Acquisition and processing of coaxial image of molten pool and keyhole in Nd：YAG laser welding with high power

An experimental setup of acquiring the coaxial visual image of the molten pool and keyhole in high power Nd:YAG laser welding is introduced in this paper. It is one of the most difficult problems in acquiring coaxial image that the coaxial imaging signal of molten pool and keyhole must be separated from the laser beam with high power. This problem was resolved by designing a dichroitic spectroscope. The characteristics of imaging signal were analyzed and the coaxial image of molten pool and keyhole was acquired. A smoothing filter and a homomorphic filter were designed to remove the low frequency noise and to enhance the image according to the characteristics of imaging signal. At last, edges of molten pool and keyhole were detected and extracted based on image segmentation with threshold.     

Fabrication and optical properties of a highly transparent Nd：YAG ceramic

A neodymium doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) transparent ceramic was fabricated by a solid state reaction method using commercial α-Al₂O₃, Y₂O₃, and Nd₂O₃ powders as starting materials and tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) as sintering aid. The morphology and microstructure of the nanopowders and the Nd:YAG transparent ceramic were investigated. The fully dense Nd:YAG ceramic with an average grain size of ∼20 μm was obtained by vacuum sintering at 1720°C for 12 h. Few pores and grain-boundary phases were observed. The in-line transmittance of the ceramic was 81.5% at 1064 nm.     

超薄板材上Nd：YAG脉冲激光送粉熔覆研究

研究了为满足特定图案要求在超薄板材（０．１～０．１５ｍｍ）上进行Ｎｄ：ＹＡＧ脉冲激光送粉精细熔覆过程中激光熔覆特性、侧向和同轴喷嘴送粉熔覆、基体的真空吸附夹紧和强迫制冷、熔覆层几何形貌、元素分布和微观组织特性等因素。得到了熔覆层高度比为０．８８和０．５、质量良好的熔覆图案。     

Correlation between laser-wire distance and Nd：YAG laser ＋ P-GMA hybrid welding heat input parameters

In laser+P-GMA hybrid welding,laser-wire distance is an important parameter to describe the distance from laser spot to the center of the pulsed gas metal arc.The experiments results show that the optimal laser-wire distance with the deepest weld penetration increases with welding current and laser power being increased and decreases with welding speed being increased.Welding current,laser power and welding speed determine the hybrid welding heat input in laser+arc hybrid welding process,so there is a correlation between the optimal laser-wire distance and the hybrid heat input welding parameters for the deepest weld penetration: the optimal laser-wire distance increases with the heat input being increased.The positive correlation between the optimal laser-wire distance and the hybrid welding heat input is induced by the characteristics of the limited influence of P-GMA welding process on laser transmission and the dependence of weld penetration of hybrid welding on laser power.     

Microstructure and properties of Nd:YAG laser welded AZ31B magnesium alloy

Biodegradable magnesium-based alloys are very promising materials for temporary implants. Laser welding is an important joining method in such application. In this study, the as-rolled AZ31B magnesium alloy sheets of 1 mm in thickness were successfully joined by Nd ： YAG laser welding. The microstructure and properties of the welded joint were investigated. The result shows that the welded joint is characterized by a narrow heat-affected zone, finer grains and a large number of precipitates distribute in the matrix in the weld. Microhardness of the weld is significantly improved to 72 HV 0. 05 as compared to 55 HV 0. 05 of the base metal. Tensile strength of butt-welded joint is 180. 24 MPa, which is 76. 8% that of the base metal. The electrochemical corrosion experiment shows that the corrosion resistance of laser welded joint is significantly improved in a 3.5 wt. % NaCl solution.     

Nd:YAG激光焊接800 MPa TRIP钢的接头组织与性能

采用Nd:YAG激光对强度为800MPa,厚度为1.2mm的TRIP钢板进行焊接.研究焊接速度对焊缝外观和截面成形的影响及接头的组织特点、硬度、强度和成形能力.激光功率相同,焊接速度较低时焊缝易产生气孔,速度较高时易发生飞溅;焊接速度对焊缝熔深及熔宽也有影响.焊缝组织主要由马氏体构成,从焊缝、热影响区到母材,组织中马氏体含量下降,接头的最高硬度出现在焊缝或热影响区.在平行于焊缝方向,焊接接头的抗拉强度高于母材,垂直于焊缝方向,接头的抗拉强度与母材相当.由于焊缝中出现马氏体,接头的塑性和韧性降低,板材的冲压成形能力下降.     

Nd：YAG激光-脉冲MAG复合热源焊熔滴过渡分析

采用高速摄像技术拍摄熔滴形成、长大及脱落的过程,观测并分析激光加入对电弧焊熔滴过渡的影响.结果表明,发现激光改变了熔滴的空间飞行轨迹、过渡稳定性、熔滴过渡模式.并从熔滴受力角度建立了脉冲MAG焊接熔滴力学模型,分析了激光加入后熔滴受力状态的改变情况.分析发现复合激光后,脉冲MAG熔滴还受到额外两个力的作用,即激光小孔产...     

异种金属和镀层金属的焊接

铜／镀锌钢异种金属Nd：YAG激光脉冲MIG复合热源钎接焊;硬质合金与钛合金真空扩散焊工艺研究;基于爆炸焊接的铜铝复合散热片的优化设计;外加磁场对异种金属焊接质量的影响;马氏体／贝氏体耐热钢焊接接头的界面蝠变损伤行为;     

Surface hardening of Fe-based alloy powders by Nd：YAG laser cladding followed by electrospark deposition with WC-Co cemented carbide

This paper presents the results of a study concerned with the surface hardening of Fe-based alloys and WC-8Co cemented carbide by integrating laser cladding and the electrospark deposition processes. Specimens of low carbon steel were processed firstly by laser cladding with Fe-based alloy powders and then by electrospark deposition with WC-8Co cemented carbide. It is shown that, for these two treatments, the electrospark coating possesses finer microstructure than the laser coating, and the thickness and surface hardness of the electrospark coating can be substantially increased.     

Macrostructural and microstructural features of 1 000 MPa grade TRIP steel joint by CO2 laser welding

Bead-on-plate CO2 laser welding of 1 000 MPa grade transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) steel was conducted under different welding powers, welding speeds and shield gases. The macrostructural and microstructural features of the welded joint were investigated. The increase of welding speed reduced the width of the weld bead and the porosities in the weld bead resulting from the different flow mode of melted metal in weld pool. The decrease of welding power or use of shield gas of helium also contributed to the reduction of porosity in the weld bead due to the alleviation of induced plasma formation, thus stabilizing the keyhole. The porosity formation intimately correlated with the evaporation of alloy element Mn in the base metal. The laser welded metal had same martensite microstructure as that of water-quenched base metal. The welding parameters which increased cooling rate all led to fine microstructures of the weld bead.     

CO_2激光焊接600MPa DP钢接头组织与性能

采用CO2激光对抗拉强度为600MPa,厚度1.4mm的DP钢进行焊接.研究焊接速度对焊缝外观和截面成形的影响、接头的组织特点、硬度、强度和成形能力.结果表明,激光功率相同,焊接速度较低时焊缝易产生气孔,焊接速度较高时易发生飞溅;焊接速度对焊缝熔深及熔宽也有影响.焊缝区组织主要由马氏体构成,从焊缝、焊接热影响区到母材,组织中马氏体含量下降,接头的最高硬度出现在焊缝或热影响区.在平行于焊缝方向,焊接接头的抗拉强度高于母材,垂直于焊缝方向,接头的抗拉强度与母材相当.由于焊缝出现马氏体组织,接头的塑性和韧性降低,板材的冲压成形能力下降.     

光纤激光焊接950 MPa级车用TWIP钢接头组织和性能

对950 MPa级车用孪生诱发塑性钢(TWIP950)板材进行光纤激光对接焊,分析接头微观组织和微区成分,进行显微硬度测试和室温拉伸试验,研究其不同应变速率下的拉伸性能及断裂行为． 结果表明,焊缝区奥氏体组织粗化和锰元素烧损导致其出现硬度低于母材的软化现象,而热影响区发生硬化现象． 随应变速率增加,母材与焊接接头的抗拉强度由负应变速率敏感性改变为正应变速率敏感性;母材与焊接接头的塑性随应变速率增加呈先下降再升高又下降的变化趋势． 不同应变速率拉伸后接头均断裂在焊缝区,随应变速率增加,接头韧性断裂特征未见明显变化．     

600MPa级C-Si-Mn系TRIP钢高温变形行为的研究

采用热压缩法在Gleeble-1500热模拟试验机上,研究了600MPa级C-Si-Mn系TRIP钢的高温变形行为,分析了应变率和变形温度对变形抗力的影响,并在试验数据基础上建立了该钢的变形抗力数学模型。     

800 MPa级超级细晶粒钢点焊接头组织与性能

以驰豫-析出-控制相变工艺生产的800 MPa超细组织钢为研究对象,采用合理规范进行点焊。观察点焊接头的宏观形貌和显微组织,分析显微组织在焊接热循环作用下的转变规律;测量点焊接头的硬度分布曲线。结果表明,点焊接头焊接质量良好,没有焊接缺陷,能够满足实际生产需要;由于焊接热循环作用,点焊接头晶粒长大不可避免,焊接接头中包含了低碳马氏体、贝氏体、铁素体等组织;点焊接头的硬度高于母材组织,基本不存在软化现象。     

DP980激光焊接温度场模拟及力学性能研究

采用光纤激光焊接高强钢DP980,并对温度场分布进行有限元计算。结果表明焊缝中心热循环温度高达3204 ℃,迅速冷却后形成马氏体组织,硬度较母材提高30%,抗拉强度达到了1115.7 MPa,延伸率相对母材下降49.1%。回火区应力应变曲线存在明显的屈服平台,抗拉强度（850.7 MPa）明显低于母材（986.9 MPa）。焊接接头抗拉强度为母材的87.1%,延伸率为母材的32.7%。焊接接头拉伸试样和杯突试样均断于回火区。焊接接头的杯突值较母材下降32.58%,母材主应变值高于焊接接头。     

600MPa级超细晶粒钢摩擦焊过程性能分析

利用摩擦焊对直径为13 mm的600 MPa级别的超细晶粒钢进行了焊接. 结果表明,严格控制摩擦焊工艺参数,超细晶粒钢具有良好的摩擦焊焊接性. 超细晶粒钢摩擦焊接头热影响区出现了轻微的晶粒长大,尺寸至9~11 μm. 接头性能分析表明,超细晶粒钢摩擦焊接头强度可达715 MPa,断面伸长率22%,断面收缩率68%,冲击韧性可达98 J,呈典型的韧性断裂. 急停试验表明,摩擦焊过程中变形区金属在摩擦扭矩和轴向压力大作用下,沿着轴向、切向、径向三个方向流动. 随摩擦时间的增加,不同区域的晶粒的尺寸都略有增加,其中以高温区增加最为明显.     

Microstructure development in Nd:YAG laser welding of AISI 304 and Inconel 600

In this work, the morphology of solidification of the weld zone (WZ) was studied in a joint formed from dissimilar materials, composed of austenitic AISI 304 stainless steel and Inconel 600 nickel alloy, welded with an Nd:YAG-pulsed laser. The laser beam and optical system parameters were selected with a view to obtain a weld with total penetration and good surface finish. The microstructural characterization was carried out using an optical microscope, in which a WZ was seen with total penetration, keyhole-type, presence of small pores and absence of cracks. The welded joints were also characterized by means of an electron scan microscope. Measurements taken by X-ray spectrometry for dispersion of the energy in the WZ indicated a slightly heterogeneous distribution of nickel and iron. It was seen that the start of solidification in the WZ occurred by means of epitaxial growth. The morphology of WZ solidification was basically denditric and cellular, being influenced by the temperature gradient, solidification speed and chemical composition. The variations in chemical composition and solidification morphology do not significantly alter the Vickers microhardness values in the WZ. Results obtained in the tensile tests indicate suitably effective welding values.     

汽车结构用590 MPa级高屈服强度钢的研制

为满足汽车轻量化要求,利用Nb、Ti微合金化元素的细晶强化和析出强化机理,并进行生产工艺参数的合理控制,开发研制了抗拉强度达590 MPa级的汽车结构用高屈服强度钢板。研究结果表明,该钢的组织为细晶铁素体、回火马氏体和少量贝氏体,在铁素体基体上分布有细小的析出相。性能检验结果和点焊、成形试验表明,该钢具有良好的力学性能、成形和焊接性能。