WLAN中MAC协议性能分析研究

对媒体接入控制(Media Access Control,MAC)协议进行性能分析,可以深入理解MAC协议的操作特点,发现吞吐量、数据包时延与丢失等性能遭受影响的本质原因。对当前马尔可夫链性能分析法加以详细地分析与总结,分别阐述了无线局域网络中分布式协调功能和增强的分布式信道接入两种MAC协议的性能分析研究工作。对进一步的研究工作进行了分析与展望。     

基于TDMA的远距离无线网络MAC层访问控制

近年来,随着移动终端的普及,人们希望无线网络能够更加方便、更加高效。如今的无线网络致力于提供高效、公平以及服务质量等特性,而在远距离的无线网络环境中,这些特性却很难得到满足。提出控制终端的上行传输机制,将远距离的终端和近距离的终端同时传输,以提高基站的带宽利用率。主要解决了以下几个问题,首先,如何取得终端的距离;其次,如何调度各个终端的发送,使得带宽利用率提高。     

TRAP: a high performance protocol for wireless local area networks

The fixed number of available random addresses for randomly addressed polling (RAP) poses a significant problem in terms of scalability in case of many active stations. In such cases, the protocol's performance is significantly degraded. In this paper, we propose a TDMA-based randomly addressed polling (TRAP) protocol. The protocol employs a variable-length TDMA-based contention stage with the length based on the number of active stations. At the beginning of each polling cycle, the base station invites all active mobile stations to register their intention to transmit via transmission of a short pulse. The base station uses the aggregate received pulse in order to obtain an estimate of the number of contending stations and schedules the contention stage to comprise an adequate number of time slots for these stations to successfully register their intention to transmit. Then it transmits a READY message carrying the number of time slots P. Each mobile station calculates a random address in the interval [0…P−1], transmits its registration request in the respective time slot and then the base station polls according to the received random addresses. Simulation results are presented that reveal the superiority of TRAP against the RAP protocol in case of medium and high offered loads. Furthermore, the implementation of the proposed protocol is much simpler than that of CDMA-based versions of RAP, since no extra hardware is needed for the orthogonal reception of the random addresses.     

IEEE 802.11无线局域网标准研究*

介绍了IEEE 802.11全系列标准,研究了IEEE 802.11系列各标准的发展轨迹和相互关系,建立了该系列标准的层次模型。研究并分析了IEEE 802.11、IEEE 802.11a、IEEE 802.11b、IEEE 802.11g和IEEE 802.11n这几种常见标准,并对相应物理层和媒质访问控制层的关键技术作了重点分析。     

基于IEEE 802.15.6的无线体域网自适应MAC协议

针对无线体域网MAC协议自适应性不高且能效低的问题,提出一种基于IEEE 802.15.6的无线体域网自适应MAC协议（A-MAC）。对IEEE 802.15.6的超帧结构进行改进,竞争接入阶段和非竞争接入阶段的长度根据产生各优先级数据的节点所占的比例进行调整。竞争接入阶段又被划分为三个子阶段,子阶段的长度根据数据优先级情况进行动态调整。所有节点在竞争接入阶段按照信道接入策略竞争接入信道。最后仿真结果表明,在吞吐量、能耗和网络时延方面,使用A-MAC协议的网络性能明显优于使用IEEE 802.15.6 MAC和CA-MAC协议的网络性能。     

无线传感器网络TDMA MAC协议的对比和改进研究

无线传感器网络MAC协议对网络的生命期有着重要影响,为找到适合一定环境所使用的MAC协议,必须对不同的MAC协议进行必要的分析。从数据帧着手,分析了不同的基于TDMA的调度式MAC协议的差异。针对原有TDMA MAC协议数据传输量不高、实现难度大等问题,提出相应的改进方法,并对三个基于LEACH的TDMA MAC协议进行了仿真实现,仿真结果与数据分析的结果一致。     

多速率Ad hoc网络MAC层公平性的分析与改进

在多速率Ad hoc网络中,利用自适应速率调整算法,网络节点可以根据信道质量选择不同的传输速率,从而提高网络的总体通信能力。对多速率Ad hoc网络MAC层公平性进行了仿真和分析,实验结果表明基于IEEE 802.11的多速率Ad hoc网络中存在严重的公平性问题。通过对吞吐率公平和时间公平的讨论,指出在多速率Ad hoc网络中进行MAC层公平性研究,时间公平性标准是较优的选择。另外提出一种针对多速率Ad hoc网络的改进公平回退（EFB）算法,仿真实验的结果表明该算法能够明显提高多速率Ad hoc网络的MAC层公平性。     

Performance evaluation of heterogeneous wireless local area networks

The overall market for wireless local area networks (WLANs) grew more than 200% from 2000 to 2002, and will continue to grow at a compound annual growth rate of 23% until 2007. The objective of this research was to assess the performance of commercial-off-the-shelf WLAN systems with respect to interoperability, roaming ability, power consumption, throughput, and range. The evaluation was performed on both homogeneous and heterogeneous WLAN systems. Experimental test results indicate that the fundamental components of a WLAN system (i.e. access points and radio cards) and their combinations, significantly affect performance with respect to range, throughput, and power consumption. No significant differences in performance were observed in the WLAN systems with respect to interoperability (i.e. all systems characterized proved to be fully interoperable) or roaming (i.e. all combinations of access points and radio cards were able to seamlessly roam).     

无线传感器网络MAC协议的设计研究

媒体访问控制(MAC)协议是无线传感器网络协议的重要组成部分,它的性能好坏直接关系到无线信道的利用效率和整个网络的性能。介绍了无线传感器网络MAC协议设计的主要问题,根据设计指标的不同对无线传感器网络MAC协议进行了分类,并在此基础上,分析研究了几种典型的无线传感器网络MAC协议采用的机制和方法。     

一种用于无线局域网可伸缩视频传输的跨层结构与SBED算法*

为了增强802.11e无线局域网上的视频传输质量,提出了一种跨层结构与自适应映射算法。将H.264可伸缩视频编码（SVC）的层次信息与802.11e MAC层的访问类（AC）相结合,基于重要性早期检测（SBED）策略将SVC数据包动态映射到合适的AC上,在基础层损失率与平均重要性损失度间实现良好的平衡。仿真表明,该方案的PSNR性能明显优于现有的静态与随机映射方案。     

WLAN跨层链路自适应机制

针对IEEE 802.11无线局域网（WLAN）标准并没有给出速率自适应机制的问题,提出了联合物理层与MAC层的跨层链路自适应机制CLLA。该机制在考虑信道干扰、区分碰撞丢失和噪声干扰丢失的前提下,分别对物理层和MAC层进行了数学描述,建立了以吞吐量为性能指标的两层参数之间的函数关系,自适应地选择发送速率以提高系统的吞吐量。仿真实验及与现有链路自适应机制的比较表明,提出的跨层链路自适应机制CLLA不仅能适应噪声干扰与信道的变化,而且明显地提高了系统的吞吐量。     

USIM-based EAP-TLS authentication protocol for wireless local area networks

Due to the rapid growth in popularity of Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN), wireless security has become one of many important research issues. For the WLAN security, the IEEE 802.1X standard provides an authentication framework that is based on the Extensible Authentication Protocols (EAP). In the EAP framework, there are many authentication protocols that have been proposed, in which each authentication protocol has some strengths and weaknesses, respectively. Most EAP authentication protocols lack two features: identity protection and withstanding man-in-the-middle attacks. In this paper, we first propose a novel symmetric-key based certificate distribution scheme based on Universal Subscriber Identity Module (USIM) cards in a cellular network. The symmetric-key based certificate distribution scheme allows mobile subscribers to obtain temporary certificates from the corresponding cellular network. Combining the proposed certificate distribution scheme with the EAP-TLS (Transport Layer Security) protocol, we present a new EAP authentication protocol called USIM-based EAP authentication protocol. The new EAP authentication protocol combining with USIM cards is an extension of the EAP-TLS protocol and also follows the EAP framework in the IEEE 802.1X standard. Compared to other EAP authentication protocols, the proposed protocol provides mutual authentication, strong identity protection and roaming capability between the cellular network and the WLAN networks.     

Extended EDCA for delay guarantees in wireless local area networks

Despite their very broad diffusion, IEEE 802.11 Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs) are not able to provide service differentiation and to support real-time multimedia applications, due to their channel access methods. To overcome these limitations, the 802.11e working group has proposed the Enhanced Distributed Coordination Access (EDCA) scheme, which achieves service differentiation on a statistical basis by properly mapping user Quality of Service (QoS) requirements to channel contention parameters. Such a scheme will be included in the emerging 802.11n standard and in the revision of the 802.11 standard. However, it has been widely demonstrated that, especially at high network loads, EDCA does not provide an effective usage of the channel capacity. In particular, it is unable to provide a bounded delay service to all kinds of multimedia flow because flows with lower channel access priorities are starved to advantage only those with the highest priority. To fix this undesired behavior and improve wireless LAN performance, this paper proposes a new Extended EDCA (E²DCA) scheme, that is compliant with 802.11e specifications. By exploiting a closed-loop control algorithm, E²DCA performs a distributed dynamic bandwidth allocation, providing guarantees on average/absolute delays to real-time media flows, regardless of their priorities. Moreover, an innovative Call Admission Control (CAC) procedure has been developed. Using the ns-2 simulator, the effectiveness of the algorithm has been investigated in realistic network scenarios, involving a mix of audio, video, and FTP flows, at several network loads and with random losses. Results have shown that the proposed scheme is able to provide a bounded delay service to multimedia flows in a wide range of network loads and frame loss ratios.     

高效快速的太赫兹无线个域网双信道MAC协议

针对现有的太赫兹无线个域网络中太赫兹辅助波束赋形媒体访问控制（MAC）协议（TAB-MAC）存在数据传输时延较大以及信道利用率低问题,提出了一种高效快速的太赫兹无线个域网双信道MAC协议（EF-MAC）。通过目的节点向源节点发送测试帧机制来减少一个确认帧,从而减少控制开销和测试时延;采用自适应取消节点位置信息的收发机制,源或目的节点通过之前的请求发送帧/允许发送帧（RTS/CTS）帧交互过程已获得对方节点的位置信息且对方节点的位置没有发生改变,可以省去RTS或CTS中的位置信息,减少控制开销。理论分析与仿真结果表明,与TAB-MAC协议相比,所提协议能够有效减小数据传输时延,提高网络吞吐量。     

A novel re-authentication scheme based on tickets in wireless local area networks

Fast re-authentication schemes during handover of a mobile station are essential to seamless services for real-time multimedia applications in wireless local area networks. Although much research has been done to reduce re-authentication latency, the schemes developed so far either suffer from heavy burden problems or degrade the security level. In this paper, a novel ticket-based approach is proposed for re-authentication during handover. The mobile station receives handover tickets from the authentication server as a proof of authorization, and it presents the corresponding ticket when associating with a new access point. Our scheme reduces re-authentication delay to the delay of 2-way handshake between a mobile station and an access point. Furthermore, this scheme imposes less burden over the entities compared with other proactive key pre-distribution schemes, while satisfying 802.11i security requirements.     

基于波束成形的60GHz无线局域网络定位算法

针对60GHz信号在非视距（NLOS）环境下测距困难的问题,提出一种基于波束成形的60GHz无线局域网络（WLAN）定位算法。首先,通过借助波束成形技术进行最强路径搜索,波束成形算法将天线的最大增益方向指向接收最强多径信号的方向,在增强搜索鲁棒性的同时扩大了定位覆盖范围;然后,对NLOS条件下的时延偏差进行建模,重构NLOS测量数据;最后,为进一步提高定位精度,设置检测阈值,引入异常值检测机制。采用Matlab仿真平台在STAs-STAs信道模型进行仿真,结果表明,NLOS环境下基于传统相干估计的到达时间（TOA）定位算法的定位误差约为2m,定位成功率仅为0.5%,而采用基于波束成形的60GHz定位算法后,定位误差降低至1.02cm,定位成功率高达94%。因此,波束成形技术为NLOS环境下的60GHz定位提供了解决思路,有效地提高了60GHz室内定位精度和定位成功率。     

无线传感网络低占空比MAC协议性能研究

恰当的通信协议对降低无线通信能耗,延长网络寿命具有重要的意义。低占空比MAC协议通过节点的休眠机制,大大降低了通信模块的空闲监听能耗。以S-MAC协议为例,研究了树型拓扑下低占空比协议的能耗性能、时延性能以及吞吐量,分析了各性能之间的关系以及休眠机制对性能的影响,并通过研究指出了协议的改进方向。     

Roaming across wireless local area networks using SIM-based authentication protocol

Wireless local area networks provide high speed data transferring rate to a mobile device. And it is crucial to integrate together two critical issues, the authentication and roaming in heterogeneous networks. For this, Tsai and Chang proposed a SIM-based authentication mechanism for wireless local area networks in 2006. Tsai and Chang's scheme provides an integration method of mobile cellular networks and wireless local area networks. Unfortunately, we found that there are some weaknesses existing in their scheme. In this paper, we propose an improved version for a user roaming in heterogeneous networks. Besides, we also proposed a mobile IP model to provide a better efficiency for a mobile user in WLAN environment.     

基于有序竞争的传感器网络MAC协议

在定向扩散路由无线传感器网络中,为减轻竞争型MAC协议CSMA/CD的碰撞冲突问题,以及减小MAC协议引入的时延,对CSMA/CD协议进行改进,提出基于定向扩散与有序竞争的传感器网络MAC协议,即CSMA/CD-DDOC,通过将同跳梯度层次内的转发节点进行分组后实施各分组对共享信道的有序竞争,减少同时争用信道的节点数目,以达到减少碰撞和减小时延的目的。理论分析和仿真结果表明,CSMA/CD-DDOC协议具有优于CSMA/CD协议的时延性能。     

基于自适应更新的无线传感网络MAC协议

针对无线传感器网络节点能量受限问题,提出了一种新的自适应更新异步MAC协议——AU-MAC协议。该协议以睡眠与工作状态切换、异步方式和自适应更新相结合的办法有效延长了网络寿命,减少了节点能耗。AU-MAC协议通过采用发方监听、接方激活数据传输,提高了信道利用的有效性。并且,它以建立邻居节点信息表,引入自适应更新机制,来减少空闲监听。在NS2网络仿真平台对提出的AU-MAC协议的性能进行了仿真评估。仿真结果表明,AU-MAC协议在保持相当的吞吐量以及端—端延迟的基础上,使无线传感器网络的能量有效性得到了改善。