酸预处理时间对鲢鱼皮明胶理化性质的影响

本文探究了酸预处理时间对鲢鱼皮明胶理化性质的影响。结果发现,当酸预处理时间从10 min增加到80 min,鲢鱼皮的结构变得疏松,在热水浸提中β肽链等胶原高分子组分易发生降解,提取的明胶其羟脯氨酸含量从61个残基下降到43个残基/1000个氨基酸。不管酸预处理时间多长,提取的鲢鱼皮明胶其等电点均在p H 9.2附近,但长时间的酸处理会使明胶的黏度、凝胶性能和成膜性能下降。当酸预处理时间为10 min时,制备的明胶凝胶强度、膜的抗拉伸强度和断裂延伸率分别为242.67 g、28.24 MPa和65.52%。根据圆二色光谱扫描的结果,发现酸预处理时间对明胶二级结构没有明显的影响,但酸预处理时间越长,提取的明胶在干燥过程中越不易复性形成三股螺旋结构,结果导致成膜性能下降。     

明胶添加量对兔皮明胶膜特性与结构的影响

从兔皮中提取明胶制备明胶膜,通过测定不同明胶添加量下膜的机械性能、水蒸气透过率、亚基组成和结构,探究明胶添加量对明胶膜特性与结构的影响。结果表明随着明胶添加量的增加,明胶膜体系内网络空间结构变大,从而膜的厚度增加。力学结果显示,明胶添加量为4 g/100 m L(w/v)时,明胶膜抗拉强度最高(p0.05);明胶添加量为6 g/100 m L(w/v)时,明胶膜断裂伸长率最低(p0.05)。水蒸气透过率结果表明随着明胶添加量的增加,水蒸气透过率呈现上升趋势。凝胶电泳结果显示,明胶添加量为4 g/100 m L(w/v)时,低分子量的蛋白组分产生更多交联,形成蛋白质-蛋白质交联的结构,此浓度下明胶膜的抗拉强度最大。FT-IR分析表明:当明胶添加量增加至4 g/100 m L(w/v)时,酰胺A带向高波数移动,说明肽链上的N-H基团并没有与甘油的-OH基团相互反应,而是明胶分子的官能团之间产生更强的相互作用,形成独特的网络结构。同时,酰胺Ⅰ带曲线拟合结果也表明当明胶添加量为4 g/100 m L时,膜内稳定结构较多,明胶分子之间的相互反应达到最大化,明胶膜的稳定性和成膜性能较优。     

鲢鱼皮明胶-海藻酸钠复合膜的制备与性能

鲢鱼皮明胶膜因具有安全性高和来源丰富等优点受到广泛关注。然而鲢鱼皮明胶膜的力学性能和阻隔性能 较差,若作为食品包装膜将会受到限制。为了改善鲢鱼皮明胶膜的性能,将海藻酸钠与鲢鱼皮明胶共混制成复合 膜。结果发现,制成的复合膜外观透亮,有阻隔紫外线和油脂的性质;当添加体积分数为20%的海藻酸钠时,复合 膜的水溶性和水蒸气透过率达到最小,抗拉强度达到最大。说明复合膜的阻隔性能和力学性能都优于鲢鱼皮明胶 膜。对膜的傅里叶变换红外光谱图和X射线衍射图进行分析,表明鲢鱼皮明胶和海藻酸钠存在较强的相互作用,这 可能是复合膜性能发生变化的主要原因。     

甘油添加量对兔皮明胶膜性能与结构的影响

以兔皮明胶为原料制备明胶膜,通过测定不同甘油添加量明胶膜的机械性能、水蒸气透过率、亚基组成及结构,明确了甘油添加量对明胶膜性能与结构的影响。结果表明甘油添加量对明胶膜厚度无显著性影响,而水蒸气透过率随甘油添加量的增加呈现上升趋势。力学性能结果表明当甘油添加量达22%（以明胶质量计,m/m）时,明胶膜的抗拉强度和断裂伸长率均显著增加（P＜0.05）。十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分析显示甘油并没有导致明胶分子的降解和聚集,膜内结构较稳定,并且当甘油添加量为30%时,膜的谱带强度增加,明胶膜有较高的抗拉强度。傅里叶变换红外光谱分析结果表明随甘油添加量增加,酰胺A带吸收峰逐渐向低波数移动（3 446.9～3 398.9 cm－1）,说明甘油分子进入到膜基质,与明胶分子侧链的N-H基团相互反应形成氢键;酰胺Ⅰ带曲线拟合结果表明随甘油添加量的增加,膜内无规卷曲含量逐渐减少,而三螺旋结构含量逐渐增加,说明甘油的添加可促进明胶膜形成更有序的空间结构,进而提升明胶膜的成膜性能和力学性能。     

兔皮、鸡皮和三文鱼皮明胶成膜性的对比

明胶作为可食性和可降解包装的主要材料,由于近年来食品安全问题及个人宗教信仰等,使得传统明胶不能大量应用,现亟需新型明胶材料的研究开发。为寻求最合适的明胶成膜材料,通过对阻隔性能、水溶性、力学性能、红外光谱分析和热稳定性分析来测定鸡皮、兔皮和三文鱼皮明胶的成膜性。最终表明:兔皮明胶膜的水蒸气透过率、水溶性、透氧率在三者中最低,也能表现出良好的机械性能,鸡皮明胶膜的热稳定性较好,但与兔皮明胶膜没有显著性差异。通过红外光谱图表明兔皮明胶膜酰胺A带的吸收峰最低,说明兔皮明胶中的羟脯氨酸和脯氨酸含量较多,酰胺Ⅰ分离子峰高斯拟合后发现兔皮明胶膜的三螺旋结构含量较多,同时甘油特征峰表示出甘油与兔皮明胶膜发生更多的交联。因此,兔皮明胶膜的各项性能优于鱼皮和鸡皮明胶膜,可以作为新型的明胶膜材料。     

3种淡水鱼鳞明胶成膜性的比较

以水蒸气渗透率(WVP)、透明度、溶解度和透油率等性质为评价指标,研究淡水鱼(草鱼、鳙鱼、鲫鱼)鱼鳞明胶的成膜性能,研究其对哺乳动物皮(猪皮、牛皮)明胶膜的可替代性。结果表明:3种淡水鱼鱼鳞明胶膜的WVP均低于哺乳动物明胶膜,其中鲫鱼鱼鳞明胶膜的WVP最低;鱼鳞明胶膜的溶解度、透光度和透油率高于哺乳动物明胶膜,其中草鱼鱼鳞明胶膜的溶解度和透油率最高,鳙鱼鱼鳞明胶膜有最高的透光度但是透油率最低,鲫鱼鱼鳞明胶膜的溶解度、透光度最低。红外结果表明,不同明胶膜的结构相似,甘油的特征吸收峰表明甘油和哺乳动物明胶膜发生更多的交联。     

4 种改性方式对明胶膜性能的影响

研究了共混改性、增塑改性、交联改性和乳化改性对明胶膜性能的影响。结果表明,明胶分别与壳聚糖、海藻酸钠共混溶解性较好,成膜均匀透明,同时具有较低的水蒸气透过率和透氧率,阻隔性增强;添加甘油作为增塑剂可提高明胶膜的断裂伸长率,机械性能增强;与柠檬酸钠交联改性后降低了明胶膜的水蒸气透过率,增强阻隔性能,提高抗拉强度,增强力学性能,但是膜的透光率下降;添加质量分数为0.1%的乳化剂吐温-80可以降低可食膜的水蒸气透过率,增强膜的阻隔性能,同时增大抗拉强度,改善机械性能。研究认为,共混、增塑、交联、乳化4 种改性方式均能不同程度地影响明胶膜的阻隔性能和机械性能,改善明胶膜的综合性能以满足其在不同领域的应用。     

双醛淀粉改性明胶膜的制备与性能研究

利用双醛淀粉(DAS)交联明胶,制备了DAS改性明胶膜,研究了DAS改性对明胶膜力学性能、溶胀性能、吸湿性能和热降解稳定性能的影响。结果表明:DAS能有效地与明胶发生交联反应。适量DAS的交联可大幅提高明胶膜的拉伸强度。DAS交联可赋予明胶稳定的结构,有效地降低明胶膜对水的敏感性。随着DAS用量的增加,明胶膜的平衡溶胀率逐渐降低。DAS交联可降低明胶膜的吸湿率,在DAS用量为3%～5%时,膜的平衡吸湿率最低。经DAS改性后,明胶膜的热降解温度升高,表明其耐热降解稳定性得到提高。     

基于明胶硬胶囊性能评价的明胶—普鲁兰复合膜研究

制备了明胶—普鲁兰复合膜,通过测定复合膜的性质来指导评价硬胶囊的性能、优化硬胶囊囊材配比及降低其脆碎性和水蒸气透过系数(WVP),并通过透光率、傅立叶红外光谱、扫描电镜来表征明胶与普鲁兰的相容性。结果表明:甘油添加量为10%(干基百分比),明胶/普鲁兰质量比为91时,可用于明胶硬胶囊的共混改性。相比明胶膜,上述条件下制备的复合膜的WVP降低了26%,低湿环境下的断裂延伸率提高了1.19倍,复合膜中明胶与普鲁兰分子间具有良好的相容性,因此机械性能稳定性增强,WVP降低。     

姜黄素对鸡皮明胶膜的性能及结构的影响

以新鲜鸡皮提取的明胶为成膜基材,添加具有抗氧化和抗菌作用的姜黄素,采用流延法制备不同浓度的姜黄素-鸡皮明胶膜,旨在研发出一种新型鸡皮明胶复合膜。本文研究了浓度为0.5%、1%、2%和3%的姜黄素对鸡皮明胶膜理化性质的影响,并用红外光谱和热稳定性表征了复合膜的相容性。最终表明:随着姜黄素浓度的增加,鸡皮明胶膜外观颜色逐渐变为黄色,阻隔性能呈现先下降后上升的趋势,抗拉强度与之相反,断裂伸长率和水溶性逐渐降低,抗氧化和抑菌性显著增强(p0.05);红外光谱中酰胺I带右移,发现姜黄素与鸡皮明胶之间有氢键作用,使鸡皮明胶膜从α-螺旋转变为稳定的三螺旋结构,热稳定分析表明了姜黄素的添加提高了鸡皮明胶膜的热稳定性;当姜黄素浓度为2%时复合膜的综合性能最佳。因此,姜黄素-鸡皮明胶复合膜的开发在食品包装和保鲜方面有潜在的应用价值。     

Physical, mechanical, and barrier properties of carp and mammalian skin gelatin films

Films of 0.11 to 0.13 mm thickness were prepared using gelatins from the skins of cultured freshwater carp species and mammalian gelatins viz., porcine and bovine skin gelatin. A comparative study was made on the physical, mechanical, and barrier properties of these films. The amino acid composition, gel strength, clarity, and gel setting point of the gelatins were also determined. Carp skin gelatins had a lower imino acid content (19.16% to 20.86%) than mammalian skin gelatins (22.91% to 23.7%). Grass carp gelatin had gel strength of 230.2 B that is comparable to the reported value for bovine skin gelatin (227.2 B). The bloom values of rohu and common carp skin gelatins were 188.6 B and 181.3 B, respectively, which were significantly lower than mammalian gelatins. Mammalian gels have significantly higher (P < 0.05) setting temperatures (23.7 to 24.2 °C) than carp skin gelatins. Tensile strength (TS) was lowest for films from common carp and rohu skin gelatin (490 and 497 kg/cm(2), respectively) and highest for porcine skin gelatin film. The degree of transparency (L*) was significantly higher for films from grass carp, bovine hide, and pork skin gelatin films. Carp skin gelatin films had significantly lower water vapor permeability (WVP) and oxygen permeability (OP) than mammalian skin gelatin films, which indicated that carp skin gelatin based films have superior barrier properties than mammalian skin gelatin films.     

马哈鱼鱼皮明胶提取温度和甘油质量浓度对其成膜特性的影响

明胶提取温度和甘油质量浓度是影响明胶膜性质的基本因素。本研究以马哈鱼（Oncorhynchus keta） 鱼皮为原料,采用不同温度（40、50、60、70、80、90 ℃）提取明胶,考察不同甘油质量浓度（1.1、1.2、 1.5 g/100 mL）下明胶膜的厚度、机械性能、光学性质、微观结构和红外特性。研究发现,40、50、60 ℃明胶 膜的厚度高于70、80、90 ℃明胶膜的厚度（P＜0.05）。50、60 ℃膜的拉伸强度（tensile strength,TS）高于 70、80、90 ℃膜的（P＜0.05）;添加1.5 g/100 mL甘油,膜的断裂伸长率随提取温度升高而上升（P＜0.05）; 50、70、80 ℃膜的TS随甘油质量浓度升高而下降（P＜0.05）。色差分析表明,膜的a*值随提取温度升高而上升 （P＜0.05）。水蒸气透过率随提取温度和甘油质量浓度的升高而升高（P＜0.05）。明胶膜于200、280 nm波长处 的透光率为0.00%,350～800 nm范围内的透光率为46.53%～74.57%,60 ℃膜的透光率低于40、50 ℃膜的透光率 （P＜0.05）。衰减全反射傅里叶变换红外光谱分析表明膜的图谱呈现典型酰胺A、B、Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ带,酰胺A带随 提取温度的升高向低波数移动,且振幅随甘油质量浓度升高而增加。扫描电子显微镜结果显示,膜的截面和表面未 呈现明显断裂或空隙。以上结果表明,温度对马哈鱼鱼皮明胶膜的机械性能、透水性、颜色、透光率影响显著,甘 油质量浓度仅对前二者影响显著,可通过优化提取温度与甘油质量浓度改善马哈鱼鱼皮明胶膜性质。     

壳聚糖明胶可食用复合膜的制备与抗菌性能研究

以壳聚糖和明胶为复合膜骨架材料,通过加入0.3%(体积比)甘油增塑剂,制备具有显著抗菌性能的可食用复合膜。以较高的抗拉强度、较大的断裂伸长率、较低的水蒸气透过系数为主要性能指标,对成膜骨架材料壳聚糖和明胶的配比进行优化。研究结果表明,当壳聚糖浓度为1.5%、明胶浓度为1.25%时,以6∶4的体积比混合,制备获得机械性能良好(抗拉强度为13.24 MPa,断裂伸长率为112.45%),水蒸气透过系数较低(0.4032 mg·mm·kPa-1·h-1·m-2)的最优化复合膜。通过红外光谱、X射线衍射、扫描电镜等手段对复合膜进行表征。结果表明,与壳聚糖膜和明胶膜相比,复合膜的内部分子之间有较强的氢键和分子间作用力,膜内部致密且水蒸气不易通过,同时复合膜液对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和枯草芽孢杆菌均具有显著的抑制效果。     

壳聚糖木薯淀粉明胶复合可食抗菌保鲜膜性能的研究

研究了壳聚糖/木薯淀粉/明胶/甘油共混膜的机械性能、透湿性能、透气性能及共混涂膜的防腐保鲜效果。结果表明,木薯淀粉、明胶、甘油、木薯淀粉与明胶交互作用对共混膜的抗拉强度影响显著;对断裂伸长率影响显著的因素为木薯淀粉、明胶、甘油及其二次项、明胶与甘油的交互项;对共混膜透湿系数影响显著的主要因素是木薯淀粉、甘油、木薯淀粉与木薯淀粉之间的交互作用;木薯淀粉、明胶、木薯淀粉与木薯淀粉之间的交互作用对共混膜的透气系数影响也是显著的。此外,此共混涂膜具有一定的防腐作用。     

Rheological properties of gelatin from silver carp skin compared to commercially available gelatins from different sources

Gelatin is used as a functional ingredient in many foods, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics as a stabilizing, thickening, and gelling agent. The rheological properties of gelatins are important in the potential functionality of gelatin. This study is designed to determine the rheological properties of gelatin extracted from the skins of silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix Valenciennes 1844). The extracted gelatin is compared with commercially available gelatins from different sources. The results indicate that the stress-strain relationship of gelatin gels remained in the linear region over a broad range of strains and stresses and gave similar elastic moduli at varying frequency, stress, and strain levels. One exception was a commercial high molecular weight fish skin gelatin that gave a lower elastic modulus indicating that its gel strength was low compared to the other gelatin samples studied. Gel strength varied between 220 and 1230 g while viscosity varied between 4.53 and 6.91 cP among the samples. Melting and gelling temperatures varied between 14.2 and 32.3 °C and 3.2 and 25.4 °C, respectively. Texture profile analysis was done at 2 deformation levels, 25% and 75%, and the results correlated well with gel strength. The correlations between hardness, cohesiveness, and gumminess and gel strength were 0.98, 0.82, and 0.99, respectively, at 25% deformation but lower at 75% deformation. The results suggest that rheological measurements might be used to quickly estimate gel strength using less material. In addition, the silver carp skin gelatin seemed to be of equal quality to some of the commercial gelatins.     

Optimization of Gelatin Extraction from Silver Carp Skin

ABSTRACT:  Fish skins are a by-product of the fish processing industry that can be successfully processed into gelatin. This study was designed to optimize the extraction process to obtain the highest yield, gel strength, and viscosity for gelatin production from silver carp skin. A fractional factorial design (2 levels, resolution III, 2^9-5) was chosen to screen 9 parameters to determine the most significant ones. Those found to be significant were optimized to determine the maximum value for 3 dependent variables mentioned above. The hydroxyproline content and hydroxyproline/protein ratio of the skin were 1.7% and 6.5%, respectively. The protein content of the skin was 26%. The hydroxyproline content of the gelatin for the sample giving the highest hydroxyproline/protein ratio was 10.9%. This sample was arbitrarily called pure gelatin and the purity of the remaining samples was between 71.8% and 97%. The highest protein and gelatin recovery was 78.1% and 98.8% of the total available, respectively. The latter, gelatin recovery, is proposed to be used instead of protein yield. Four variables were determined as significant in screening and these variables were studied by a central composite rotatable design (4-factor and 5-level with 6 central points) to model the system and response surface methodology was used for optimization. The optimum extraction conditions were 50 °C for the extraction temperature, 0.1 N HCl for the acid concentration, 45 min for the acid pretreatment time, and finally 4 : 1 (v/w) for the water/skin ratio. The predicted responses for these extraction conditions were 630 g gel strength, 6.3 cP viscosity, and 80.8% gelatin recovery. The data suggest that silver carp skin gelatin is similar to those of fish gelatins currently being exploited commercially.     

不同提取温度对白鲢鱼皮明胶理化性质的影响

本实验以白鲢鱼皮为原料提取鱼皮明胶,考察不同提取温度（30、50、70、90、100 ℃）对鱼皮明胶得率和理化性质的影响。结果表明：不同温度条件下提取的鱼皮明胶的紫外吸收峰均在波长218 nm左右;明胶提取率在提取温度为90 ℃时最大,为（86.91±0.98）%;50 ℃条件下提取的鱼皮明胶的凝胶强度最大,为（896.75±117.03）g;聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳图谱显示,30、50 ℃条件下提取的鱼皮明胶由α1、α2、β 3 条肽链组成,70、90、100 ℃条件下提取的鱼皮明胶由于明胶分子的热降解,电泳条带不明显;30、50、70、90、100 ℃条件下提取的鱼皮明胶的热变性温度分别为（97.88±2.65）、（108.66±0.43）、（106.48±3.33）、（100.27±2.37）、（99.56±0.37）℃;提取温度越高,明胶的G’’和G’值越小、流变性能越差。     

Seasonal differences in the properties of gelatins extracted from skin of silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)

The gelatins were extracted from skins of silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) caught in winter and summer, respectively. The physicochemical (molecular weight distribution and melting point) and rheological characteristics (viscosity property), as well as functional properties (emulsifying capacity and stability) of the gelatin from winter silver carp skin were compared with those of the summer equivalent. The results showed the properties of the summer gelatin were superior to those of the winter one, showing higher viscosity, emulsion stability, melting point and lower concentration for gelling. The summer gelatin has slightly denser strands of the gel microstructure which was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Different properties of gelatins from skin of silver carp may be attributed to the big discrepancy of the environmental temperature in the two seasons.