LED clipping distortion compensation in optical wireless communication via multiple transmit LEDs

A method to reduce signal clipping distortion in indoor optical wireless communication systems based on orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) modulation is presented in this paper. Compensating the resulting clipping distortion due to LED operational constrains is achieved through the use of iterative signal clipping (ISC) and multiple light emitting diodes (LED) at the transmitter. ISC technique is based on iterative clipping of the time domain OFDM signal and transmission from a multiple LED transmitter. Transmit LEDs are synchronized, located close to each other, and placed to emit light in the same direction. Hence, the channel path gains from each LED to the receiver photo diode are similar. The received signals from the different LEDs add coherently at the receiver. Reported results demonstrate that the effect of distortion due to clipping is eliminated or significantly reduced based on the considered number of LEDs.     

Thermal characterization of multicolor LED luminaire

The LED based dynamic lighting scheme, require compact and thermally efficient luminaire. This paper presents the thermal investigation on the conceptual design of 36 W multicolor light emitting diode (LED) luminaire. The developed prototype design includes configuration and placement of the multichip LED package, RGBW and single die amber LEDs in a 5 × 3 array on the heat sink. LED configurations with low power input are placed between the LEDs having the high power input. The proposed configuration and placement of LEDs reduces the local heat concentration in the centre region of the heat sink. The temperature of 72 °C at LED chip base plate is reduced to 32.1 °C on the heat sink surface. The numerical results are experimentally validated. The proposed method contributes to a reduction in the size of the luminaire and also enhancement of heat dissipation for improving the longevity of the multicolor based LED luminaire.     

Positioning beacon system using digital camera and LEDs

This paper is on a novel use of lighting or signaling devices constructed by light-emitting diodes (LEDs) as a positioning beacon. The idea is that the surface of the LED lighting device is divided into regions and used to show different visual patterns that are not noticeable by the human eye due to the high-frequency switching of the LEDs. A digital camera is used as a receiver to capture a sequence of images of the LED positioning beacon transmitter. Image-processing algorithms are used to decode the location code that is encoded in the visual patterns transmitted by the LED device. This idea can be applied to any LED traffic lights or signaling devices on the road and turn them into parts of a positioning beacon system. Such a system made up of high-brightness visible LEDs can provide the function of open-space wireless broadcasting of the positioning signal. The LED signaling method, transmission protocol, camera frame rate, LED flash rate, together with an implemented system and the experimental results, are presented in this paper.     

TDOA-based indoor positioning using visible light

In this paper, we propose an indoor positioning system in which the visible light radiated from LEDs is used to locate the position of receiver. Compared to current indoor positioning systems using LED light, our system has the advantages of simple implementation, low cost, and high accuracy. In our system, a single photo diode receives pilot signals from LED panels on the ceiling. Then, the time differences of arrival of these pilot signals are used to estimate the position of the receiver. The system can be employed easily because it does not require embedding any ID to the pilot signal. In the paper, the estimation accuracy of the proposed system is analyzed through the simulation. The causes of estimation error are analyzed, and the estimation accuracy of the system in various conditions is shown by simulations.     

可见光通信单极性非对称限幅光OFDM技术研究

为了提升非对称限幅光正交频分复用(ACO-OFDM )的频谱效率,提出了一种单极性非对称限幅 光OFDM(UACO-OFDM)调制技术。UACO-OFDM是由ACO-OFDM和单极性OFDM(U-OFDM)两种 光OFDM信号组成,不同长度的信号在发送端按照一定规则进行叠加。然后通过发光二极管(LED)进行 传输,在接收端只用1个光电检测器(PD)接收光信号,采用干扰消除方法依次对不同信号 进行解调。当 调制阶数相同时,UACO-OFDM的频谱效率要高于ACO-OFDM。在频谱效率相等的情况下,对 UACO-OFDM和其他传统光OFDM调制方式的误比特率(BER)和峰均比(PAPR) 性能进行对比分析。 仿真结果表明,UACO-OFDM的BER性能更优。与频 谱能量有效OFDM(SEE-OFDM)相比,当子载波 数为64时,两者的PAPR性能比较接近;当子载波数为256024时,UACO-OFDM比SEE-OFDM的PAPR分别低2dB和5dB以上。     

可见光通信光正交频分复用系统符号分解技术抑制LED非线性失真研究

传统重复信号限幅(ISC)技术可以减小非线性LED光正交频分复用(O-OFDM)系统的非线性限幅噪声影响。但ISC系统需要多个LED同时发光,同步和硬件实现复杂,并且误码率(BER)随着信道增益差异的增大而变大。基于此,提出基于单个LED的O-OFDM符号分解串行传输系统,对O-OFDM符号进行限幅分解,然后串行组帧,最后输入到单个LED中。推导了系统理论信噪比表达式,并建立了蒙特卡罗误码率和误差矢量幅度(EVM)仿真模型。结果表明,随着符号分解次数增大,EVM和BER性能显著变好,但通信速率略有下降,并且直流偏置会影响EVM和BER性能。本系统实现简单,避免了信道增益差异引起的BER变差问题。     

Wavelength division multiplexing experiment employing dual-wavelength LEDs and photodetectors

The performance of a wavelength-division-multiplexed light-wave system employing dual-wavelength InGaAsP LEDs and photodiodes near 1 ?m and 1.3 ?m wavelengths is reported. The dual-wavelength receiver, operated at 33 Mbit/s, provided ?38.5 dBm and ?39.7 dBm sensitivities at 10?9 BER in the two wavelength bands, respectively.     

Half‐duplex visible light communication using an LED as both a transmitter and a receiver

In typical visible light communication (VLC) systems, light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) are used as optical transmitters and photodiodes are used as optical receivers. Currently, many communication devices such as smart phones have a built‐in LED lamp whereas they usually do not have a built‐in photodiode. If we find a way to receive VLC signals without the need to add an additional photodiode on the communication devices, it will contribute to the spread of VLC. Therefore, we propose and demonstrate a VLC scheme without the need for a photodiode. As the first step, we investigate the characteristics of an LED as a VLC receiver and find out that an LED can also be used as a VLC receiver in certain conditions. Then, we demonstrate a half‐duplex VLC system using an LED as both an optical transmitter and an optical receiver, without the need for a photodiode. This technique could be used in various applications such as the VLC between smart phones with a built‐in LED lamp and the VLC between LED traffic lights. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

BIDIRECTIONAL TRANSMISSION OF ADDRESSED AUDIO SIGNAL THROUGH GI MULTIMODE OPTICAL FIBRES

This paper describes two types of bidirectional addressed audio signal transmission systems where the square-wave frequency modulation (SWFM) and intensity modulation (IM) are used to obtain the optical SWFM signals generated from LEDs at 850 nm. The first one is an addressed audio signal transmission network of tree structure. The sender and auxiliary receiver in the centre are connected to four terminals, each consisting of a receiver and an auxiliary sender, through pairs of optical fibres and an optical splitter used as an optical signal distributor. The second one is a new type of full-duplex one-to-one communication system. The sender and auxiliary receiver in one terminal are connected to the receiver and auxiliary sender in the other terminal through an optical fibre and a pair of directional couplers. Although LEDs in the second system deliver optical SWFM signals at the same wavelength of 850 nm at the same time, the communications are satisfactory because there is no interference from one LED to the other. In both the first and second experimental systems, the audio signal, address, and SWFM carrier occupy 10 Hz to 20 kHz, 65 kHz to 710 kHz, and 6 MHz, respectively. The SNR and distortion were 62 dB and 0.4 per cent, respectively.     

紫外光通信误码率测试系统设计

为了对紫外光通信系统的传输性能进行定量分析,设计了基于FPGA的误码序列发送和接收系统,并在上位机利用labVIEW程序实现了对误码的分析和计算。该系统发射端测试序列采用9阶伪随机m序列,并按照一定的速率传送给LED驱动电路,接收端完成光电信号处理、脉冲序列同步和数据提取,格式化后通过串口发送至上位机进行误码分析。室内测试结果表明,该设计适于完成紫外光通信系统误码率的分析和计算,可以为紫外光通信系统最佳链路的选择提供依据。     

大功率LED的脉冲响应及其大电流光调制技术研究

LED作为可见光通信(VLC)的发射光源时为保证足够 大的光信号覆盖范围和信号强度,应采用大电流脉冲调制。本文研究了大功率LED的光 -电脉冲响应比小功率器件较慢、从而造成光调制带宽降低的原因,以及LED注入电 子和空穴的缓慢复 合与驱动电路晶体管在大电流工作时的存储效应;由此设计了FPGA控制下的光脉冲整形方案 ,信号脉冲经由FPGA再生同时产生另外两路相位关联的短脉冲,同步控制驱动电路分别 在信号脉冲上 升沿施加一个瞬时高压加速载流子注入,在脉冲下降沿使LED两端短路将剩余载流子泄放, 使光脉冲边沿加速进行整形。对接收信号 的眼图和误码率(BER)的测试结果表明,在接近安培量级的 峰-峰值调 制电流下,通过这种同步控制方法使光信号质量得到有效改善,传输速率得到明显提高。     

多照明区域协作的室内可见光定位

考虑室内存在障碍物遮挡及背景光和反射光干扰 较强的实际定位场景,提出了一种基于多照明区域 协作的LED可见光室内定位方法。本文方法引入多照明区域联合定位思想,利用分布于室内 不同区域的LED 发出的参考信号估计定位节点到各LED的信号传输时间差,构造协作定位距离估计目标函数 ,并通过非线 性最小二乘(NLLS)算法获得定位目标的位置估计。将提出的定位算法在10m×3m的空间区域中进行定位仿 真,在5W LED照明、双区域协作条件下,获得了平均定位误差7.41 cm的定位精度。结果表明:提出的协 作算法不仅提高了室内定位精度和系统应用的普适性及鲁棒性,而且有效地解决了室内可见 光定位存在的遮挡效应;此外,对动态定位追踪也有一定的效果。     

On the architecture and performance of an FFT-based spread-spectrumdownlink RAKE receiver

This paper describes a spread-spectrum downlink RAKE receiver that computes data detection in the frequency domain. We assume a pilot signal is transmitted with data signals for channel sounding. The pilot signal does not degrade the receiver bit error rate (BER) performance because the receiver estimates the pilot signal and subtracts the estimated pilot signal from the received signal before data detection. A spreading code matched filter, a channel matched filter, and a sounding receiver are implemented by fast Fourier transform (FFT)-based matched filtering and integrated in a unified architecture. Monte Carlo simulation is used to evaluate the receiver BER performance in both a static channel and a mobile radio channel. Simulation results show that the RAKE receiver performs well in both kinds of channels     

Efficient signal transmission algorithms for remote sensing gamma radiation over developed mobil WiMax network

This paper overcomes two key issues within radiation monitoring networks. Secure and accurate transmission of detected gamma radiation in remote areas is the first challenge. The second one is related to the robustness of transmitted signal under different fading scenarios. These issues are handled during signal transmission over worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMax) networks. The signals are experimentally captured using a ¹³⁷Cs point source, a NaI (TI) detector, and an analog-to-digital converter with 16 MS/s. For the first issue, several algorithms are implemented for secure and efficient transmission of gamma-based signals. These algorithms include encoding of captured signal, decoding, interleaving, and frequency transformation of modulated signal. Encoding and decoding of target signals are conducted using the Reed Solomon technique and convolutional encoding with a Viterbi decoder. A superior algorithm for channel interleaver using the combinational interleaving method is introduced. Fast lifting transform (FLT) is applied for transforming modulated signal into frequency domain. The results declare that CC = 1/2 with BPSK-1/2 coding rate introduces a better BER of 0.00068. A higher SNR of 1.5 dB is accomplished by the combinational interleaving algorithm. For the second issue, several models are suggested for overcoming channel degradations under gamma, exponential, Poisson, and geometric fading. Closed-form expressions that describe outage probability, bit error rate (BER), and symbol error rate (SER) are suggested. Geometric and gamma fading achieve respectively a lower BER of 0.18 and 0.48. These channels demonstrate similar channel performances at 3.6 dB. The proposed models are validated through comparison with published work. Finally, the proposed algorithms enable higher data rate transmission of detected ¹³⁷Cs signals under higher robustness using WiMax networks.     

On the performance of analog multiuser detection in ultra-wideband transmitted-reference system

The detection performance is evaluated for our proposed analog multiuser receiver in Ul-tra-WideBand (UWB) transmitted-reference system. In the presence of dense multipath and multi-access signals, the performance analysis is difficult due to the complicated waveform of received impulse. We de-velop an approach to analyze the steady-state Signal-to-Interference-plus-Noise (SINR) of the detector out-put. The multipath-spread impulse is fitted to an exponentially decaying profile in the analysis. A closed-form expression of steady-state SINR is further deduced for the proposed Least Minimum Square (LMS) detector. The analysis is validated by simulations in Line-Of-Sight (LOS) and Non-Line-Of-Sight (NLOS) channel re-spectively. Based on the theoretical results, the multipath delay spread is employed to determine the optimal width of the integration window of the detector.     

Transmission performance of all-optical domain orthogonal frequency division multiplexing signals due to fiber nonlinearities for long-reach PON applications

This study examined the performance of 110 Gb/s all-optical domain orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (AO-OFDM) signal transmission systems using optical multi-carrier generation and optical 2-subcarrier modulation under the effects of chromatic dispersion and fiber nonlinearity. The numerical simulation results showed that the performance degradation of AO-OFDM signals lies in the inter-carrier interference between the subcarrier signals generated from the fiber nonlinearities. The numerical simulation showed that the calculated BER of the AO-OFDM channels has some power penalties at 10^?9 BER for the fiber chromatic dispersion effect. The calculated receiver sensitivity at 10^?9 BER showed additional degradation at the central subcarrier channel by applying a fiber launching power of 12 dBm after transmission over a 100 km standard single-mode fiber (SMF) link. The simulation results are expected to be useful for multi-service systems employing AO-OFDM technology in the future long-reach passive optical network (PON) applications.     

Wide illumination and communication angle visible light communication system based on low output impedance LED driver amplifier

The visible light communication (VLC) system employs large viewing divergence angle light-emitting diode (LED) to realize illumination and communication simultaneously, so the geometric loss of optical power may reach tens of decibels, moreover, considering the gain reduction of the LED at high frequency, signal power at the receiver will be too weak. To overcome these drawbacks, in this paper, a low output impedance power driver amplifier is presented to provide enough power to drive a medium power commercial LED used at the end of the optical transmitter. A 125 Mbit/s real-time communication with illumination and communication angle of 130° has been achieved at a distance of 3 m, the bit error rate (BER) is 3.13×10-11 at a divergence angle of LED of 0° and 1.21×10-6 at a communication angle of 130°. Experimental results indicated that this VLC system can be used for illumination and communication simultaneously.     

An inter-lighting interference cancellation scheme for MISO-VLC systems

In this paper, we propose an inter-lighting interference cancellation (ILIC) scheme to reduce the interference between adjacent light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and enhance the transmission capacity of multiple-input–single-output (MISO)-visible light communication (VLC) systems. In indoor environments, multiple LEDs have normally been used as lighting sources, allowing the design of MISO-VLC systems. To enhance the transmission capacity, different data should be simultaneously transmitted from each LED; however, that can lead to interference between adjacent LEDs. In that case, relatively low-received power signals are subjected to large interference because wireless optical systems generally use intensity modulation and direct detection. Thus, only the signal with the highest received power can be detected, while the other received signals cannot be detected. To solve this problem, we propose the ILIC scheme for MISO-VLC systems. The proposed scheme preferentially detects the highest received power signal, and this signal is referred as interference signal by an interference component generator. Then, relatively low-received power signal can be detected by cancelling the interference signal from the total received signals. Therefore, the performance of the proposed scheme can improve the total average bit error rate and throughput of a MISO-VLC system.     

红外发光二极管辐射强度的测量

本文描述了红外发光二极管(LED)的概况,介绍了适用的热电型和光电型两种光探测器,指出了各自的优缺点及基本测量公式,重点阐述了红外LED辐射强度测量的方法及公式。最后针对现行的测量标准提出了三点建议。特别需要指出的是,用热电型光探测器测量LED的辐射强度是LED业界首次提出的方法。     

Electrical-efficiency analysis of GaN-based light-emitting diodes with interdigitated-mesa geometry

We propose a novel method to analyze the current-voltage (I-V) characteristics of GaN-based light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with different p-type electrodemesa geometries. The electrical efficiency is analyzed by calculating the electric field under the quasi-coplanar electrodes of GaN-based LEDs. The experimental results for GaN-based LEDs of chip sizes of 350×350 μm² and 1,000 × 1,000 μm² with interdigitated fingers are compared. A good agreement is obtained between the experimental and theoretical electrical efficiency of the GaN LEDs with a chip size of 1,000×1,000 μm². The current-crowding effect is analyzed by measuring the electroluminescence spectra of the devices. The result indicates that the current-crowding effect is largely reduced by increasing the number of interdigitated fingers. The electrical efficiency of a LED with a chip size of 1,000×1,000 μm² can be also enhanced by increasing the number of interdigitated fingers, showing the advantages of GaN LED with interdigitated-mesa geometries.