20MnNiMo钢热塑性变形与动态再结晶软化的耦合行为

采用热物理模拟压缩实验获得退火态20MnNiMo钢在不同温度和应变速率下的真应力-应变曲线,作为计算动态再结晶模型的底层数据.基于d σ/dε-σ曲线,识别了真应力-应变曲线上能表征动态再结晶演变过程的特征点:临界应变εc,峰值应变εp及最大软化速率应变ε*.引入表征晶体动力学的双曲正弦模型,通过线性回归求解得到动态再结晶激活能Q,建立流变应力本构方程.设计无量纲参数Z/A,对已修正的Avrami方程作线性回归分析,表征了不同变形条件对退火态20MnNiMo钢动态再结晶体积分数演变的影响,并详细描述了动态结晶对应力软化的影响.结果表明:在高应变速率下,在应变后期发生剧烈软化;在中等应变速率下,发生剧烈的软化后趋于稳定;在低应变速率条件下,出现硬化和软化的周期性循环.     

42CrMo钢动态再结晶的临界条件

采用Gleeble-1500热模拟试验机对挤压态42CrMo钢进行等温热压缩实验,研究了在温度为1123～1348 K,应变速率为0.01～10 s-1条件下的动态再结晶行为。流变应力曲线对比分析表明:42CrMo钢在0.01～1 s-1的低应变速率下(除1 s-1和1123 K)发生动态再结晶型软化,在1～10 s-1的高应变速率下(含1 s-1和1123 K)发生动态回复型软化。采用加工硬化率的方法处理流变应力数据,结合lnθ-ε曲线的拐点及2(lnθ)/ε2-ε曲线的零点判据,研究42CrMo钢热塑性变形中动态再结晶发生的临界条件。结果表明:所有压缩试样均发生了动态再结晶;增加应变速率及降低变形温度会抑制动态再结晶的发生。进一步引入表征动态再结晶临界条件的临界应变模型,建立了临界条件与各热力参数之间的数学关系。验证表明该模型相对误差不超过7.8%。     

高铝高强钢动态再结晶行为研究

采用Gleeble-3500热模拟试验机对高铝高强钢在变形速率为0. 01～10 s-1、变形温度为925～1225℃的热变形条件下进行压缩试验,以真应力-应变曲线为基础数据研究其高温再结晶行为。通过对晶粒尺寸的统计来探究热变形条件对热变形后晶粒尺寸的影响。通过处理加工硬化率-应力曲线,标定数据中能揭示动态再结晶演变过程的3个特征点,即临界应变、峰值应变及最大软化速率应变。引入表征晶体动力学的双曲正弦模型,通过线性回归求解得到动态再结晶激活能Q,建立流变应力本构方程,并引入Z参数作为预测发生再结晶程度的依据。结果表明:高铝高强钢热加工过程是加工硬化和再结晶软化共同作用的。在发生再结晶条件范围内,Z值越小,发生动态再结晶的程度越大。     

退火态42CrMo钢的热变形行为

为了研究退火态42CrMo钢的热变形行为，利用Gleeble3800热模拟试验机进行了单道次热压缩实验，获得了变形温度930～1230℃、应变速率0.001～1 s^-1条件下的高温流变应力曲线。分别应用Arrhenius方程和Yada模型构建了42CrMo钢的高温本构模型和动态再结晶动力学模型，并基于动态材料模型应用不同变形条件下的峰值应力构建了其热加工图。结果表明，在大部分变形条件下，高温流变应力曲线呈典型动态再结晶特征，由于动态再结晶的作用，流变应力随变形温度的升高或应变速率的降低而减小。基于峰值应力构建的42CrMo钢高温本构模型和动态再结晶模型可以用于预测不同变形条件下的流变应力和微观组织演变。此外，根据42CrMo钢的热加工图，最佳热加工工艺参数范围为1100～1230℃、0.01～1 s^-1。     

基于CSP工艺30CrMo钢的动态再结晶行为

对CSP工艺生产的30CrMo钢进行单道次压缩热模拟试验,测定其不同变形条件下的应力-应变曲线,对其动态再结晶行为进行了研究。结果表明：30CrMo钢动态再结晶变形激活能为Qdef=388.86 kJ/mol,通过线性回归法求出30CrMo钢的Z参数方程,及确立动态再结晶模型。     

挤压态ZK60镁合金的热压缩变形行为

为了研究挤压态ZK60镁合金的热变形行为,利用Gleebe-3500热模拟机在变形温度为523~723 K、应变速率为0.01~10 s~(-1)的条件下对挤压态ZK60合金进行了热压缩变形试验。通过真应力-真应变曲线分析了挤压态ZK60合金流变应力与应变速率、变形温度之间的关系,通过引入Z参数建立了挤压态ZK60合金的流变应力本构方程,并观察了其在热压缩过程中的显微组织变化。结果表明:挤压态ZK60合金的真应力-真应变曲线属于动态再结晶型,并且合金的流变应力在高变形温度或低应变速率条件下较低。在变形温度降低或应变速率升高时,动态再结晶晶粒变小,但动态再结晶进行的不充分,再结晶晶粒分布不均匀。通过本构方程计算出挤压态ZK60镁合金的变形激活能Q=122.884 k J/mol,应力指数n=5.096。     

Q550D超低碳贝氏体钢动态再结晶行为

采用Gleeble-3500热模拟试验机对Q550D超低碳贝氏体钢进行等温压缩变形试验,研究了该合金在变形温度为1000～1150℃、应变速率为0.01～0.1 s-1条件下的流变行为。通过应力-应变曲线研究了Q550D钢的动态再结晶规律,并采用硬化率-应变(θ-ε)曲线较精确地确定了动态再结晶的临界条件和峰值应力应变。利用Avrami方程和应力应变曲线建立Q550D钢动态再结晶动力学模型。并通过线性回归分析计算出Q550D超低碳贝氏体钢变形激活能Q,获得了Q550D超低碳贝氏体钢高温条件下的流变应力本构方程。     

挤压态42CrMo钢热压缩应力-应变关系的变参数Arrhenius模型研究

为了研究挤压态42CrMo高强度钢的高温流变行为,使用Gleeble1500热物理模拟机在温度1123~1348K和应变速率0.01~10s~(-1)下进行了等温热压缩实验,采集了真应力-应变数据。引入修正的变参数型Arrhenius本构方程,在不同真应变下进行了多元线性回归拟合,获得了方程中各参量(变形激活能Q、材料常数n、α及结构因子A)随应变的变化规律。构建出了挤压态42CrMo高强度钢的高温流变应力本构方程。对实验和预测结果之间的相对误差进行了计算。结果表明:模型最大相对误差为4.73%,最大平均误差为1.34%。     

基于微观机理的电磁铸造35CrMo钢的高温流变本构方程

采用Gleeble-3810热模拟试验机,在变形温度为850~1150℃,应变速率为0.01~10 s-1条件下对电磁铸造35CrMo钢进行等温恒应变速率压缩试验,研究了应变温度、应变速率对35CrMo钢的高温流变应力行为的影响。以应力-位错关系和动态再结晶动力学为基础,分别构建了35CrMo钢临界应变前后的本构方程。结果表明:35CrMo钢的流变应力与应变速率呈正相关,与应变温度则呈负相关;高温低应变速率下的流变应力曲线呈现明显的动态再结晶现象,显微组织分析显示,降低应变温度和提高应变速率能有效细化变形组织晶粒。而Deform-3D有限元模拟表明,构建的本构方程能够准确预测电磁铸造35CrMo钢的高温流变应力。     

铸态ER8车轮钢的热变形行为及本构模型研究

采用Gleeble-1500D热模拟试验机,在变形温度为900～1250℃、应变速率为0.001～1 s-1的条件下对铸态ER8车轮钢进行热压缩试验,得到真应力-真应变曲线.结果发现:其真应力-真应变曲线符合动态再结晶型软化机制,变形初始阶段,材料发生硬化,真应力快速增加,随着变形的继续,材料发生动态回复,加工硬化速率...     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。