短纤维增强金属基复合材料拉伸应力场的有限元数值分析

运用空间轴对称弹塑性有限元方法,研究了短纤维增强金属基复合材料拉伸应力场分布。研究表明,基体和纤维的应力分布及基体塑性行为具有明显的不均匀性,材料参数（纤维长径比,纤维体积分数,纤维根间距和基体应变硬化指数）以不同方式通过影响应力传递基体约束变形和基体应变硬化进而影响应力场分布。     

单向石墨纤维增强铝合金复合材料轴向压缩损伤演化与断裂力学行为研究

针对单向石墨纤维增强铝合金复合材料(CF/Al复合材料),采用细观力学数值模拟与准静态压缩试验相结合的方法研究了其轴向压缩渐进损伤与断裂力学行为,并分析了纤维体积分数对CF/Al复合材料压缩力学性能的影响。结果表明,基于纤维正六边形排布RVE建立的细观力学有限元模型对CF/Al复合材料轴向准静态压缩变形力学行为的计算结果与实验结果吻合良好。复合材料轴向压缩时首先在界面处发生损伤,界面损伤的累积随后引起局部界面失效并诱发基体合金的损伤,变形后期纤维发生失效并导致复合材料产生轴向45°压缩破坏,压缩断口呈现出界面脱粘和局部纤维断裂共存的微观形貌,表明界面脱粘及其导致的纤维断裂是诱发复合材料轴向压缩失效的主要机理。轴向压缩载荷作用下基体合金塑性变形损伤后不易发生失效,纤维性能是决定复合材料轴向压缩力学性能的主要因素,增加纤维体积分数有利于提高复合材料的轴向压缩弹性模量和极限强度。     

喷射沉积7075/SiCp复合材料的压缩变形和断裂规律研究

研究了喷射沉积7075/SiCp复合材料高温压缩时的变形和断裂规律。结果表明,增大试样表面的摩擦阻力,并适当提高变形温度可有效促进致密化过程。接触面上的摩擦系数、变形程度和试样初始高径比越大,则鼓度越大。喷射沉积7075/SiCp复合材料高温压缩时的断裂方式主要有四种,即空洞在增强相与基体界面处形成而出现增强相从基体中拔出的现象、空洞在基体中形核长大而引起基体的延性断裂、颗粒团聚处的断裂和颗粒的脆性断裂。随着变形温度的升高,喷射沉积7075/SiCp复合材料的断裂应变迹线的截距先增大后减小,420℃压缩时截距达到最大值;润滑可使断裂应变迹线上移,变形安全区增大;随着坯料的相对密度增大,变形断裂区减小。     

SiC_p增强铝基复合材料的力学性能和断裂机理

采用真空热压法制备了SiCp的体积含量为30%的SiCp/2024Al复合材料,研究了SiCp粒径对复合材料组织及性能的影响。结果表明,颗粒粒径从3.5μm增大到40μm,复合材料的抗拉强度和硬度减小,伸长率和断面收缩率增大,增强体颗粒在基体中分布越来越均匀。当SiCp粒径为25μm时,复合材料的致密度最高。复合材料的断裂由SiCp的断裂、界面处撕裂和基体的开裂等几种机理共同影响。随着颗粒粒径的增大,复合材料断裂由界面处撕裂和基体开裂转变为SiCp断裂。     

单向碳化硅短纤维增强玻璃陶瓷材料弯曲断裂行为的研究

制备了单向短碳化硅纤维增强玻璃陶瓷的复合材料。研究了复合材料的弯曲断裂行为，以及相关的增强机制。结果表明．短碳化硅纤维可以有效提高玻璃陶瓷的断裂强度，纤维体积分数为30％时，沿纤维方向的平均弯曲断裂强度是基体材料的3倍：短碳化硅纤维增强玻璃陶瓷基复合材料的弯曲应力-挠度曲线、以及断裂行为具有与长纤维复合材料类似的特征．其断裂方式为非灾难性断裂。单向短碳化硅纤维增强玻璃陶瓷基复合材料的主要增强机制为纤维脱粘、纤维滑移、纤维桥接、纤维断裂与纤维拔出。     

W丝增强含Co锆基非晶复合材料的变形行为与力学性能

采用渗流铸造方法制备了W丝增强Zr-Ti-Cu-Be-Co非晶基复合材料，研究了复合材料的变形方式及力学性能。结果表明：W丝增强复合材料在准静态压缩条件下不仅保持了Zr-Ti-Cu-Be-Co非晶基体高的强度，而且表现出很高的塑性。与纯非晶相比提高了900％。随着W丝体积分数的增加，复合材料的变形方式由剪切滑移转变为W丝的弯曲和劈裂。复合材料的宏观塑性变形量与压缩过程中产生的剪切带数量成正比。W丝对非晶基体单一剪切带滑移的阻碍，促进多重剪切带的产生和扩展是复合材料产生大量塑性变形的微观机理。     

Al-Mg系自生纤维增强铝基复合材料组织与性能

为解决金属基复合材料中外加增强体与基体间异质界面对材料性能带来的不利影响，提出一种基于粉末冶金技术的原位复合新工艺，并制备出自生金属间化合物纤维增强铝基复合材料。研究结果表明，原位生成的金属间化合物纤维均匀分布在基体中，并平行于材料制备时的挤出方向；原位复合材料的增强效果明显，屈服强度比外加复合材料和基体分别高出28％和95．7％，断裂强度则相应提高了20．6％和88．5％；原位复合材料的强化机制主要是基体和增强体间界面结合良好，既能发挥基体的塑韧性，又能有效发挥自生增强体的强度优势，材料的断裂机制为自生纤维脆性断裂和劈裂。本研究同时表明，此方法工艺简单，成本低廉，且效率高，容易实现产业化。     

横向压缩载荷下CF/Al复合材料微观损伤演化与断裂力学行为

针对真空压力浸渗制备的单向碳纤维增强铝基复合材料(CF/Al复合材料),采用细观力学数值模拟和实验相结合的手段研究了其在横向压缩载荷下的损伤演化与断裂力学行为,并分析了界面结合性能和纤维体积分数对复合材料横向压缩力学性能的影响。结果表明:基于纤维对角正方形分布RVE建立的细观力学有限元模型,可以较好地计算预测复合材料横向压缩变形力学行为。压缩变形初期界面首先发生损伤和失效现象,进而诱发界面附近基体合金的局部损伤;随压缩应变增加,界面和基体损伤逐渐发展并导致纤维的失效,复合材料横向压缩断口呈现出界面脱粘和纤维断裂共存的微观形貌。复合材料横向压缩弹性模量和极限强度随着界面强度增大而增大,而受界面刚度的影响较小;在相同界面性能条件下,复合材料横向压缩极限强度和弹性模量均随纤维体积分数的增大而减小。     

微米级SiC颗粒对铝基复合材料拉伸性能与强化机制的影响

为了研究微米级碳化硅颗粒(SiCp)尺寸对中体积分数SiCp增强铝基复合材料的拉伸性能与强化机制的影响,用粉末冶金工艺制备体积分数为30%的SiCp/2024Al复合材料,利用OM,SEM,万能材料试验机等对材料微观结构和拉伸性能进行了研究。结果表明,复合材料的拉伸强度随着SiCp尺寸的减小而增大。当SiCp尺寸为3μm时,复合材料的断裂主要以界面处的基体合金撕裂为主;当SiCp尺寸为25μm和40μm时,复合材料的断裂以SiCp解理断裂为主;当SiCp尺寸为8μm和15μm时,复合材料的断裂方式是以界面处的基体合金撕裂和SiCp的断裂共同作用。3μm SiCp增强复合材料相对密度不高、SiCp分布不均匀但其拉伸强度最大,主要原因为受力时小SiCp极少断裂和小颗粒效应导致基体的显微组织强化。     

应变率和温度对TC4_网/Al复合材料动态压缩性能的影响规律

以TC4钛合金纤维为增强体，5A06铝合金为基体，采用压力浸渗法制备二维连续纤维网增强铝基复合材料(TC4_网/Al)。利用万能材料试验机和分离式霍普金森压杆对TC4_网/Al复合材料分别进行准静态压缩和动态压缩，研究复合材料在室温和高温下的压缩性能。结果表明：该复合材料不论在室温还是高温均表现为正向应变率效应。对复合材料进行准静态压缩(应变率≤1 s~(-1)),当试验温度≤100℃时，试样均沿与轴向约呈45°方向的斜面发生破坏；试验温度≥250℃时，试样没有破坏而发生鼓肚变形。动态压缩(应变率为1500 s~(-1))时，无论在室温还是高温下，该复合材料均未发生破坏。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.