上喷式喷射器内气液两相流的流体力学特征

喷射器作为气液混合装置,比传统接触混合器具有更高的混合强度和传质系数.计算流体力学(computational fluid dy-namics,CFD)模拟作为研究气液混合流的方法,有助于理解喷射器的流体力学和混合特征.它能提供详细的信息来量化操作条件对喷射器性能的影响.本文利用CFD模拟了上喷式喷射器内的气液两相流的流体力学特征.结果表明在较高的混合段长径比下,混合段入口处的压力较低.但是存在一个最大的压力降,此时混合段长径比约为4.0.在相同的喷嘴速度下,混合段入口处压力降最低,气体卷吸量最大.模拟中混合管与喷嘴面积比范围为1～16.无论是保持喷嘴直径不变还是混合管直径不变,混合段入口处的压力都随着D2M/D2N的增加而增加.但是对应的最大气体卷吸率发生在面积比为4.0.当喷射器的结构参数不变,混合段入口处的压力降和气体卷吸率随着喷嘴速度的增加而增大.     

喷射器内液—液湍流反应过程的数值模拟

利用两环境矩直接积分模型(DQMOM)对喷射器内液液平行-竞争反应体系进行了研究,结果表明:在固定引射流速的情况下,随着喷嘴速度的增加,平行-竞争反应的选择性越来越高, 副反应的转化率越来越低;在固定喷嘴流速的情况下,随着引射流体速度的增加,平行-竞争反应的选择性越来越低,副反应的转化率越来越高;速度比一定时,喷嘴绝对速度值越大,副反应的转化率越低.     

液-液喷射器不同进料方式下混合过程的CFD模拟

利用计算流体力学(CFD)软件CFX5对液-液喷射器混合段物料的混合性能进行了模拟,确定了工作流体和引射流体都平行于混合管轴线进料时物料完全混合所需的混合管长度,并分析了三种不同进料方式:(1)工作流体和引射流体都与混合段轴线平行进料;(2)工作流体与混合段轴线平行进料,引射流体与轴线成30°进料;(3)引射流体与混合段轴线平行进料,工作流体与轴线成30°,对混合管内混合过程的影响,结果表明,工作流体和引射流体都与混合段轴线平行进料时混合效果最好。     

喷射反应器内液-液湍流微观混合的研究

通过定义局部分离度,来定量表征喷射器内液-液湍流微观混合规律。其定义式为:(实验所得H~+浓度-模拟所得H~+浓度)/模拟所得H~+浓度。选用酸碱反应体系,利用PLIF技术得到沿喷射器轴线的H~+浓度;采用Fluent软件,利用Standard k-ε模型,模拟获得相同操作条件下的H~+浓度变化趋势。得到不同操作条件下,分离度沿喷射器轴线的变化,结果表明:(1)引流速度不变,喷嘴速度越大,两流体越容易达到微观尺度的均匀混合;(2)喷嘴速度不变,引流速度越大,两流体反而不容易达到微观尺度上的均匀混合;(3)速度比一定的情况下,喷嘴速度越大,越有利于流体的微观混合。     

微沟道内两相流速比对液滴形成的影响

研究了流聚焦微沟道内不同两相流速比对单分散性液滴形成的影响.不相混容的两相系统能够快速、周期性地形成液滴,液滴的形态和生成率随着油相速度的变化而改变.研究采用模拟软件COMSOL Mutiphysics,模拟了不同流速下液滴的形成过程,并通过实验进行了验证,从流体动力学的角度解释了其物理机制.所得结论为在流聚焦微沟道内获得分散性良好且大小可控的液滴提供了理论和数据支持.     

低压下甲苯二胺同分异构体的气液平衡及应用

采用汽液双循环法测定甲苯二胺(TDA)间位和邻位同分异构体在低压下(50 mmHg和100 mmHg)的VLE数据,用热力学一致性检验所测得的数据进行,用Wilson热力学回归了模型的二元交互作用参数。将该模型用于TDA同分异构体分离塔的模拟计算中,结果与生产数据基本相吻合,表明所得的TDA同分异构体的气液平衡关系以及由此建立的热力学模型在工业生产中确是实用有效的,可用于实际的工业生产中。     

光电式液滴分析技术定量检测水中的盐度

基于光纤-电容液滴分析方法的原理,研究了盐度的检测.由20种不同盐度溶液的实验结果得出:随着盐度的增加,光纤信号值和液滴指纹图曲线下的面积不断增大.利用1-12-1三层BP神经网络结构,分别以光纤信号的平均值和液滴指纹图曲线下的面积为输入向量,进行网络训练,并利用训练好的网络分别进行测试.比较测试结果得出:利用光纤信号的平均值作为BP网络的输入向量进行盐度检测效果较好,最大检测误差为0.14％.     

液-液水力旋流器内轻相浓度场的非稳态模拟

为了更好地掌握液-液水力旋流器内油水流动和分离特性与结构的关系,采用计算流体力学的有限体积法(FVM),对其轻相分离过程进行了非稳态的数值计算,得到了轻相(油)在旋流器内的逐渐分离、聚积和运移的过程,分析发现,大锥段和小锥段的分离效果明显,尤其在小锥段的中心区轻相(油)聚积的浓度最高。因此,对大锥段和小锥段优化设计是提高旋流器分离效率的最重要的方面之一,可以进一步研究锥段的过渡型式,如采用高次曲线。     

高Schmidt数下喷射器内湍流混合的多尺度模拟放大研究

本文从微观与宏观两个方面考察了喷射器的混合性能.利用CFD模拟软件Fluent 6.2求解了混合模型方程、流体流动方程及k-ε湍流模型方程,对不同结构、不同工况下的喷射器进行了考察,结果表明:1)在喷射器结构一定的情况下,喷嘴速度和引射流体速度比越大混合效果越好;2)在喷射器结构、喷嘴速度与引射流体速度比为定值的情况下,其绝对速度越小混合效果越好;3)在喷射器速度为定值的情况下,混合段直径与喷嘴直径比越小混合效果越好,二者之间存在着线性关系;4)在喷射器速度、混合段直径与喷嘴直径比为定值的情况下,其绝对直径越小混合效果越好,且二者之间存在着线性关系;5)在多数情况下,微观混合速度要慢于宏观混合,微观混合才是喷射器内混合过程的控制步骤.     

高Schmidt数下喷射器内湍流混合的多尺度模拟模型建立

多尺度性是湍流混合的重要特征,本文建立了湍流下物料间的宏观混合和微观混合模型,利用计算流体力学软件Flu- ent6对喷嘴直径为2.5 mm、混合段直径为6 mm、混合段长度为90 mm的喷射器混合段物料的混合状况进行了模拟。对模型进行求解的过程中,进行了网格无关性验证,求解了k-ε方程、流动方程和所建立3个标量方程。求解模型中3个标量方程时,使用了Fluent中的user defined function(UDF)。最终获得了喷射器混合段内宏观混合和微观混合的详细信息,为喷射器的优化及放大设计提供了重要的依据。     

基于ZnO传感器的高流速气体压力测试

针对机械系统中气体轴承间气膜压力的分布检测,提出并研发了一种基于ZnO传感器的检测方法.ZnO纳米颗粒敏感材料采用化学沉淀法制备;用X射线衍射和扫描电镜对其进行了表征.利用ZnO传感器的响应电压与动态气体压力的关系,成功测试出高压动态气体的压力.分析了氧气吸附、压电效应和热传导对响应电压的影响,拟合出对应的气体压力-响应电压关系曲线,本研究为高流速气体压力的测试提供了一种新途径.     

A microcantilever-based gas flow sensor for flow rate and direction detection

Utilizing conventional micro-electro-mechanical systems techniques, this study fabricates and characterizes a novel micro gas flow sensor comprising four silicon nitride/silicon wafer cantilever beams arranged in a cross-form configuration. The residual stresses induced within the beams during their fabrication cause the tip of each beam to curve slightly in the upward direction. However, as air travels over the surface of the sensor, the upstream cantilevers are deflected in the downward direction, while the downstream cantilevers are deflected in the upward direction. The velocity of the air flow is then determined by measuring the corresponding change in resistance of the piezoresistors patterned on the upper surface of each cantilever beam. It is shown that by measuring the change in resistance of all four cantilever beams, the proposed sensor can detect not only the velocity of the air flow, but also its direction.     

油水气三相流液体流量调节系统研究与设计

针对油水气三相流研究试验平台液体流量调节范围宽、范围度大的问题,提出采用3条主回路与3条旁通回流调节支路来覆盖所有的流量范围,设计了液相系统原理图及管路布置图,对3条旁通回流调节支路中调节阀的计算流量、计算压差及Kv值进行了计算,并对调节阀的开度及实际可调比进行了验算,结果表明选定的调节阀性能满足油水气三相流研究试验的要求。     

A parameter identification method for natural gas supply systems under unsteady gas flow

We consider the identification problem for the technical parameters, i.e., hydraulic efficiency coefficients, of gas transmission systems (GTS) under standard unsteady gas flow. Coefficient estimation is reduced to a conditional optimization problem with equality type constraints. We propose an algorithm to solve it. The algorithm’s efficiency has been tested with computational experiments, including a looped gas supply system. The resulting model operates under the current level of GTS information support.     

Experimental investigations of liquid flow in rib-patterned microchannels with different surface wettability

The effects of rib-patterned surfaces and surface wettability on liquid flow in microchannels were experimentally investigated in this study. Microchannels were fabricated on single-crystal silicon wafers by photolithographic and wet-etching techniques. Rib structures were patterned in the silicon microchannel, and the surface was chemically treated by trichlorosilane to create hydrophobic condition. Experiments with water as the working fluid were performed with these microchannels over a wide range of Reynolds numbers between 110 and 1914. The results for the rib-patterned microchannels showed that the friction factor with the hydraulic diameter based on the rib-to-upper-wall height was lower than that predicted from incompressible theory with the same height. The friction factor-Reynolds number products for the hydrophobic condition increased as Reynolds number increased in the laminar flow regime. The experimental results were also compared with the predictive expressions from the literature, and it was found that the experimental data for the small rib/cavity geometry was in good agreement with those in the literature.     

Computation of the maximum flow rate of a perfect gas through a slit in a plane wall

The steady flow of a perfect gas through a slit in a plane wall is studied. The pressure conditions are such that the flow is near its maximum rate, and the flow is transonic. The flow is assumed to have no shocks near the wall, and the equations are formulated in a potential-stream function-coordinate system. The coordinate system is then transformed, and the equations are solved with a finite-difference method using second order accurate, central differences all over the domain. The resulting nonlinear system is solved using Newton's method. By computing a certain characteristic it is determined when changes in the pressure no longer influences the inflow side. This is used to estimate the maximum flow rate. The numerical computations were performed on the vector computers CYBER 203 and CYBER 205.     

气液两相流电导传感器测量波动信号的Wigner-Ville分析

流型是两相流中非常重要的流动参量,不同流型下的两相流流动特性及传热传质性能有很大不同。流型也严重影响着两相流参数测量的准确性。利用新近研制的两相流电导传感器,在垂直上升气液两相流管中采集了不同流型下的电导波动信号,采用W igner-V ille分布(WVD)在时频域内处理了电导波动信号,观察到了WVD特征与流型之间的关系,取得了较好的气液两相流流型辨识效果。     

Microfluidic two-phase interactions under variable liquid to cross-flow gas momentum flux ratios

Volume of fluid (VOF) and large eddy simulations (LES) are coupled to investigate the microfluidic two-phase interactions during the liquid emergence into the cross-flow gas in a super-hydrophobic micro-channel. Spatio-temporal evolution of the gas/liquid interface is presented for nine different cases of the liquid to gas momentum flux ratios, gas/liquid Reynolds numbers and gas/liquid Weber numbers. With increased momentum of the gas flow, the liquid topology is found deflected towards the downstream. Under variable gas resistance effects, the liquid flow emerging through the square pore may or may not develop a circular cross-section governed by the axis-switching phenomenon. At strong gas inertia, vortex shedding in the downstream of the liquid generates vorticular ligaments in the wake region. Shearing effects on the liquid surface are increased at higher liquid injection velocities and/or gas densities. Depending on the competing effects of the viscous diffusion versus gas/liquid inertia, different combinations of the interactions among the three building blocks of the fluid flow problems (boundary layer, shear layer and wake) are described in microfluidics scales. The complexity of the liquid topology is found correlated with the occurrence of the phenomena such as the Kelvin–Helmholtz (KH) instability, the horseshoe vortex system, stationary/shedding vortices in the wake of the liquid topology as well as their interaction with the micro-channel wall boundary layers.     

Interfacial instability of liquid films coating the walls of a parallel-plate channel and sheared by a gas flow

The stability and coupling of liquid films coating the walls of a parallel-plate channel and sheared by a pressure-driven gas flow along the channel center plane is studied. The films are susceptible to a long-wavelength instability. For sufficiently low Reynolds numbers and thick gas layers, the dynamic behavior is found to be described by two coupled nonlinear partial differential equations. A linear stability analysis is conducted under the condition that the material properties and the initial undisturbed liquid-film thicknesses are equal. The linear analysis is utilized to determine whether the interfaces are predominantly destabilized by the variations of the shear stress or by the pressure gradient acting upon them. The analysis of the weakly nonlinear equations performed for this case shows that instabilities corresponding to a vanishing Reynolds number are absent from the system. Moreover, for this configuration, the patterns emerging along the two interfaces are found to be identical in the long-time limit, implying that the films are fully synchronized. A different setup, where the liquid films have identical material properties but their undisturbed thicknesses differ, is studied numerically. The results show that, even for this configuration, the interfacial waves remain phase-synchronized and closely correlated for an extended period of time. These findings are particularly relevant for gaseous flow through narrow ducts with liquid-coated walls.