苹果泥加工及储藏过程中6种农药残留变化

目的 明确苹果泥加工及储藏过程中多菌灵、噻虫嗪、吡虫啉、啶虫脒、咪鲜胺和苯醚甲环唑残留变化规律。方法 通过实验室模拟加工和加速储藏实验, 采用液相色谱-质谱法检测其中多菌灵、噻虫嗪、吡虫啉、啶虫脒、咪鲜胺和苯醚甲环唑的残留变化。结果 建立的检测方法中, 6种农药回收率范围为80.48%~114.58%, 相对标准偏差为2.08%~6.43%, 检出限为0.10~1.25 μg/kg, 定量限为0.50~5.00 μg/kg。苹果泥加工过程中清洗步骤农药残留浓度降低12.93%~38.87%, 预煮步骤农药残留浓度降低24.61%~58.16%, 而巴氏杀菌步骤农药残留浓度略有增加(P>0.05)。加速储藏过程中6种农药残留浓度均降低, 其中咪鲜胺在加速储藏14 d后未检出。苹果泥加工全程及储藏过程中6种农药的加工因子均小于1。结论 研究结果可为苹果泥中农药最大残留限量制定及消费者安全膳食引导提供参考, 获得的加工因子可用于食品安全风险评估, 提升风险评估结果的准确性。     

初加工过程对党参中5种农药残留的影响

[目的] 明确党参初加工过程中多菌灵、三唑酮、戊唑醇、咪鲜胺和苯醚甲环唑5种农药残留变化情况。[方法] 通过实验室浸泡法模拟农药污染试验,采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(UHPLC-MS/MS)检测经过清洗、水煮和干燥3种初加工过程后,多菌灵、三唑酮、戊唑醇、咪鲜胺和苯醚甲环唑在党参中的残留量。[结果] 结果表明,清洗后党参中农药残留量降低至0.04~0.76 mg/kg,去除率达18.0%~87.9%,加工因子（PF）在0.12~0.79之间,以2%的小苏打水清洗效果最佳。水煮后残留浓度降低至0.069~0.64 mg/kg,去除率达18.6%~67.1%,PF在0.35~0.84之间,以水煮3 min处理对5种农药残留去除效果较好。党参中5种农药残留量在经干燥后残留量在0.27~1.22 mg/kg之间,PF值范围为1.86~4.10,比干燥前增加了44.3%~74.7%,不同温度下的农药残留量大小顺序为50 ℃＞40 ℃＞60 ℃。不同加工过程对5种农药的去除效果强弱顺序依次为：清洗>水煮>干燥。[结论]党参以2%小苏打水清洗,水煮时间为3 min,烘干温度为60 ℃进行加工,农药残留去除效果最佳;实验结果为有效预防农药残留对生产的影响提供技术支撑,对保障食品安全具有重要意义。     

清洗对蔬菜中灭蝇胺、咪鲜胺及其代谢物的影响

为研究清洗处理对蔬菜中农药残留的影响,选择3种不同类型的蔬菜品种,设置3个农药浓度组分别为空白、低浓度、高浓度组进行田间喷施试验,在安全间隔期后进行采收,对比3种蔬菜中灭蝇胺、咪鲜胺及其代谢物的去除效果。结果表明,3种蔬菜清洗后的加工因子均小于1,其中灭蝇胺的去除率为25.61%～66.00%,三聚氰胺的去除率为14.69%～89.74%,2,4,6-三氯苯酚的去除率为20.69%～50.73%。综上,清洗可以去除2种农药及其代谢物,但达不到完全去除,其中灭蝇胺的去除效果较咪鲜胺更好。     

桃加工过程中3种噻二唑类农药残留动态

目的 研究清洗和去皮对桃中噻唑锌、噻菌铜和噻森铜残留的影响及榨汁和罐头加工过程中3种农药的残留变化规律。方法 采用室内模拟桃加工方式, 通过高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, HPLC-MS/MS)检测噻唑锌、噻菌铜和噻森铜在桃中的残留。结果 清洗和去皮对降低桃中噻唑锌、噻菌铜和噻森铜的残留效果显著, 清洗对3种农药的去除率分别为62%、60%和83%, 去皮对3种农药的去除率分别为80%、64%和91%。榨汁后, 噻唑锌、噻菌铜和噻森铜在果汁中的转移率分别为17%、18%和24%, 在果渣中的转移率分别为63%、58%和54%。罐头加工过程中, KMnO4消毒和去皮对3种农药残留去除率较高, 分别为58%~65%和30%~75%; 漂烫和加入糖水对3种农药的去除率较低, 分别为5%~13%和8%~19%。桃果汁和罐头加工后3种农药的加工因子小于1, 桃果渣加工后3种农药的加工因子大于1。结论 清洗和去皮可大量减少桃中噻唑锌、噻菌铜和噻森铜残留, 桃果汁和罐头加工使3种农药残留水平降低, 果渣加工使三种农药残留水平升高。此研究可为桃饮品和桃罐头的膳食风险评估以及加工过程中农药残留消减提供数据参考。     

3 种杀菌剂在北京林地食用菌中的残留与安全性评价

在北京市林地食用菌基地采集不同品种食用菌,监测多菌灵、噻菌灵和咪鲜胺的残留水平。样品用乙腈提取,N-丙基乙二胺和弱阳离子交换吸附剂净化,超高效反相液相色谱分离,三重四极杆质谱检测,基质匹配标准溶液的外标法定量。在添加量为0.01～1.0 mg/kg时,方法的回收率为74%～100%,相对标准偏差为2%～13.0%,咪鲜胺、噻菌灵和多菌灵3 种农药的最小检出量分别为0.003、0.003、0.001 5 ng,最低检出浓度为0.01 mg/kg。林地食用菌样品中噻菌灵的残留量均小于0.01 mg/kg,多菌灵的残留量为0.01～0.42 mg/kg,咪鲜胺的残留量为0.01～0.51 mg/kg。我国规定多菌灵、噻菌灵、咪鲜胺在食用菌中的最大残留限量分别为1.0、5.0、2.0 mg/kg,以此为依据,北京林地食用菌中的多菌灵、噻菌灵和咪鲜胺残留是安全的。     

清洗方法对果蔬农药残留去除效果的影响

为有效去除蔬菜水果中农药残留以提高食用安全性,比较用清水、淘米水、洗洁剂浸泡和臭氧机对青菜、米苋、蕹菜、芹菜、黄瓜、辣椒和茄子中常用农药百菌清、腐霉利和氯氟氰菊酯残留的去除效果。结果表明:同种蔬菜相同清洗方式,3种农药残留去除率依次为:百菌清腐霉利氯氟氰菊酯[青菜清水浸泡10 min后,百菌清、腐霉利、氯氟氰菊酯去除率分别为(90.34±3.63)%、(76.34±1.76)%、(22.73±5.26)%];不同种类蔬菜同种农药残留的去除效果由高到低为:叶菜类果菜类[青菜和黄瓜清水浸泡10 min后,百菌清去除率分别为(90.34±3.63)%,(56.59±2.77)%];不同清洗方式对农药残留的去除效果,采用淘米水浸泡5 min~10 min,去除农药残留效果最好。此外,对于带皮果蔬黄瓜,通过去皮,百菌清去除率为100%,腐霉利去除率为77.5%。结论:农药残留的去除效果与清洗方式、农药和果蔬种类有关。     

梨果套袋及常用清洗方式对农药残留去除效果研究

目的 研究套袋模式以及常用清洗方式对梨果中农药残留去除效果。方法 在套袋与不套袋梨树上施用6种农药(毒死蜱、高效氯氰菊酯、苯醚甲环唑、戊唑醇、多菌灵、吡虫啉), 采摘期分别取样, 非套袋梨果用4种方式(清水、盐水、苏打水、洗涤精)清洗, 对比套袋与不套袋, 4种方式清洗与不清洗梨果中农药残留量。结果 套袋梨果对比不套袋农药去除率为43%~96%。4种清洗方式相比不清洗的去除率为44%~88%。结论 套袋以及4种清洗方式均能有效去除农药残留, 但存在一定差异, 苏打水清洗去除梨果农药残留效果最佳。     

芦笋罐头加工工艺的研究

主要对芦笋罐头的加工工艺和配方进行了探讨。原料经过清洗、去皮、预煮、冷却、装罐、灌汤,然后通过真空封罐,经杀菌冷却制成芦笋罐头。实验结果表明8,0℃预煮3 min可保持其较好的色泽和组织状态。正交试验得到罐头罐液的最佳配方为糖0.8%,食盐2.0%,柠檬酸0.05%,抗坏血酸0.05%。罐头的适宜杀菌条件为121℃,10 min。     

气相色谱法检测苹果中氟环唑、咪鲜胺及其代谢物的残留

目的建立气相色谱法检测苹果中咪鲜胺及其代谢物2,4,6-三氯苯酚和氟环唑残留的分析方法。方法匀浆样品加入1%乙酸乙腈振荡,再加入3 g NaCl、2 g无水Na2SO4高速振荡10 min,以5000 r/min离心5 min提取,之后经N-丙基乙二胺(primary secondary amine,PSA)净化,采用气相色谱法进行检测,外标法定量。结果苹果中3种农药在0.01~2.0 mg/L范围内呈良好线性(r2=0.999)。方法定量限为10~20μg/kg。平均回收率为74%~108%,相对标准偏差为2.90%~9.55%。结论该方法准确、快速、可靠,适用于苹果中咪鲜胺及其代谢物2,4,6-三氯苯酚和氟环唑残留量的检测。     

香菇罐头加工过程中甲醛含量变化的研究

研究香菇罐头加工过程中甲醛含量的变化及其影响因素,为加工、烹调香菇过程中有效降低甲醛含量提供依据.研究结果表明,鲜香菇中甲醛检出率为100%,含量在4.52 mg/kg～23.94mg/Kg;在香菇罐头加工过程中,清洗、预煮、冷却可以有效降低香菇中的甲醛含量,其中预煮是降低香菇罐头中甲醛含量最有效的步骤.鲜香菇经加工成罐头后,其中的甲醛含量均值由12.36mg/kg降到了3.29mg/kg.     

Effect of household and industrial processing on the levels of pesticide residues and degradation products in melons

Two varieties of melons (Cucumis melo) were treated with two fungicides (carbendazim and maneb) and four insecticides (acetamiprid, cyromazin, imazalil and thiamethoxam) to quantify the effect of household processing on the pesticide residues. To ensure sufficiently high levels of residues in flesh and peel, the most concentrated formulations were applied observing good agricultural practice. The peeling step decreased the concentration of pesticide residues for maneb, imazalil and acetamiprid by more than 90%. Cyromazin, carbendazim and thiamethoxam were reduced by approximately 50%. The reduction of the pesticides could not be fully explained by the systemic character of the pesticides. However, the agricultural practices (time of application), solubility and mode of action (systemic versus contact pesticide) of the pesticides could be used to explain the difference in processing factors for the studied pesticides. Degradation products (melamine and ethylenethiourea) were also investigated in this study, but were not detected.     

Effect of household and industrial processing on the levels of pesticide residues and degradation products in melons

Two varieties of melons (Cucumis melo) were treated with two fungicides (carbendazim and maneb) and four insecticides (acetamiprid, cyromazin, imazalil and thiamethoxam) to quantify the effect of household processing on the pesticide residues. To ensure sufficiently high levels of residues in flesh and peel, the most concentrated formulations were applied observing good agricultural practice. The peeling step decreased the concentration of pesticide residues for maneb, imazalil and acetamiprid by more than 90%. Cyromazin, carbendazim and thiamethoxam were reduced by approximately 50%. The reduction of the pesticides could not be fully explained by the systemic character of the pesticides. However, the agricultural practices (time of application), solubility and mode of action (systemic versus contact pesticide) of the pesticides could be used to explain the difference in processing factors for the studied pesticides. Degradation products (melamine and ethylenethiourea) were also investigated in this study, but were not detected.     

Effect of home processing on the distribution and reduction of pesticide residues in apples

The effect of home processing (washing, peeling, coring and juicing) on residue levels of chlorpyrifos, β-cypermethrin, tebuconazole, acetamiprid and carbendazim in apple segments was investigated. The pesticide residues were determined by UPLC-MS/MS and GC with a flame photometric (FPD) and electron capture detection (ECD). The results indicated that the pesticide residue levels in the apple peel and core were higher compared with in the apple flesh. After peeled and cored apple was processed into apple juice and pomace, chlorpyrifos, β-cypermethrin and tebuconazole were concentrated in the apple pomace. However, residues of acetamiprid and carbendazim were exceptions. The apple pomace was free of acetamiprid, which was mainly present in the apple juice. After washing the mean loss of chlorpyrifos, β-cypermethrin, tebuconazole, acetamiprid and carbendazim from apples under recommended dosage and twofold higher dosage were 17–21%, 6.7–7.1%, 13–32%, 42–67% and 47–50%, respectively. The pesticide residues were significantly reduced in the edible part of the apple except for β-cypermethrin during peeling and coring process. The removal effect of apple juicing was found to be the most pronounced on β-cypermethrin residue, which was reduced in the range of 81–84%, and the reductions of chlorpyrifos, tebuconazole, acetamiprid and carbendazim upon apple juicing were in the range of 15–36%.     

拟除虫菊酯类农药在农产品中的污染现状及减除技术研究进展

拟除虫菊酯类农药因其稳定性和高效性被广泛应用于农业生产中,在农产品中的残留问题日益突出,对食品安全构成威胁。农药残留问题越来越受到消费者和相关研究人员的重视。因此,了解农产品中拟除虫菊酯类农药的污染现状,寻求有效措施控制污染已迫在眉睫。本文介绍了拟除虫菊酯类农药的特性,阐述了全球农产品中拟除虫菊酯类农药的残留现状,同时概述了拟除虫菊酯类农药的减除技术,并对其减除技术发展进行展望,为减少农产品中拟除虫菊酯类农药的残留,保障农产品安全提供参考依据。     

多菌灵和灭蝇胺在平菇及培养料中的残留及消解动态

目的研究多菌灵和灭蝇胺农药在平菇和培养料中的消解动态规律。方法在大棚中开展平菇及其培养料残留消解动态实验,采用超高效液相色谱(ultra performance liquid chromatography,UPLC)检测平菇和培养料中的农药残留量。结果在培养料中低浓度(1 g/kg)和高浓度(1.5 g/kg)的多菌灵消解半衰期分别为35.4 d和40.1 d,低浓度(0.25 g/kg)和高浓度(0.375 g/kg)灭蝇胺的消解半衰期分别22.5 d和24.2 d。平菇培养料的灭菌会显著减少其中多菌灵和灭蝇胺农药的残留量,低浓度和高浓度的灭蝇胺降解率分别为17.52%和8.04%,低浓度和高浓度的多菌灵降解率分别为43.17%和62.87%。平菇在含有灭蝇胺农药的培养料中栽培,同步采集的平菇子实体中均未检测到灭蝇胺的残留量;平菇在含有多菌灵农药的培养料中栽培,同步采集的平菇子实体中多菌灵的残留量在0.394 mg/kg以上。结论平菇培养料中灭蝇胺农药残留不会向平菇子实体转移,对食用菌产品质量安全的影响较小;平菇培养料中多菌灵农药会向平菇子实体转移,且影响平菇菌丝生长,建议慎用多菌灵。     

Effect of home processing on the distribution and reduction of pesticide residues in apples

The effect of home processing (washing, peeling, coring and juicing) on residue levels of chlorpyrifos, β-cypermethrin, tebuconazole, acetamiprid and carbendazim in apple segments was investigated. The pesticide residues were determined by UPLC-MS/MS and GC with a flame photometric (FPD) and electron capture detection (ECD). The results indicated that the pesticide residue levels in the apple peel and core were higher compared with in the apple flesh. After peeled and cored apple was processed into apple juice and pomace, chlorpyrifos, β-cypermethrin and tebuconazole were concentrated in the apple pomace. However, residues of acetamiprid and carbendazim were exceptions. The apple pomace was free of acetamiprid, which was mainly present in the apple juice. After washing the mean loss of chlorpyrifos, β-cypermethrin, tebuconazole, acetamiprid and carbendazim from apples under recommended dosage and twofold higher dosage were 17-21%, 6.7-7.1%, 13-32%, 42-67% and 47-50%, respectively. The pesticide residues were significantly reduced in the edible part of the apple except for β-cypermethrin during peeling and coring process. The removal effect of apple juicing was found to be the most pronounced on β-cypermethrin residue, which was reduced in the range of 81-84%, and the reductions of chlorpyrifos, tebuconazole, acetamiprid and carbendazim upon apple juicing were in the range of 15-36%.     

Effect of paste processing on residue levels of imidacloprid,pyraclostrobin, azoxystrobin and fipronil in winter jujube

The changes of imidacloprid, pyraclostrobin, azoxystrobin and fipronil residues were studied to investigate the carryover of pesticide residues in winter jujube during paste processing. A multi-residue analytical method for winter jujube was developed based on the QuEChERS approach. The recoveries for the pesticides were between 87.5% and 116.2%. LODs ranged from 0.002 to 0.1 mg kg^–1. The processing factor (Pf) is defined as the ratio of pesticide residue concentration in the paste to that in winter jujube. Pf was higher than 1 for the removal of extra water, and other steps were generally less than 1, indicating that the whole process resulted in lower pesticide residue levels in paste. Peeling would be the critical step for pesticide removal. Processing factors varied among different pesticides studied. The results are useful to address optimisation of the processing techniques in a manner that leads to considerable pesticide residue reduction.     

烟叶中多菌灵农药残留的降解规律和影响因素

为探索有效控制烟叶中多菌灵农药残留的措施,采用液相色谱-串联质谱检测技术,研究了多菌灵及其他常见苯并咪唑类杀菌剂在烟草上的农药残留特征及环境因子、采收后处理方式和储存条件对其降解的影响,明确了合理使用条件下多菌灵农药残留水平与形成机制。结果表明:基于QuEchERS前处理与液相色谱-串联质谱检测技术可以快速、准确检测3种常用苯并咪唑类杀菌剂,标准曲线、定量限、添加回收率符合农药残留检测方法要求;多菌灵、苯菌灵、甲基硫菌灵在鲜烟叶中的理论半衰期为6.8、6.3、6.6 d;25℃、湿度60%的环境最利于多菌灵降解;3种农药残留在冻干、杀青、烘烤过程的加工因子分别为5.11~5.66、3.95~4.55、2.96~3.39;多菌灵在常温和恒温条件下储存烟叶中的半衰期为224~365 d。在植物体内活性酶的作用下,田间降解是农药残留降解的主要方式,施药时药液浓度、末次施药到采收的间隔时间对多菌灵残留量有显著影响,加工方式、储存环境及储存时间也与其有一定关系。