基于稀疏随机矩阵的再生码构造方法

针对已有的再生码编码方案的运算是基于有限域GF（q）、运算复杂度高、效率低的问题,提出了一种将GF（2）上的稀疏随机矩阵和乘积矩阵框架相结合的再生码构造方法。首先,将文件数据矩阵式排布后根据编码矩阵进行行异或运算;其次,节点失效后,参与帮助节点根据失效节点的编码向量编码本地数据并发送至修复节点;最后,修复节点根据接收到的数据译码出失效节点原有的数据。实验结果表明修复带宽至多只有传统纠删码修复方案的1/10,相比基于传统范德蒙编码矩阵的再生码,编码速率提升了70%,译码恢复速率提升了50%,方便了再生码在大规模存储系统中的应用。     

基于简单再生码的带宽感知的分布式存储节点修复优化

分布式存储系统为保证可靠性会采用一定存储冗余策略如多副本策略、纠删码策略.纠删码相对于副本具有存储开销小的优点,但节点修复网络开销大.针对修复网络开销优化,业界提出再生码与以简单再生码为代表的局部可修复码,显著降低了修复网络开销.然而,现有基于编码的分布式容错存储方案大都假设节点处于星型逻辑网络结构中,忽略了实际的物理网络拓扑结构和带宽信息.为实现拓扑感知的容错存储优化,相关研究在纠删码和再生码修复过程结合网络链路带宽能力,建立树型修复路径,进一步提高了修复效率.但由于编码和修复过程的差异性,上述工作并不适合于简单再生码修复.针对该问题,本文结合实际物理网络拓扑结构,将链路带宽能力引入到简单再生码的修复过程中,对带宽感知的简单再生码修复优化技术开展研究.论文建立了带宽感知节点修复时延模型,提出了基于最优瓶颈路径和最优修复树的并行修复树构建算法.并通过实验对所提算法性能进行了评估.实验结果表明,与星型修复方式相比,论文所提算法有效地降低了节点修复时延,提高了修复效率.     

一类精确修复多个错误的Suh-Ramchandram码*

再生码因能有效的减少修复带宽更适用于分布式存储系统。利用干扰对齐技术,对于任意的参数 满足 且 ,Suh和Ramchandram构造了一类修复一个失效节点时,可达到最优修复带宽的最小存储再生码。 Chen和Shum证明了对于参数满足 的Suh-Ramchandram再生码,可以合作修复多个失效节点。基于Suh-Ramchandram再生码,给出了参数为 的编码结构,并说明这种参数为 的最小存储再生码为一类可修复多个失效节点的Suh-Ramchandram 再生码,而且这类码在修复单个或多个节点的失效时均可达到最优的修复带宽。     

X再生码:一类适用于云存储的准确修复编码

通过将(n,k)-RS编码和X编码结合,为云存储系统设计一类新的准确修复编码——X再生码。它具有容忍n-k个节点故障的可靠性,并且当系统中单个或者两个节点出现故障时,仅需从少量的节点下载数据块,使用简单的异或运算即可修复。对X再生码的存储代价、修复带宽、修复局部性(修复过程中需要连接的节点数)和编码率进行分析,并与RS编码、SRC以及LRC进行对比。结果显示,X再生码在一个或者两个节点故障时,修复局部性以及修复带宽上都具有显著的优势,并能达到任意高的编码率。     

一种基于多层次校验的低恢复成本纠删码

随着纠删码在分布式存储系统中的实际应用,纠删码为存储系统提供了更加优秀的存储效率,但当节点丢失时,相较于传统副本技术更多的网络传输带宽开销成为了造成系统性能瓶颈的关键因素。为了解决MDS编码高带宽开销对系统性能的影响,一类新型编码方案——分组码被应用在分布式存储系统中,相较于传统MDS编码能够有效地降低节点修复时的数据传输量,从而减少网络带宽需求。在Pyramid分组码的基础上进行层次扩展,提出一种HLRC（hierarchical local repair codes）纠删码。HLRC相较于LRC引入了层次编码模型,将原始数据块构建为编码矩阵,根据层次进行分别编码,生成包含数据块范围不同的局部校验块;每个层次包含的数据块数量不同,可以保证修复节点时的低修复成本,同时还拥有较高的存储效率。HLRC相较于Pyramid拥有额外的校验块冗余,能够降低校验块出错和多节点出错时的恢复开销。在基于Ceph的分布式存储系统中的实验结果表明,HLRC与Pyramid等分组码相比,单节点修复开销最高可降低48.56%,多节点修复开销最高可降低25%。     

分布式存储中精确修复最小带宽再生码的性能研究

分布式存储系统为保证数据可靠性,需要对数据进行冗余存储来应对由于节点失效所带来的数据不可靠性.基于矩阵积构造的精确修复最小带宽再生码除了能够显著降低系统的存储冗余,而且编码的构造参数之间没有约束限制,还能够显著降低修复带宽的开销,具有广阔的应用前景.然而,基于此编码方案所设计的分布式存储系统的性能开销并没有得到充分的研究和分析.针对该编码在分布式存储系统中数据上传、修复、下载3个阶段,分别比较CPU使用率、文件大小、缓冲区大小以及有限域大小对上述3个阶段中运算速度的影响,发现通过对相关参数进行合理配置,可以使得基于相应编码方案的分布式存储系统能够获得良好的运行性能.     

应用于分布式存储系统的准循环再生码构造方案

传统纠错码编码方案能够提高系统容错能力,但在数据修复时会占用大量带宽。为此,基于循环结构,构造一种面向分布式存储系统的准循环最小存储再生码。根据该准循环再生码的冗余系数向量权重和修复带宽边界,设计一种改进的节点修复算法,证明其修复带宽在最好情况能达到最小割下界,在最坏情况下也优于最大距离可分码的修复带宽。实验结果表明,该再码构造方案不仅节省存储空间,而且具有构造简单、运算代价低和修复带宽小等特点。     

基于(k+2,k)MSR的多容错低修复带宽编码

传统(k+2,k)最小存储再生码(MSR)在双节点失效的情况下,会有较高的修复带宽。为此,提出一种多容错编码方案。通过引入4个备份校验节点,使编码的上下部分均形成最小存储再生码结构。仿真结果表明,与现有的(k+2,k)MSR方案相比,该方案能降低双节点失效时的修复带宽。     

基于之字形解码算法优化的高效低存储ZD码

ZD码(ZigZag-decodable codes)是基于之字形解码算法设计生成的一类纠删码, 它仅需要少量的计算即可修复存储系统中的故障数据, 但需要存储相对其他纠删码更多的冗余数据以保证系统的高可靠性. 为了降低ZD码产生的存储开销, 本文通过分析当前在存储系统中使用的之字形解码的思想, 提出了一种优化的之字形解码算法. 新的解码算法能够更充分利用校验数据中的信息来完成数据修复. 基于新的解码算法, 本文相应的提出了一种新的ZD码编码方案, 由于新算法更高的信息利用率, 新的编码方案能够用更少的存储开销来满足存储系统的高可靠性. 实验结果表明, 本文提出的ZD码编码方案具有最优的存储开销, 且编解码性能远高于目前广泛使用的RS码.     

自适应可分解部分重复码的扩展构造

部分重复(Fractional Repetition, FR)码能够实现精确无编码修复,修复复杂度低且修复带宽成本小。在动态分布式存储系统中,要求FR码的节点存储开销和数据块重复度会随机动态变化。为了使FR码更灵活地适应动态分布式存储系统,该文提出利用超图实现自适应可分解FR码的扩展构造方法。具体地,建立超图中边和顶点与FR码中节点和数据块的对应关系,通过增加或删除超图中对应边和顶点,实现超图的扩展构造,进而得到存储系统规模和存储文件规模变化时自适应可分解FR码的扩展构造。基于这种方法,能够扩展构造出给定参数范围内所有自适应可分解FR码,列举了存储节点数20以内的所有参数。自适应可分解FR码与常见的简单再生码(Simple Regenerating Codes, SRC)和RS(Reed-Solomon)码相比,在修复局部性和修复带宽开销方面具有一定优势。     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于QTE的蒙古文显示机制研究与实现

蒙古语言是中国蒙古族使用的通用语言,由于蒙古文区别于其他文字的书写方式和其自身变形机制等特点,在很多通用的文字处理引擎中都不被支持。在嵌入式产品开发与应用领域中Linux加QTE已经成为流行方式。该文给出了一种在QTE环境上实现基于标准Unicode的蒙古文点阵显示和变形算法, 并自定义了支持蒙古文的QTE组件,扩展了QTE功能,为在Linux加QTE方式的嵌入式体系结构中处理蒙古文提供了一种解决方法。     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。