芹菜和番茄加工过程中农药残留及变化规律研究

现代家庭熟制品大多是选择以炒为主的烹饪方式,而该种烹饪除了可以使食物加工成熟,变得易被机体消化,提高口感以外,烹饪能否有效地减少食物上的农药残留却被人们所忽视。因此以芹菜、番茄为研究对象,分析研究未清洗、清洗1次、清洗2次、炒后两者中高效氯氟氰菊酯和嘧菌酯残留量的动态变化,便于对烹饪性食品的农药残留控制。结果表明,在对芹菜和番茄进行清洗和炒的处理都可以明显地减少其农药的残留。而且,清洗的次数越多其农药残留量就越少。虽然,清洗和炒都能够明显地减少农药的残留,但清洗3次的芹菜和番茄烹饪后依然可以检测出农药的残留。     

4种菊酯类农药残留在菜豆烹饪过程中的消解

在食品烹饪加工过程中农药的消解是风险评估的重要数据.目前我国尚未有相关的研究.采用气相色谱法检测氟氟氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯、溴氰菊酯、高效氯氰菊酯4种农药在菜豆烹饪过程中的残留情况.结果表明油炸加工方法对4种菊酯的影响较大.其消解率在42.9%-76.4%之间;炒制过程对4种农药的消解率在33.7%-47.7%之间;蒸制过程对4种菊酯类农药的影响较小,其消解率在2.7%～18.5%之间.未盖锅盖煮的条件下消解率为43.5%-75.7%,盖锅盖煮的消解率为34.7%-66.5%.在盖锅盖煮制10min的汤中,各种农药残留量在0.03-0.062mg/kg之间.炒菜豆经微波加热2min后,农药消解率在22.1%～42.5%之间.     

烹饪方式对胡萝卜感官品质及营养素含量的影响

该文通过探究胡萝卜切片经不同烹饪方式处理后的感官品质及重要营养素含量,比较不同烹饪方式对胡萝卜食用品质与营养价值的影响。胡萝卜切片经蒸、煮、炒、炸处理不同时间后,对样品进行感官品鉴,并测定其色度与质构特性,确定每种烹饪方式的最优时间。胡萝卜切片在最优时间下经蒸、煮、炒、炸处理后,使用扫描电镜观察其微观结构,测定总酚及类胡萝卜素含量。结果表明,蒸处理样品感官评价得分最高,每种烹饪方式的最优时间分别是蒸13 min,煮4 min,炒70 s,炸30 s。烹饪后的样品与鲜样相比,红绿度a*减小,色差值ΔE大于5,可以观察出明显色差。质构测定结果显示,胡萝卜切片经烹饪后硬度、脆度及回复性均下降,蒸处理样品硬度与咀嚼性最适宜。通过扫描电镜观察发现,蒸处理样品的细胞完整性最高;煮、炒、炸处理导致样品孔隙率增加。营养素测定结果如下:炒(49. 94μg/g)、炸处理(49. 19μg/g)后酚类物质的提取量最高,蒸(310. 27μg/g)、煮处理(303. 47μg/g)后类胡萝卜素的提取量最高。因此,胡萝卜经蒸处理后感官品质最优,类胡萝卜素的保留率较高,相较于其他烹饪方式处理后的样品有较高的食用价值。     

4种烹饪方式对草鱼肉中孔雀石绿、结晶紫及其代谢物消减的影响

目的探讨煮、蒸、炸和微波等4种烹饪方式对草鱼肉中孔雀石绿、结晶紫及其代谢物消减的影响。方法在空白草鱼肉中添加孔雀石绿、隐色孔雀石绿、结晶紫和隐色结晶紫后,分别用4种方式烹饪,采用高效液相色谱串联质谱测定药物的含量。结果结果表明:经过炸、微波、煮和蒸等烹饪方法处理后,鱼肉中的药物浓度分别降低了79.8%～93.7%、69.4%～91.2%、72.0%～86.2%和69.6%～77.8%。相同的烹饪方式,原药的消减速度均高于代谢物,药物的消减速率顺序为:炸微波煮蒸。结论高温加热能促进孔雀石绿、结晶紫及其代谢产物的消减。     

餐前加工对辣椒中5种常见农药残留去除的影响

通过研究清洗及烹饪过程对辣椒中百菌清、哒螨灵、腐霉利、氯氟氰菊酯及氰戊菊酯残留的影响,了解农药在加工过程中的变化规律,为膳食暴露评估提供依据。方法 采用实验室浸泡法模拟农药污染试验,并模拟家庭日常加工对辣椒进行清洗、烹饪等处理,通过气相色谱法(ECD)检测加工前后辣椒中农药残留变化。结果 清洗及烹饪对农药残留均有明显影响,以上5种农药在辣椒中经清洗和烹饪后总去除率分别为54.12%～99.47%、58.78%～95.95%、55.74%～93.68%、41.37%～95.67%和44.71%～95.09%;不同烹饪方法对农药的去除作用由强到弱为:油炸>炒制>焯水,且烹饪时间越长,去除作用越大,当烹饪时间超过2 min后,去除作用则不发生明显变化。结论 烹饪对辣椒中农药残留的去除作用比清洗时好,加工对农药的影响受农药的水解、高温分解特性、熔沸点及饱和蒸汽压等性质的共同作用决定。     

家庭处理对豇豆中4 种常见农药残留的影响

通过研究豇豆加工过程中百菌清、哒螨灵、苯醚甲环唑及氯氰菊酯残留变化规律,为有效进行膳食评估提供依据。采用气相色谱法检测不同清洗及烹饪处理前后豇豆中农药残留量,结果显示：豇豆中百菌清、哒螨灵、苯醚甲环唑及氯氰菊酯的清洗加工因子分别为0.152～0.722、0.620～0.903、0.464～0.922、0.581～0.882;烹饪加工因子分别为0.077～0.311、0.194～0.554、0.198～0.479、0.443～0.732。不同清洗方式对豇豆充分清洗后农药去除效果相差不大,不同烹饪方式对加工因子的影响主要与样品质量变化有关。综上所述,通过清洗和烹饪处理,可明显减少豇豆中农药残留量,将加工因子引入膳食暴露量评估,能够更真实的反映食品安全现状,对保障食品安全具有重要意义。     

肉类的健康烹饪方法

不管是哪种动物性食物,最适合它们的烹饪方法都是炒、蒸、煮这3种最简单的方法。蒸很简单,而炒煮则有特殊要求。炒：旺火急炒,加热时间过长通常是破坏食物营养素最重要的原因。因此,在烹饪方法上应尽量采用旺火急炒。     

炒菜5min PM2.5飙20倍

正近日,《新京报》记者邀请环公益组织"自然大学"的研究人员在家中使用蒸、煮、炸、炒4种烹方式,监测室内PM2.5的数值变化结果显示,烹饪确实能产PM2.5。但是,蒸、煮方式产生PM2.5并不多。煮玉米之前,厨房测的PM2.5为31μg/m3,煮5 min仅上升3个数值;10 min后,PM2     

知识窗

肉类的健康烹饪方法不管是哪种动物性食物,最适合它们的烹饪方法都是炒、蒸、煮这3种最简单的方法。蒸很简单,而炒煮则有特殊要求。炒:旺火急炒,加热时间过长通常是破坏食物营养素最重要的原因。因此,在烹饪方法上应尽量采用旺火急炒。这样,可缩短菜肴的加热时间,降低原料中营养素的损失率。例如,猪肉中含有丰富的维生素B1,如将猪肉切成丝,旺火急炒,维生素B1的损     

清洗及保存方式对叶菜中常用生长调节剂清除效果

采用HPLC-MS/MS方法,比较了不同叶菜中常用生长调节剂矮壮素、赤霉素以及杀菌剂丙环唑的残留量,进而评价清洗与冷藏处理对农药的清除效果。结果表明,(0~4)℃条件下贮藏(0~3)d后,叶菜中的丙环唑和赤霉素的残留量明显降低,前者可降低30%~50%,且残留量随着冷藏时间的延长逐渐降低。沸水烫洗和自来水清洗对菜心中矮壮素的清除率分别达到31.27%~49.22%和17.60%~49.20%,自来水、沸水、弱酸、弱碱清洗能有效清除苋菜中86.99%~91.48%的赤霉素残留,不同处理间清洗效果差异不显著,而对菠菜中赤霉素清除率则为68.17%~85.42%。除菜心外,4种清洗方式对叶菜中丙环唑清除效果不明显。     

Reduction of pesticides residues on okra fruits by different processing treatments

For the first time, the effect of washing, water boiling, chemical boiling, steaming and cooking treatments on the reduction of residues of indoxacarb, fenarimol, acetamiprid and chlorfenapyr in okra fruits was investigated. Residues were analyzed using quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) method combined with liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). Our results show that some treatments could significantly decrease pesticide residues. The reduction of residues by washing treatment was not correlated to water solubility: Chlorfenapyr (non-systemic pesticide) was decreased by 90 % and acetamiprid (systemic pesticide) was removed by 48 %. Therefore, we suggest that pesticide residues were washed off by removing the loosely attached pesticides on the okra fruit surface. The time of exposure in both boiling and steaming treatments has no significant effect on reduction of pesticides residues. Additionally, cooking after the washing and boiling treatments reduced the pesticides residues. In particular, acetamiprid was reduced after the cooking treatment to 90 %.     

杨桃中化学污染物分析及农药残留暴露评估

以杨桃为研究对象,对广东、广西、海南和福建的基地收购点、批发市场和农贸市场等地点的样品进行化学污染物残留分析。结果表明：农贸市场和水果摊样品的农药残留种类少,基地收购点的农残种类最多,超标样品集中在基地收购点。检出率最高的3 种农药为氯氰菊酯、多菌灵和灭幼脲。3 份样品检出镉超标。经点评估对农药残留初步分析,杨桃中的残留风险总体较低,仅三氯杀螨醇存在潜在风险。分布点评估的结果表明,在较高的置信概率P99.5风险水平下,三氯杀螨醇暴露量在幼儿和儿童（2～10 岁）的亚群超过日允许摄入量,存在不可接受的风险。建议重点对基地收购点样品监控,制定三氯杀螨醇、多菌灵和灭幼脲在杨桃上的最大残留限量或筛选三氯杀螨醇的替代品。     

Effects of home preparation on organophosphorus pesticide residues in raw cucumber

The effects of washing with tap water and different detergent solutions, storage at different temperatures and ultrasonic cleaning on organophosphorus pesticide (trichlorfon, dimethoate, dichlorvos, fenitrothion, and chlorpyrifos) residue levels in raw cucumber was investigated. Analysis was carried out by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Washing with detergent solutions proved more effective than tap water. The organophosphorus pesticides reduced from 31.1% to 98.8% after washing with detergent solutions for 20 min. Among detergent solutions, 5% sodium carbonate solution caused the greatest loss in trichlorfon and dimethoate, and 5% sodium bicarbonate solution caused the greatest loss in dichlorvos, fenitrothion and chlorpyrifos. Storage at 4 °C for 48 h caused pesticides reduction by 60.9–90.2%. Ultrasonic cleaning for 20 min lowered pesticides by 49.8–84.4%. The data indicated that home preparation is effective for the reduction of organophosphorus pesticide residues in raw cucumber and it is useful for reducing the dietary exposure.     

烹食过程对蔬菜中五种农药残留的动态影响

利用色谱分析法研究白菜和菜豆中克百威、甲胺磷、氧乐果、PP-DDT和氰戊菊酯等5种农药在洗涤和烹饪处理后残留量的动态变化情况,为农药残留风险分析与限量标准制订提供参考。结果表明,洗涤处理后农药残留去除率在8.0%—77.7%之间,清水洗涤效果最差;不同烹饪方式的去除效果差距明显,炸制处理最高达94.1%,而蒸制处理仅为48.3%;白菜样品的洗涤处理效果好于菜豆,烹饪处理效果则相反;克百威、甲胺磷和氰戊菊酯的洗涤处理效果较好,而氧乐果的煮制处理去除率最高,PP-DDT在其它烹饪方式处理后去除率较高。     

Effects of processing and cooking on the levels of pesticide residues in rice samples

The effects of processing and cooking on the levels of pesticide residues in rice samples were investigated for 11 pesticides in pre-harvest (9 pesticides) and post-harvest (4 pesticides) samples. In the polishing process, the transfer ratio (%, total pesticide residue amount in product/that in brown rice) of rice bran ranged from 40% to 106%, and the transfer ratio of polished rice ranged from 9% to 65% in pre-harvest samples. These values varied from pesticide to pesticide. The processing factor (the concentration (mg/kg) of pesticide in product/that in the brown rice) of polished rice ranged from 0.11 to 0.73. The loss of pesticides during processing and/or cooking did not correlate to any single physical or chemical property. Investigation of changes of pesticide residues during processing and/or cooking is useful not only to establish MRLs, but also to recognize actual levels of pesticide residues in food.     

Effects of processing and cooking on the levels of pesticide residues in wheat samples

The effects of processing and cooking on the levels of pesticide residues in wheat samples were investigated for 13 pesticides in pre-harvest (Pre, 9 pesticides) and post-harvest (Post, 6 pesticides) samples. In the milling process, the transfer ratios (%, total pesticide residue amount in product/that in wheat grain) of wheat bran were greater than 70% and 80% for pre-harvest and post-harvest samples, respectively. The transfer ratios of flour ranged from 1.7% to 23% (Pre) and 4.0% to 11% (Post). There was no significant difference in transfer ratio among the pesticides investigated. The processing factors (Pf, the concentration (mg/kg) of pesticide in product/that in the wheat grain) of flour ranged from 0.030 to 0.40 (Pre) and 0.069 to 0.18 (Post). The values in pre-harvest samples were higher than those in post-harvest samples. Investigation of changes of pesticide residues during processing and/or cooking is useful not only to establish MRLs, but also to recognize actual levels of pesticide residues in food.     

Effects of processing and cooking on the levels of pesticide residues in soybean samples

The effects of processing and cooking on the levels of pesticide residues in soybean samples were investigated for 14 pesticides in pre-harvest samples. On soaking, the transfer ratios (%, total pesticide residue amount in product/that in soybean) of soaked soybean were greater than 60% for most of the pesticides investigated. The transfer ratio of soymilk ranged from 37% to 92%, and that of tofu ranged from 7% to 63%. The processing factor (Pf, the concentration (mg/kg) of pesticide in product/that in soybean) of tofu ranged from 0.026 to 0.28. These values varied among pesticides. There was a high correlation between the log P(ow) and the transfer ratio of tofu. The test described here should be useful to obtain the transfer ratios of pesticide residues in processing and/or cooking steps.     

固相萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用法筛查食用菌中的农药残留

采用气相色谱-质谱联用结合NAGINATA™软件建立了筛查食用菌中多种农药残留的分析方法。采用乙腈提取,Carbon-NH2固相萃取小柱净化,气相色谱-质谱联用检测后NAGINATA™软件全智能分析,对照每个化合物的质谱质量精度以及质谱谱图的谱库给出匹配度,通过保留时间锁定对化合物作定性判断。结果表明,18 种农药在香菇中检出限为0.001～0.050 mg/kg;平均回收率为77%～110%;相对标准偏差为1.1%～6.9%。应用所建立的方法对35 个市售食用菌样品进行了筛查,检测出2 种农药残留,残留量均低于GB 2763-2014《食品中农药最大残留限量》的限量。该方法操作便捷、快速高效,适用于食用菌中农药多残留的快速筛查。     

Food processing a tool to pesticide residue dissipation – A review

Food safety is an area of growing worldwide concern on account of its direct bearing on human health. The presence of harmful pesticide residues in food has caused a great concern among the consumers. Hence, world over to tackle food safety issues, organic farming is being propagated. However, due to several reasons, diffusion and acceptance of this approach in developing countries has been very slow. Therefore, it is important in the transient phase that some pragmatic solution should be developed to tackle this situation of food safety. Food processing treatments such as washing, peeling, canning or cooking lead to a significant reduction of pesticide residues. In this background this paper reviews the common food processing operations along with the degree of residue removal in each process. The processes reviewed include: baking, bread making, dairy product manufacture, drying, thermal processing, fermentation, freezing, infusion, juicing, malting, milling, parboiling, peeling, peeling and cooking, storage, storage and milling, washing, washing and cooking, washing and drying, washing and peeling, washing peeling and juicing and wine making. Extensive literature review demonstrates that in most cases processing leads to large reductions in residue levels in the prepared food, particularly through washing, peeling and cooking operations.