12Cr1MoV钢中的粒状贝氏体组织与高温性能

１２Ｃｒ１ＭｏＶ钢的正火加高温回火（使用态）组织为，先共析铁素体和珠光体，有时出现粒状贝氏体，本文研究结果表明，炼钢过程中产生的微量氮的含量和正火温度对粒状贝氏体的形成有重大影响。粒状贝氏体的存在有利于提高１２Ｃｒ１ＭｏＶ钢的高温持久强度，却会降低高温持久塑性，本文还对５６０℃持久试验后的断裂试样进行了显微组织分析。     

组织遗传对粒状贝氏体钢力学性能的影响

研究了组织遗传对１２Ｃｒ１ＭｏＶ钢粒状贝氏体组织形态和性能的影响。结果表明，１２Ｃｒ１ＭｏＶ钢板条马氏体非平衡组织经加热获得条型粒状贝氏体，且贝氏体小岛排列具有明显的方向性；有着遗传特征的粒状贝氏体钢具有较高的强韧性和较高的热强性。     

20CrMnMo及17Cr2Ni2Mo钢的晶粒长大及组织遗传

本文对２０ＣｒＭｎＭｏ钢和１７Ｃｒ２Ｎｉ２Ｍｏ钢晶粒长大倾向及不同组织状态的组织遗传倾向和校正工艺进行了探讨。试验结果表明：２０ＣｒＭｎＭｏ钢以粒状贝氏体＋粒状组织为主的混合组织（粒状贝氏＋粒状组织＋铁素体）具有组织遗传倾向，且粒状贝氏体＋粒状组织中的奥氏体岛稳定性差，利用一次高温回火便可有效地消除组织遗传；１７Ｃｒ２Ｎｉ２Ｍｏ钢粒状贝氏体＋粒状组织的遗传倾向大于马氏体组织，正火对粒状贝氏体＋粒状     

ZG15CrMo钢的两种典型热处理制度的比较

经高温拉伸,高温持久和断裂韧性试验,测定了ＺＧ１５ＣｒＭｏ钢经正火回和调质处理后强韧性。用金相显微镜,扫描电镜和选区电子衍射研究该钢的显微组织。结果表明,ＺＧ１５ＣｒＭｏ钢经调质处理获得以贝氏体为主的组织,高温强度高,断裂韧性好。     

含钼20CrMnTi钢坯料热处理新工艺

通过对含有Ｍｏ的２０ＣｒＭｎＴｉ钢制齿轮坯料正火组织，性有的研究发析，证明此钢正火后形成粒状贝氏体导致其硬度较高（一般为２６０～２８０ＨＢ）从而给坯料加工带来困难。为此，本文提出了等浊正火处理新工艺，其硬度与２０ＣｒＭｎＴｉ钢正火后的硬度相同，以适应机械加工需要。     

亚湿正火对25Cr2MoV钢的组织和性能的影响

研究了以正火态粒状贝氏体前组织的２５Ｃｒ２ＭｏＶ钢，经亚温正火后，显微组织与性能的变化，试验结果表明，以粒状贝氏体为主的正火态组织，韧性勘差；增加－道亚温正火工序后，在近乎等强度的条件下，可将其室温冲击值提高三倍以上，并使韧脆转变温度降，而且韧化的效果在渗氮后依然能保护。     

冷处理对Cr12MoV钢硬度的影响

测定不同热处理条件下Ｃｒ１２０ＭｏＶ钢的硬度 残留奥氏体量，并进行金相和透射电镜观察发现，钢中的残留奥氏体和下贝氏体组织对冷作模具钢的耐磨性有不利影响。采用冷处理可以抑制下贝氏体转变，显著提高Ｃｒ１２ＭｏＶ钢的硬度和耐磨性能。     

用深冷处理消除Cr12MoV钢冲模热处理变形

研究了Ｃｒ１２ＭｏＶ钢冲模经不同工艺处理后的尺寸，冲击韧度和磨损速率，结果表明，Ｃｒ１２ＭｏＶ钢冲模热处理后的尺寸与残留奥氏体的量有关，深冷处理可控制Ｃｒ１２ＭｏＶ钢的尺寸，产可以提高Ｃｒ１２ＭｏＶ钢的冲击韧度，耐磨性能。深冷处理后，Ｃｒ１２ＭｏＶ钢冲击断口韧窝明显细化。     

下贝氏全—马氏体耐磨钢的研制

通过钢的成分和组织设计，研制了一种用于制作水压机滑板和台板的耐磨钢４２ＣｒＭｎＳｉＭｏＶＢ。这种钢的较大截面制件经正火后可获得下贝氏体＋马氏体组织，具有适当的强韧性配合和较高的耐磨性，本文对钢的成分选择，正火加热温度和回火温度的确定进行了试验和分析。     

17Cr2Ni2Mo钢粒状组织和粒状贝氏体的断裂特性

研究了１７Ｃｒ２Ｎｉ２Ｍｏ钢粒状组织和粒状贝氏体经低温和高温回火后的断裂特性。结果表明；粒状组织和粒状贝氏体经低温回火后，由于Ｍ－Ａ岛的分布，尺寸及应变诱发相变的影响而具有良好的强韧性，特别是其断裂韧性Ｊ１ｃ值较板条马氏体几乎高了一倍；而经高温回火后，由于Ｍ－Ａ岛分解出来的碳化物的偏聚，呈现出准解理特征，其断裂韧性远低于回火索氏体。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.