基于改进型限幅平均滤波法的高精度称重系统研究

针对称重传感器采集数据过程中干扰信号对电子称重系统测量精度的影响,提出了一种基于改进型限幅平均滤波法的高精度称重系统的设计方案。该称重系统由数据采集、模数转换、处理器、存储单元、控制模块以及显示模块组成。并将限幅滤波法、中位值滤波法、滑动平均滤波法相结合,提出了既可消除采集数据中偶然性脉冲,又可抑制周期性干扰的改进型限幅平均滤波算法。通过对5 kg~50 kg重量范围内8组不同目标重量的测量实验,将使用与未使用该改进型限幅平均滤波法的称重系统进行了对比测试和分析。实验结果表明,使用该算法后系统的最大误差率为0.1%,比未使用该算法的系统精度提高了9倍。     

基于循环滤波的无线传感器网络室内定位

针对室内接收信号强度定位具有较大误差的情况,提出一种高效的循环加权递推平均滤波算法对测量信号进行滤波.对已测量数据使用最小二乘法进行拟合得到多项式模型,并使用极大似然估计进行定位.实验结果表明,所提出的循环加权递推平均滤波算法在计算量较小的情况下,能够有效提高测距精度,多项式拟合比对数距离路径损耗模型拟合定位精度更高.在室内环境下,提出的算法定位精度达到0.6m左右,接近节点物理性能所允许的最佳定位精度.     

自适应不完全重采样粒子滤波器

针对传统重采样算法易引起粒子贫化的问题,提出了自适应不完全重采样粒子滤波 (A particle filter based on adaptive part resampling, APRPF)算法. APRPF以分步的方式仅对部分粒子进行重采样,以递推的方式计算表征 粒子退化程度的度量函数(Measurement of particle degeneracy, MPD),直到满足给定条件.重采样后的粒子由新生粒子 和未参与重采样的粒子组成,前者的存在有助于缓解退化问题,后者可使粒子集保 持一定多样性.实验结果表明,与标准粒子滤波(Sampling importance resampling, SIR)、辅助变量粒子滤波(Auxiliary particle filter, APF)、正则化粒子滤波(Regularized particle filter, RPF) 三种滤波器相比, APRPF的估计精度高;由于平均重采样次数少,计算量也小.     

一种自适应确定性采样滤波方法

对确定性采样滤波方法进行了改进,提出了一种自适心确定性采样滤波方法.首先,分别推导得到了平稳噪声情况下递推形式的噪声统计参数估计算法,以及三种针对非平稳噪声统计参数的估计算法;然后,将所得到的噪声统计参数估计算法与确定性采样滤波方法相结合,得到自适应确定性采样滤波算法.仿真结果表明,当时变过程噪声统计参数未知时,利用本文所提出的自适应确定性采样滤波估计算法,仍然可以得到精度较高的估计结果.     

一种自适应图像去噪混合滤波方法

结合自适应中值滤波技术和自适应压缩加权均值滤波技术,提出了一种新的图像混合噪声滤波算法。算法首先对受混合噪声污染的图像利用灰度极值检测出脉冲噪声,运用自适应中值滤波滤除脉冲噪声;其次对处理结果进行自适应压缩的加权均值滤波。实验结果说明算法不仅能有效地滤除脉冲与高斯混合噪声,而且可以较好地保护图像细节。     

基于循环检测的气动退化图像混合域去噪算法

气动退化图像中存在先验信息未知以及噪声成分复杂不易进行滤波处理的问题,为此,提出一种气动退化图像混合域去噪算法。设计针对高斯噪声、泊松噪声、固定值脉冲噪声和随机值脉冲噪声的混合检测方法,使用改进的滤波方法在空域去除固定值脉冲噪声和随机值脉冲噪声,进行非下采样轮廓波变换多层分解,在变换域使用阈值方法去除高斯噪声和泊松噪声。进行噪声循环检测,设定迭代停止条件控制算法循环从而实现算法自适应。仿真实验结果表明,该算法的噪声检测性能和滤波性能较好,图像细节信息得到正确恢复。同时,算法复杂度较低,实时性较好,可满足气动退化图像去噪处理的需要。     

一种去除图像混合噪声的滤波算法

针对同时感染脉冲噪声和高斯噪声的混合噪声图像,以全变分去噪模型为基础,结合中值滤波技术,提出一种新的混合噪声滤波算法.该算法首先根据脉冲噪声的特点和像素的局部能量信息,分离出脉冲噪声并以改进中值滤波算法去除,然后对含有高斯噪声的图像采用自适应广义变分模型进行降噪处理.实验结果表明,该算法在有效滤除混合噪声的同时能很好地保护图像细节,为去除图像中的混合噪声提供了一种有效的途径.     

基于线性动态系统的视频压缩感知自适应改进

线性动态系统的视频压缩感知(CS-LDS)是指从随机采样数据中直接估计出模型参数,然而对所有视频帧采取同样的采样方式,使得采样数据存在一定的时间冗余.针对这一问题,结合自适应压缩采样技术提出了一种自适应的改进算法.首先,对视频信号建立线性动态系统(LDS)模型;然后,通过自适应压缩采样方法得到视频信号的采样数据;最后,通过采样数据估计出系统模型参数,实现视频信号的重构.实验结果表明,在不影响视频重构质量的条件下,所提方法相对于CS-LDS算法,不仅能够节省统一测量过程中20%~40%的采样数据,而且平均每帧能够节省0.1~0.3 s的运行时间.改进后的算法降低了采样数目与算法运行时间.     

基于混合滤波的四轴飞行器的姿态解算

针对四轴飞行器的姿态解算出现的姿态角数据漂移问题,提出一种基于Mahony滤波和互补滤波相结合的混合滤波算法,将传感器采集到的加速度、角速度以及磁场强度数据进行融合,利用加速度计和磁力计的向量偏差来对姿态解算过程中陀螺仪产生的积分累计误差进行修正.最后,建立姿态解算测试平台对混合滤波算法进行实验验证.实验结果表明,采用混合滤波算法的一次迭代滤波所需的平均用时为3.826 ms,比其他算法的平均用时短,混合滤波能有效地修正陀螺仪的积分累计误差,在降低运算复杂度的同时提高姿态解算的精度.     

基于Kalman滤波的陀螺降噪技术研究

在自适应滑动平均技术基础上针对光纤陀螺的动静态输出设计了混合Kalman滤波算法,首先用窗口分割原始数据,接着用自适应滑动平均法检测窗口内的间断点;没有间断点的窗口内部,使用修正值为M1的Kalman滤波进行信号降噪;窗口内部具有间断点的使用修正值为M2的Kalman滤波进行信号降噪.使用DWT算法、普通Kalman滤波法、混合Kalman滤波对陀螺的动态和静态输出信号进行降噪,仿真结果表明只有混合Kalman滤波同时适用于陀螺的动静态输出.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.     

Editorial: Special issue on recent advances in hybrid control theory and applications

正The demands of a rapidly advancing technology for faster and more accurate controllers have always had a strong influence on the progress of automatic control theory.In recent years control problems have been arising with increasing frequency in widely different areas,which cannot be addressed using conventional control techniques.The principal reason for this is the fact that a highly competitive economy is forcing systems to operate in regimes where     

Information for Authors

正Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE(A/B/C)areedited by the international board of distinguished Chinese andforeign scientists,and are aimed to present the latest devel-opments and achievements in scientific research in China andoverseas to the world’s scientific circles,especially to stimulateand promote academic exchange between Chinese and for-eign scientists everywhere.     

Enhancing a leaf radiative transfer model to estimate concentrations and in vivo specific absorption coefficients of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b from single-needle reflectance and transmittance

The relative concentrations of different pigments within a leaf have significant physiological and spectral consequences. Photosynthesis, light use efficiency, mass and energy exchange, and stress response are dependent on relationships among an ensemble of pigments. This ensemble also determines the visible characteristics of a leaf, which can be measured remotely and used to quantify leaf biochemistry and structure. But current remote sensing approaches are limited in their ability to resolve individual pigments. This paper focuses on the incorporation of three pigments—chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total carotenoids—into the LIBERTY leaf radiative transfer model to better understand relationships between leaf biochemical, biophysical, and spectral properties.Pinus ponderosa and Pinus jeffreyi needles were collected from three sites in the California Sierra Nevada. Hemispheric single-leaf visible reflectance and transmittance and concentrations of chlorophylls a and b and total carotenoids of fresh needles were measured. These data were input to the enhanced LIBERTY model to estimate optical and biochemical properties of pine needles. The enhanced model successfully estimated reflectance (RMSE = 0.0255, BIAS = 0.00477, RMS%E = 16.7%), had variable success estimating transmittance (RMSE = 0.0442, BIAS = 0.0294, RMS%E = 181%), and generated very good estimates of carotenoid concentrations (RMSE = 2.48 µg/cm², BIAS = 0.143 µg/cm², RMS%E = 20.4%), good estimates of chlorophyll a concentrations (RMSE = 10.7 µg/cm², BIAS = − 0.992 µg/cm², RMS%E = 21.1%), and fair estimates of chlorophyll b concentrations (RMSE = 7.49 µg/cm², BIAS = − 2.12 µg/cm², RMS%E = 43.7%). Overall root mean squared errors of reflectance, transmittance, and pigment concentration estimates were lower for the three-pigment model than for the single-pigment model. The algorithm to estimate three in vivo specific absorption coefficients is robust, although estimated values are distorted by inconsistencies in model biophysics. The capacity to invert the model from single-leaf reflectance and transmittance was added to the model so it could be coupled with vegetation canopy models to estimate canopy biochemistry from remotely sensed data.     

Mr. Twinn’s bombes

This article discusses the history and design of the special versions of the bombe key-finding machines used by Britain’s Government Code & Cypher School (GC&CS) during World War II to attack the Enigma traffic of the Abwehr (the German military intelligence service). These special bombes were based on the design of their more numerous counterparts used against the traffic of the German armed services, but differed from them in important ways that highlight the adaptability of the British bombe design, and the power and flexibility of the diagonal board. Also discussed are the changes in the Abwehr indicating system that drove the development of these machines, the ingenious ways in which they were used, and some related developments involving the bombes used by the U.S. Navy’s cryptanalytic unit (OP-20-G).