A study on subjective preference to daylit residential indoor environment using conjoint analysis

This paper reports a study of the subjective preference to daylit indoor environment of a residential room using conjoint analysis, which is a highly reputable method used to analyze the mutual relationships among different attributes. Seven influential attributes were selected in the view of daylight performance assessment. They include ‘general brightness’, ‘desktop brightness’, ‘perceived glare’, ‘sunlight penetration’, ‘quality of view’, ‘user friendliness of shading control’ and ‘impact on energy’. Each of them has two levels. A total of eight combinations (profiles) of attributes with various levels were established by adopting fractional factorial design. Subjects were asked to rank-order the eight profiles according to their preference in terms of daylit environment of a residential room. The study aims at finding out the relative impact of the seven selected attributes to the overall daylight performance and seeking an organized assessment method for a residential daylit environment. Conjoint analysis found that the seven attributes have importance level in the order of ‘quality of view’, ‘general brightness’, ‘impact on energy’, ‘user friendliness of shading control’, ‘perceived glare’, ‘desktop brightness’ and ‘sunlight penetration’.     

新材料组合结构

新型结构材料的开发及应用是土木工程技术发展的一个主要驱动力。新型结构材料往往部分性能非常突 出,而其他性能却相对较弱。因此,在土木工程中应用某种新型结构材料时,往往需要将其与其他传统或新型 结构材料进行优化组合,以期获得高性能的结构。与传统钢-混凝土组合结构相比,基于新材料应用的组合结构 （即新材料组合结构）的材料选择更加多样化,结构性能更加突出,为结构工程提供了巨大的创新和发展空间 。文中介绍了作者课题组提出的5种新材料组合构件形式,并回顾部分相关研究工作,希望能为新材料组合结构 的发展起到抛砖引玉的作用。     

高层住宅结构方案布置

结合某高层住宅楼的工程实例,对剪力墙的布置方案进行了探讨,同时对主体结构采用增加两片小墙肢方案进行了计算分析,最终得出了一些具有重要意义的结论。     

Estimation and analysis of preference heterogeneity in residential choice behaviour

Effective and efficient planning and development of residential environments require clarifying the nature of residential preferences. In reality, residential preferences are heterogeneous, so the standard econometric models that assume only one type of preference are not optimal. In this study, conjoint choice experiment methods are employed with a mixed logit approach. The findings reveal significant heterogeneity with regard to some residential attributes. The determinants of preference heterogeneity were also investigated by conducting regression analyses on the attributes that were valued heterogeneously. Overall, the relationships observed between the explanatory variables and the heterogeneity in the valuations were understandable. However, coefficient of determination values for each model were low, indicating that the bulk of preference heterogeneity results from unobservable factors.     

A simulation model of residential mobility and housing choice

Residential mobility is the outcome of housing market search. Mobility rates depend on the search intensity of the household, the arrival rate of opportunities in the market, and the rates of acceptance of these opportunities by the households. Micro-analytical models of overt mobility fail in decomposing the compound rate into its constituent parts and can therefore not distinguish between demand- or supply-driven changes in the housing market. Micro-analytical models of stated preferences are only partial and do not reflect the actual behaviour of households in a specific housing market context. Simulation models of residential mobility and housing market search offer a potential advantage over micro-analytical models, due to their flexible nature. By simulating demand, supply, and the actual match of households to vacancies, a full representation of the housing market can be given. TheLocSim model presented here is a micro simulation model of a local housing market and is illustrative of the potential for modelling residential mobility. This includes:

-the variation in search intensities of households, dependent on the motive for moving, including dependence on events in other than the housing career;

-the generation of supply, as an unintended outcome of the residential mobility of households that move to another dwelling;

-the adjustment of initial preferences, as households become aware of the opportunities and constraints in the local housing market during their search;

-the public choice, with respect to the creation of opportunities by stimulating the construction of dwellings and with respect to imposing constraints on the accessibility of social rented housing.

The application of this model to the specific group of young people in the process of household formation illustrates the sensitivity of the rates of residential mobility and out-migration to shortages and other constraints in the local housing market.     

A model study on affordable steel residential housing in China

The main research purpose of this paper is to acquire a series of designed concept of “affordable housing” in key geographical areas of East China through the development of innovative, economical, flexible, reproducible and affordable residential houses using intensive steel solutions. Toward this goal, both the residential housing conditions and the development of steel residential building in China are widely investigated. Affordable housing in China is then, based on the investigation, defined as green humanized multi-storey housing comprised of medium-small type dwellings whose construction cost is not much higher than that of traditional reinforced concrete buildings and the maintenance cost is low. Taking this definition as a guiding ideology, detailed architectural and structural design of a steel affordable housing model in terms of a collective housing form with repeatable living units has been carried out. Comparisons of project cost and energy consumption between the designed steel residential housing and the corresponding reinforced concrete building show that the former is not more expensive and consumes less energy than the latter.     

Amenities and urban residential structure: An amenity-embedded model of residential choice

The basic model of residential choice, which has been established by generalizing Von Thünen's concept to an urban context, states that the equilibrium structure of residential land use is determined by the trade-off between accessibility and space. The willingness to sacrifice space for accessibility differs between households and depends on household income. The equilibrium land use is the outcome of the interplay between the income elasticity of space consumption and the income elasticity of commuting outlays. The primary purpose of this article is to extend the basic model by incorporating a location-dependent quality of the environment. The proposed model examines the locational consequences of household choice as influenced by a complicated interplay among three factors: the income elasticity of housing demand, the income elasticity of commuting costs, and the location-dependent amenity schedule. The equilibrium land use is contrasted for two types of cities: the case 1 city in which the level of amenities increases toward the urban fringe, and the case 2 city in which the level of amenities is assumed to decrease as one moves toward the urban fringe. Received: 2 August 1999 / Accepted: 18 September 2000     

轻钢住宅结构体系及其运用

介绍了轻钢结构住宅的特点及其结构体系 ,并就其楼盖结构和柱脚基础形式进行了阐述 ,结合大量的工程应用实例 ,指出轻钢结构住宅作为一种经济效益高的结构体系 ,必将得到大力推广     

Continuous pulse and hybrid control of structures

In recent years, passive as well as active control methods have been implemented for structural motion reduction of tall buildings in earthquakes. An active control method for the inelastic response of tall buildings is presented. The proposed method of continuous pulse control uses closed-loop feedback control as a combination of two algorithms. The first is a linear control algorithm-instantaneous optimal control-and the second is a pulse control algorithm-the pulse control algorithm-which applies a corrective pulse when a prespecified structural velocity threshold is exceeded. The control forces required by active control systems to reduce the seismic response of tall buildings can be quite large. On the other hand, passive control systems such as the viscoelastic dampers do not require external energy for their operation. The possibility of combining viscoelastic dampers and the active bracing system for reducing the required control forces is examined. The combination of passive and active devices improves safety, serviceability and the comfort of the building's occupants.     

A latent class model of residential choice behaviour and ethnic segregation preferences

The nature of ethnic residential clustering involves diverse population segments which through their location decisions influence the spatial patterns of ethnic settlements. While residential location is in part determined by outside constraints, choice plays a role too, making the study of preferences an important research topic. Along with differences in socio-economic characteristics, literature often emphasizes the role of unobserved (behavioural) elements in the formation of preferences for ethnic neighbourhood composition. This paper tests the potential of latent class choice models to examine both observed and unobserved heterogeneity in residential choices across ethnic groups. The empirical example is estimated on stated preferences data from Lugano, Switzerland. The results indicate different ethnic attributes as key choice drivers for households belonging to three latent classes, where the origin of households is the best predictor of class membership. Swiss citizens are mainly concerned about high shares of foreigners, advantaged foreigners favour their co-nationals, while disadvantaged foreigners hold both of such preferences.     

SOHO住宅模式的探讨

从SOHO人士的工作生活方式和特点入手,论述了其意义及SOHO模式下的住宅形式,对其住宅形式作了探讨和尝试,认为它能影响将来居住建筑的发展方向,故把其发展作科学的预测与把握,将对住宅建设具有极其深远的意义.     

后小康居住模式展望

阐述了后小康的概念,从绿色环保、舒适愉悦、交通便捷、居住安全、形式多样等八个方面分析了后小康居住模式的特征,以满足人们不断提高的居住质量要求.     

空间悬索杂交结构的几何非线性分析

索结构在实际的工作时表现出极强的几何非线性,尤其是面内应力和面外刚度的相互耦合作用,即应力刚化.本文将应力刚化的影响计入到空间杂交索结构构件的几何非线性分析中.分析结果表明,考虑应力刚化的索结构更加符合实际的受力状态.     

老年人居住模式研析

分析了现阶段我国老年人居住模式的现状,从构建大型综合老年居住社区的必要性和可行性两方面阐述了老年居住模式的发展趋势,并介绍了综合老年居住社区的类型,对完善我国养老体系,改善老年人生活,稳定民心都具有积极作用。     

Analysis of randomly vibrating structures under hybrid uncertainty

In the analysis of several structural systems some parameters always suffer from a level of scattering and others have an intrinsic unpredictable nature. In these circumstances, conventional deterministic-based approaches can lead to excessive approximations and the final results may be very far from the real ones. In this paper, a hybrid approach for the analysis of randomly vibrating structures is presented, to take into account both stochastic processes and epistemic variables. In detail, the dynamic loading has been modelled as a random process whereas the parameters for describing the input process as well as the structural systems are treated as fuzzy variables. This hypothesis has been performed to describe the random meanings and behaviours of some dynamic loads (i.e. earthquake, wind or sea waves) but also to incorporate “non-conventional” sources of uncertainties in the adopted mathematical models. Some numerical examples are presented at the end of the paper in order to illustrate the consequences of the developed methodology. First, the problem regarding a linear tuned mass damper under non-stationary excitation is presented and a sensitivity analysis is conducted for the structural response by considering different values of the input parameters. The second example deals with the dynamic analysis of a broadcasting antenna subject to double filtered stationary base motion. Numerical results demonstrate that the proposed methodology provides an efficient support for assessing the dynamic response under hybrid uncertainty.     

A best practice process model for hybrid concrete construction

The term ‘hybrid concrete construction’ (HCC) is used to describe the combination of concrete construction methods, e.g. in‐situ concrete and precast concrete, with one another or with other materials, e.g. steel. Although it could be argued that most buildings employ such combinations, HCC is the deliberate integration of different construction techniques to achieve a cost, speed or other performance benefit. UK government has been concerned that the construction industry suffers from poor management and exchange of tacit knowledge which can disappear after project teams ‘break up’. The completion of several innovative and high profile HCC projects was considered to be a major opportunity to capture project teams' tacit knowledge in this area. The objective of the research was to compile a best practice process model, such that project teams could be better informed as to their roles and responsibilities and thus be better equipped to deliver a building to the client's satisfaction, by using HCC. Interviews and knowledge capture workshops were used to extract lessons that lay embedded in both individuals and teams. The main conclusions were that successful HCC projects were characterized for example, by the development of an ethos of trust, the early involvement of specialists (such as precasters) and the effective management of both tacit and explicit knowledge. The research builds on previous work in the area by identifying best practice information on design, specification and construction factors for HCC and, in addition, some transferable lessons on knowledge capture techniques.     

Transport facilities and residential choice behavior: A model of multi-person choice processes

The aim of this paper is to gain further insight into the way in which residential location choice behavior is related to the existence of public transport facilities and to distance to the workplace. More specifically, the objectives of this paper are twofold. The first objective is to gain more insight into the influence of the characteristics of residential locations on residential location choice behavior. The selected characteristics are related to three aspects: (a) the residence itself (dwelling type, costs, type of neighborhood); (b) the transportation facilities in the residential neighborhood (frequency of bus services, availability of railway station, accessibility to main road system); and (c) the travel time from the residential location to the workplace (car, public transportation, and bike). The second objective is to test a model of joint (multi-person) decision making behavior. The results of this research indicate that the preference for a particular residential location is highly dependent on the characteristics of the dwelling and its environment, and to a lesser extent on the travel time to the workplace. The characteristics pertaining to transportation facilities seem to be less important. These results imply that transportation policy is not necessarily an effective instrument to influence residential choice behavior and the associated mobility.An earlier version of this paper was presented at the 31st European Congress of the RSAI, Lisbon, Portugal, August 1991.     

欧洲旧住宅改造实例分析

对于欧洲旧住宅改造的五个实例进行分析，初步探讨欧洲的旧住宅改造的特点以及对我国旧住宅改造的意义，以期为中国逐步扩大的改造提供新思路。     

我国城市居住区的发展模式研究

对当前国内居住区发展特点进行了分析，从扩大居住区，缩小居住区，生态居住区，信息住宅区等方面，介绍了多种居住区模式的发展趋势，并对其规划与设计作了分析，以利创建更加适宜的人居环境。