻画,这对双量化的不确定性分析与应用具有重要意义.     

量化粗糙集的单调性属性约简方法

单调性在经典粗糙集属性约简过程中发挥着重要的作用。然而,在一些泛化模型(如量化粗糙集模型)中该性质并不存在。针对该问题,提出了量化粗糙集模型中下近似单调约简的定义,并给出了求得该约简的启发式方法。实验结果表明,相较于下近似保持约简算法,下近似单调约简算法不仅耗时短,而且增加了由正域和边界域表示的确定性,同时降低了由边界域带来的不确定性。     

可变直觉模糊多粒度粗糙集模型及其近似分布约简算法

为了在多粒度粗糙集模型中对目标概念达到更好的近似逼近效果,首先将直觉模糊粗糙集与多粒度粗糙集结合,提出直觉模糊多粒度粗糙集模型。由于该模型的目标近似存在过于宽松的缺陷,因此通过引入参数的方式对所提模型进行改进,提出一种可变直觉模糊多粒度粗糙集模型,并证明了该模型的有效性,同时基于该模型提出了相应的近似分布约简算法。在仿真实验结果中,所提出的下近似分布约简结果比已提出的模糊多粒度决策理论粗糙集约简和多粒度双量化决策理论粗糙集多了2~4个属性,所提出的上近似分布约简算法比这些算法少了1~5个属性,同时约简结果的近似精度拥有了更为合理且优越的表现。因此,理论和实验结果均验证了所提的可变直觉模糊多粒度粗糙集模型在近似逼近和数据降维方面均具有更高的优越性。     

精度与程度的逻辑或粗糙集模型

精度与程度是两个重要的量化研究指标.文中目的是结合精度与程度,探索粗糙集拓展模型.通过研究变精度近似与程度近似的关系,得到两者的转化公式.基于精度与程度的逻辑或需求,提出精度与程度的逻辑或粗糙集模型,提出粗糙集区域,更精确地分划论域.在精度与程度的逻辑或粗糙集模型中,得到粗糙集区域的基本结构,提出计算粗糙集区域的常规算法和结构算法,并进行算法分析与比较.精度与程度的逻辑或粗糙集模型拓展了变精度粗糙集模型、程度粗糙集模型、经典粗糙集模型,并在这些模型中得到相应的粗糙集区域结构.     

在VPRS模型中保持边界的属性约简方法研究

讨论了变精度粗糙集模型中现有的属性约简方法,找出了β约简的不足;介绍了Inuiguchi提出的保持决策类下近似,上近似,边界和无法预言区的属性约简定义;说明了保持下近似的属性约简就是β下分布约简,保持上近似属性约简就是口上分布约简;提出了变粗度粗糙集模型中基于边界的属性约简方法,并从理论上证明了它的正确性;最后,给出了该种方法的实现算法。经实例证明,该方法操作简单,具有很高的应用价值。     

基于下近似单调的变精度粗糙集属性约简方法

单调性在经典粗糙集属性约简过程中发挥着重要的作用。然而,在一些扩展模型中该单调性质并不存在,如变精度粗糙集模型。针对该问题,提出了变精度粗糙集模型中下近似单调约简的定义,下近似单调约简算法打破了传统意义上属性约简保持下近似不发生变化的局限性,认为属性约简可以追求下近似集尽可能增大。同时给出了求得该约简的属性约简方法。实验结果表明,相较于下近似保持约简算法,下近似单调约简算法求得的约简不仅增加了正域规则数目也减少了边界域规则数目,而且提高了数据的分类精度。由此可见,下近似单调约简算法增加了由正域表示的确定性,同时降低了由边界域带来的不确定性。     

粗糙集的近似约简及其算法

针对经典粗糙集中属性约简的不足,进一步拓展粗糙集属性约简的应用。提出了一种粗糙集属性近似约简的概念和一种新的粗糙集属性重要性的定义并给出和证明了属性近似约简的性质,理论证明了近似属性约简是传统属性约简的一种推广。在保持知识库分类能力基本不变的条件下,利用所给属性重要性作为启发信息给出了粗糙集属性近似约简的算法。通过一个具体的例子,说明了近似属性约简在信息系统中处理模糊和不确定性知识的可行性和有效性。     

基于随机抽样的模糊粗糙约简

传统的属性约简由于其时间复杂度和空间复杂度过高,几乎无法应用到大规模的数据集中.将随机抽样引入传统的模糊粗糙集中,使得属性约简的效率大幅度提升.首先,在统计下近似的基础上提出一种统计属性约简的定义.这里的约简不是原有意义上的约简,而是保持基于统计下近似定义的统计辨识度不变的属性子集.然后,采用抽样的方法计算统计辨识度的样本估计值,基于此估计值可以对统计属性重要性进行排序,从而可以设计一种快速的适用于大规模数据的序约简算法.由于随机抽样集以及统计近似概念的引入,该算法从时间和空间上均降低了约简的计算复杂度,同时又保持了数据集中信息含量几乎不变.最后,数值实验将基于随机抽样的序约简算法和两种传统的属性约简算法从以下3个方面进行了对比：计算属性约简时间消耗、计算属性约简空间消耗、约简效果.对比实验验证了基于随机抽样的序约简算法在时间与空间上的优势.     

基于属性值分类的多层次粗糙集模型

传统的粗糙集理论主要是针对单层次决策表的属性约简和决策规则获取研究.然而,现实中树型结构的属性值分类是普遍存在的.针对条件属性具有属性值分类的情况,结合全子树泛化模式,提出一种多层次粗糙集模型,分析决策表在不同层次泛化空间下相关性质.结合基于正区域的属性约简理论,提出属性值泛化约简概念讨论二者之间的关系,同时证明求解泛化约简是一个NP Hard问题.为此,提出一种基于正区域的的启发式泛化约简算法,该算法采用自顶向下逐步细化搜索策略,能够在保持原始决策表正区域不改变的前提下,将决策表所有属性值泛化到最佳层次.理论分析和仿真实验表明,泛化约简方法能提高知识发现的层次和泛化能力.     

粗糙集中正区域和近似精度的递归计算及应用

本文分析粗糙集中不同正区域之间的定量关系,给出正区域和近似精度计算的一个简洁的递归公式.在一类扩展型属性约简算法中(如Hu算法,Jelonek算法等),应用该递归公式来完成大量的正区域或近似精度以及与之相关的属性重要性的计算,可以较大幅度地减少计算量,提高属性约简算法的速度.     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

基于QTE的蒙古文显示机制研究与实现

蒙古语言是中国蒙古族使用的通用语言,由于蒙古文区别于其他文字的书写方式和其自身变形机制等特点,在很多通用的文字处理引擎中都不被支持。在嵌入式产品开发与应用领域中Linux加QTE已经成为流行方式。该文给出了一种在QTE环境上实现基于标准Unicode的蒙古文点阵显示和变形算法, 并自定义了支持蒙古文的QTE组件,扩展了QTE功能,为在Linux加QTE方式的嵌入式体系结构中处理蒙古文提供了一种解决方法。