构造有限域上具有给定阶点的椭圆曲线

考虑有限域上椭圆曲线的构造.设q是一个奇素数的方幂,l是一个素数.证明了,如果GF(q)[x]上的方程U²-D(x)V2=ε(x-a)^l有本原解,其中,D(x)∈GF(q)[x]是一个首1三次无平方因子的多项式,则椭圆曲线y²=D(x)上的点(a,b)的阶是l.由此,给出了一种构造具有给定阶点的椭圆曲线的算法.     

Dixon结式在密码学中的应用

针对密码学中的多变元多项式二次方程系统求解问题,基于扩展Dixon结式提出了一种求解算法DR(Dixon resultants).基本思想为对于MQ(multivariate quadratic)问题,把x₁,x₂,…,x_n-1当作变元,而把x_n当作参数,然后利用和改进扩展Dixon结式方法求解该类系统.分析了该算法对于一般情况的复杂度,并且基于实验证据猜测:对于某些稀疏问题,新算法的复杂度很有可能也是多项式的.实验结果表明,对于m=n的一般和稀疏的问题,DR效率优于已有的两种算法.除了高效性,新算法还具有复杂度容易度量、计算时间可以预测的优点.     

资源独立工作流可满足性的最小增量模式回溯

工作流可满足性是业务安全规划的基本问题, 正在面临高资源配比(资源数n显著大于步骤数k)造成的性能挑战. 在资源独立约束下, 其最高效求解途径是模式空间上的增量回溯法IPB. 为克服结点真实性验证的性能瓶颈, 它增量计算模式k指派(二部)图及其(左完备)匹配, 分别需要O(kn)和O(k²)时间. 利用父子模式的原子差异增量计算完全指派图, 只需O(n)时间, 特别是其实际性能, 将随模式块规模增长迅速提高. 但该图的O(kn)规模导致了同样的增量匹配时间. 进而引入完备k核心匹配概念, 证明其存在性等价于左完备匹配, 且其增量计算时间为O(k²). 由此, 建立了时间复杂度更低的最小增量模式回溯法. 在含互斥和两种全局值势约束而授权比例约为1/4的扩展公开实例集上进行实验, 结果表明: 当n/k=10(及n/k=100), 而k变化时, 该方法较IPB有平均超过2(及5)倍、最低1.5(及2.9)倍的性能优势; 当k=18(及k=36), 而n/k=2~4096(及n/k=2~2048)时, 该方法有平均超过2.6(及3.6)倍优势; 而较2021年Minizinc挑战赛的冠军求解器Google OR-Tools CP-SAT, 该方法最低有超过3倍优势.     

网格多处理机的一种改进的子网分配算法

子网分配问题是指识别并分配一个空闲的、满足指定大小要求的节点机.首先,提出了网格结构中一种新的具有O(N²_a·1og₂N_a)时间复杂度的空闲子网搜索算法,它优于现有的O(N³_a)时间复杂度的搜索算法.然后,用该算法对基于保留因子的最佳匹配类子网分配算法——RF(reservation factor)算法进行了改进,得到了     

RB模型实例集上置信传播算法的收敛性

置信传播算法求解RB（k,n,α,r_c,p）模型实例时非常有效,几乎能够有效求解接近可满足性相变点的难解实例.然而,因子图带有回路的实例,置信传播算法不总有效,常表现为不收敛.对于这种现象,至今缺少系统的理论解释.置信传播算法是最为基础的信息传播算法,对置信传播算法的收敛性分析是其他信息传播算法收敛性分析的重要基础.在RB（k,n,α,r_c,p）模型中,取k=2,α>（1/k）,r_c>0均为常数,且满足ke^{-（α/（r_c））}≥1.证明了如果p∈（0,n^-2α）,则置信传播算法在RB（k,n,α,r_c,p）模型产生的随机实例集上高概率收敛.最后,在RB（k,n,α,r_c,p）模型上选取了几组不同的数据进行数值模拟,实验结果表明该结论有效.当问题规模n增大时,在RB（k,n,α,r_c,p）模型的可满足区域,实验收敛区间趋于一个固定范围,而理论收敛区间逐渐变窄.原因在于,RB（k,n,α,r_c,p）模型是一个具有增长定义域的随机CSP实例产生模型,不协调赋值的数目与参数p及问题规模n有关.     

有Mate-Pairs的个体单体型MSR问题的参数化算法

个体单体型MSR(minimum SNP removal)问题是指如何利用个体的基因测序片断数据去掉最少的SNP(single-nucleotide polymorphisms)位点,以确定该个体单体型的计算问题.对此问题,Bafna等人提出了时间复杂度为O(2^kn²m)的算法,其中,m为DNA片断总数,n为SNP位点总数,k为片断中洞(片断中的空值位点)的个数.由于一个Mate-Pair片段中洞的个数可以达到100,因此,在片段数据中有Mate-Pair的情况下,Bafna的算法通常是不可行的.根据片段数据的特点提出了一个时间复杂度为O((n-1)(k₁-1)k₂2^2h+(k₁+1)^2h+nk₂+mk₁)的新算法,其中,k₁为一个片断覆盖的最大SNP位点数(不大于n),k₂为覆盖同一SNP位点的片段的最大数(通常不大于19),h为覆盖同一SNP位点且在该位点取空值的片断的最大数(不大于k₂).该算法的时间复杂度与片断中洞的个数的最大值k没有直接的关系,在有Mate-Pair片断数据的情况下仍然能够有效地进行计算,具有良好的可扩展性和较高的实用价值.     

矩阵条件数及高斯算法平滑分析的进一步研究

算法的复杂度平滑分析是对许多算法在实际应用中很有效但其最坏情况复杂度却很糟这一矛盾给出的更合理的解释.高性能计算机被广泛用于求解大规模线性系统及大规模矩阵的分解.求解线性系统的最简单且容易实现的算法是高斯消元算法(高斯算法).用高斯算法求解n个方程n个变量的线性系统所需要的算术运算次数为O(n³).如果这些方程中的系数用m位表示,则最坏情况下需要机器位数mn位来运行高斯算法.这是因为在消元过程中可能产生异常大的中间项.但大量的数值实验表明,在实际应用中,需要如此高的精度是罕见的.异常大的矩阵条件数和增长因子是导致矩阵A病态,继而导致解的误差偏大的主要根源.设-A为任意矩阵,A是-A受到微小幅度的高斯随机扰动所得到的随机矩阵,方差σ²≤1.Sankar等人对矩阵A的条件数及增长因子进行平滑分析,证明了Pr[K(A)≥α]≤(3.64n(1+4√log(α)))/ασ.在此基础上证明了运行高斯算法输出具有m位精度的解所需机器位数的平滑复杂度为m+71og₂(n)+3log₂(1/σ)+log₂log₂n+7.在上述结果的证明过程中存在错误,将其纠正后得到以下结果:m+71og₂n+3log₂(1/σ)+4√2+log₂n+log₂(1/σ)+7.367.通过构造两个分别关于矩阵范数和随机变量乘积的不等式,将关于矩阵条件数的平滑分析结果简化到Pr[K(A)≥α]≤(6√2n²)/α·σ.部分地解决了Sankar等人提出的猜想:Pr[K(A)≥α]≤O(n/α·σ).并将运行高斯算法输出具有m位精度的解所需机器位数的平滑复杂度降低到m+81og₂n+3log₂(1/σ)+7.实验结果表明,所得到的平滑复杂度更好.     

P2-Packing问题参数算法的改进

P₂-Packing问题是一个典型的NP难问题.目前这个问题的最好结果是时间复杂度为O^*(2^5.301k)的参数算法,其核的大小为15k.通过对P₂-packing问题的结构作进一步分析,提出了改进的核心化算法,得到大小为7k的核,并在此基础上提出了一种时间复杂度为O^*(2^4.142k)的参数算法,大幅度改进了目前文献中的最好结果.     

PUMA机器人运动学逆解新算法

6R串联机器人的逆解求解复杂,使用传统的D-H算法求解该问题计算量大且无法避免奇异点.将PUMA机器人的逆运动学的求解分为位置求解和姿态求解两个过程.首先使用D-H方法进行位置求解得到关节角θ₁,θ₂,θ₃,然后使用单位四元数的方法求解出θ₄,θ₅,θ₆.最后,在PUMA机器上进行验证,新的方法能够正确求解出所有解析解.对比新方法、D-H方法和倍四元数的方法,新方法较D-H方法速度提高了15%左右.     

k-Median近似计算复杂度与局部搜索近似算法分析

k-Median问题的近似算法研究一直是计算机科学工作者关注的焦点,现有研究结果大多是关于欧式空间和Metric空间的,一般距离空间k-Median的结果多年来一直未见.考虑一般距离空间k-Median问题,设d_max/d_min表示k-Median实例中与客户点邻接的最长边长比最短边长的最大者.首先证明d_max/d_min≤ω+ε的k-Median问题不存在近似度小于1+ω-1/e的多项式时间近似算法,除非,由此推出Metric k-Median问题不可近似到1+2/e,除非NP(∈)DTME(N^{O(log logn)}).然后给出k-Median问题的一个局部搜索算法,分析表明,若有d_max/d_min≤ω,则算法的近似度为1+ω-1/2.该结果亦适用于Metric k-Median,ω≤5时,局部搜索算法求解Metric k-Median的近似度为3,好于现有结果3+2/P.通过计算机实验,进一步研究了k-Median局部搜索求解算法的实际计算效果和该算法的改进方法.     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.