烹饪方式对红枣多酚抗氧化活性的影响

研究了不同烹饪方式(高压蒸、煮及常压蒸、煮)对红枣枣皮、枣肉中多酚粗提物及4种存在形式酚酸部分的总酚含量及抗氧化活性的影响。采用Folin-Ciocalteu比色法测定其总酚含量、DPPH法和FRAP法分别评价其抗氧化活性。结果表明:高压蒸煮较常压处理红枣中的总酚含量较高,尤其是枣肉;常压煮制红枣的枣皮和枣肉中酚酸类化合物的总酚含量均最高。常压蒸制处理的红枣枣皮的DPPH·清除能力和总抗氧化能力均较强,而高压蒸制处理的红枣枣肉的DPPH·清除能力较强,常压煮制的红枣枣肉总抗氧化能力较强。红枣中总酚尤其是酚酸类化合物对其抗氧化活性起了很大的作用。红枣若采用高压烹饪方式,蒸制处理能较好地保存红枣中的酚类化合物及抗氧化活性;若采用常压烹饪方式,则煮制较好。     

干燥方法对番石榴活性物质含量及抗氧化能力的影响

为研究干燥方式、工艺参数对番石榴活性物质含量及抗氧化能力的影响,采用热风干燥、热风-红外联合干燥、真空干燥和真空冷冻干燥技术,比较其对番石榴总酚、黄酮、抗坏血酸含量、清除1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼（1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH）自由基能力、清除2,2’-联氮-二（3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸）二铵盐（2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)diammonium salt,ABTS）自由基能力和铁离子还原能力（ferric reducing antioxidant power,FRAP ）以及抑制亚油酸过氧化能力的影响。结果表明,与鲜果相比,干燥后番石榴总酚含量显著增加,黄酮和抗坏血酸含量显著降低（P＜0.05）,抗氧化能力显著降低。真空干燥和真空冷冻干燥得到的总酚、抗坏血酸含量较高,清除自由基及FRAP较高。热风干燥得到的番石榴干制品抑制亚油酸过氧化能力较高。随干燥温度升高,热风和热风-红外联合干燥后的黄酮保留量增加,抗坏血酸含量、清除自由基及FRAP降低。综合来看,真空冷冻干燥和中低温热风干燥（60 ℃和75 ℃）得到的番石榴干制品抗氧化能力较高。Spearman相关性分析表明,DPPH、ABTS、FRAP法测定的抗氧化能力及抗氧化效能综合指数分别与总酚含量的相关系数较高,且DPPH自由基清除能力、抗氧化效能综合指数与总酚含量呈显著正相关（P＜0.05）,说明多酚可能是番石榴干制品主要抗氧化物质。     

常见6种杂粮与2种主粮的抗氧化活性比较研究

目的：比较常见6种杂粮：荞麦(甜荞、苦荞)、小米、糜米(粳性、糯性)、玉米、薏米、燕麦与2种主粮：大米、小麦食用部分的总酚、黄酮含量及其存在形式和抗氧化活性差异,并分析总酚、黄酮含量与抗氧化活性之间的相关性。方法：采用Folin-Ciocalteu法测定总酚含量,NaNO2-Al(NO)3测定黄酮含量;DPPH自由基法、ABTS+ ·法、β-胡萝卜素-亚油酸乳化液法和还原力法评价样品的抗氧化能力。结果：总酚含量由高至低为：苦荞、甜荞、燕麦、薏米、玉米、小米、粳性糜米、小麦、糯性糜米、大米,并且除小米、糯性糜米外其他样品提取物的多酚主要以自由态存在,占总酚的64.18%～98.70%;黄酮含量最高的为薏米、燕麦次之,且均多以自由态存在;杂粮的抗氧化活性高于主粮,其中苦荞清除DPPH自由基能力、ABTS+ ·能力和总还原力最强,甜荞次之,而小米抑制β-胡萝卜素褪色能力最强;同时,抗氧化活性与总酚含量之间具有良好的线性关系,与黄酮含量的相关性不明显。结论：杂粮的总酚含量及总抗氧化活性高于主粮,其中苦荞最为突出,因此,推荐增加日常杂粮食用量以弥补主粮膳食中多酚物质含量过低的不足。     

温莪术不同溶剂提取物体外抗氧化活性评价

目的:探讨温莪术不同溶剂提取物体外的抗氧化活性。方法:分别用蒸馏水、95%乙醇、乙酸乙酯等不同极性溶剂提取温莪术中活性物质,采用清除1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(DPPH)自由基、羟自由基(.OH)、亚铁离子螯合和还原能力等方法考察温莪术不同提取物的抗氧化活性。同时用Folin-Cioeaile法测定不同提取物中的总酚含量,考察总酚含量与抗氧化清除率的关系。结果:DPPH自由基、.OH清除能力及还原能力结果表明95%乙醇及乙酸乙酯提取物在较低的质量浓度显示了较高的清除率;同时总酚含量测定结果显示95%乙醇和乙酸乙酯提取物所含总酚含量较高,这表明这两种溶剂提取物的抗氧化性与其提取物含有较高的酚类密切相关;亚铁离子螯合实验结果显示水提物的螯合效果优于其他溶剂提取物。结论:不同溶剂提取物抗氧化能力差别较大,总酚含量与抗氧化清除率具有相关性。     

不同加工方式对基于双水相体系提取的小米黄酮的影响

为提高小米综合利用价值与黄酮的分离效率,主要采用了超声辅助双水相体系提取小米黄酮,经正交法优化后结果显示,当双水相体系中丙酮与(NH_4)_2SO_4质量分数分别为31%,19%时,在料液比为1∶40(g∶mL)的条件下,于40℃下超声辅助提取30 min,小米黄酮含量可达8.56 mg/g。同时,还研究了常见的加工方式对小米黄酮的影响,结果显示煮制或短时间(15 min)的蒸制最为理想,对黄酮含量损失相对较少,且随着加工时间的延长,黄酮含量随之降低。综合而言,优选的加工方式为煮蒸焖炒。此外,该文还对小米黄酮提取物的抗氧化活性进行了测定,随着底物浓度的增加,小米黄酮DPPH自由基清除能力、羟自由基清除能力及铁还原力均随之增加,且表现出一定的剂量依赖性,表明其具有良好的抗氧化活性。     

发酵对几种谷物提取物总酚及抗氧化活性的影响

目的：研究发酵对谷物提取物抗氧化活性的影响。方法：采用德氏乳杆菌和啤酒酵母菌分别对小米、燕麦、黑米、高粱米4 种谷物进行发酵,福林-酚法测定未发酵及发酵后谷物乙醇提取物总酚含量、1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼（1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-（2,4,6-trinitrophenyl）hydrazyl,DPPH）法测定清除自由基能力、铁还原抗氧化能力（ferric reducing-antioxidant power,FRAP）法测定还原能力、硫代巴比妥酸（thiobarbituric acid,TBA）法测定脂质过氧化抑制能力。结果：4 种谷物提取物具有显著的清除自由基能力、铁离子还原能力、抑制脂质过氧化能力和较高的总酚含量;经两种微生物发酵后谷物提取物总酚含量增加,具有更高抗氧化活性;其中德氏乳杆菌发酵对总酚含量及抗氧化能力影响均显著（P＜0.05）;啤酒酵母发酵对总酚含量影响显著（P＜0.05）,但对抗氧化能力影响不显著（P＞0.05）。结论：微生物发酵可提高谷物的总酚含量及抗氧化活性,但提高的程度与发酵采用的微生物种类有关。     

南瓜酚类物质及抗氧化活性受烹饪方式的影响

分析蒸法、微波及烤箱烹饪对南瓜中的酚类物质及南瓜抗氧化活性的影响。测定总酚、儿茶素类、酚酸类等酚类物质含量,分析DPPH自由基清除能力、·OH清除能力、还原能力及总抗氧化性,并探讨酚类物质与这些抗氧化活性的相关性。结果表明,烤箱烹饪后的总酚含量最高,与其他烹饪方式相比差异显著(p0.05),且烤箱不去皮烹饪与去皮烹饪的总酚含量差异较大。烤箱烹饪后的DPPH自由基清除能力、还原能力及总抗氧化性与其他烹饪方式相比,几乎均有显著差异(p0.05)。南瓜DPPH自由基清除能力、还原能力及总抗氧化性与酚类物质呈正相关,部分呈明显的正相关(R20.8)。     

苹果皮不同溶剂提取物抗氧化活性研究

研究苹果皮不同溶剂提取物的抗氧化活性。依次用蒸馏水、60%乙醇、无水乙醇、乙酸乙酯提取苹果皮中的活性物质,用Folin-Ciocalteu法测定提取物中总酚含量,并以Vc为阳性对照,通过测定对羟自由基(.OH)、超氧阴离子自由基(O2-.)、亚硝酸盐(NO2-)的清除作用及总还原力,比较评价4种提取物的抗氧化活性。苹果皮60%乙醇提取物总酚含量显著高于其他提取物;在不同的抗氧化体系中,苹果皮的4种不同溶剂提取物均具有不同程度的抗氧化活性且与质量浓度呈明显的量效关系,60%乙醇提取物的抗氧化活性始终最强,其清除.OH和O2-.活性弱于Vc,而清除NO2-活性和还原能力较强且高于Vc。苹果皮抗氧化活性物质主要是60%乙醇提取物。     

高静压处理对苦荞多酚及抗氧化活性的影响

采用NaNO_2-Al(NO_3)_3法、Folin-Ciocalteu法与高效液相色谱法测定不同压力处理后苦荞中多酚、黄酮与芦丁的含量,用DPPH自由基法、ABTS+·法、总抗氧化能力检测试剂盒评价其抗氧化能力,并分析酚、黄酮、芦丁含量与抗氧化能力之间的相关性。结果表明:高静压处理能显著提高苦荞游离态和总多酚、黄酮、芦丁含量以及DPPH自由基清除能力和ABTS+·清除能力,降低总抗氧化能力(P0.01)。随处理压力的增强,酚含量及抗氧化活性均呈下降趋势;苦荞中多酚、黄酮、芦丁含量变化与DPPH自由基清除能力,ABTS+·清除能力之间具有良好的相关性(P0.01或0.05),与总抗氧化能力的相关性较差。高静压技术是释放苦荞多酚类植物活性成分的一种有效加工方式。     

不同米色小米多酚提取物的体外抗氧化活性

以晋谷21、黑小米、绿小米、白小米、黄金米和沁州黄6种不同米色小米为原料,用乙醇法浸提得到小米多酚提取物。采用磷钼络合法以及对DPPH自由基、ABTS自由基、羟自由基、超氧阴离子的清除性探讨其多酚提取物的抗氧化性。结果表明:6种不同米色小米多酚提取物在5种抗氧化试验中均具有较好的效果,其中晋谷21与其他5种小米相比抗氧化性最强,黄金米和白小米的最弱。6种米色小米多酚提取物对ABTS的清除效果最好。不同米色小米多酚提取物的含量及5种抗氧化试验结果与小米颜色特征值(红值a*、黄值b*、总色差E和亮值L*)均无显著相关性,表明米色与小米中多酚的含量及其抗氧化活性关系不大。多酚总量与5种抗氧化方法测定的结果均具有显著相关性,所以,总酚含量越多其小米的抗氧化性越好。     

Antioxidant activity and DNA protection against oxidative damage of bambara groundnut seeds (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.) as affected by processing methods

This research investigated the effects of processing by dry heating, boiling, and steaming on the antioxidant activity and DNA protection against oxidative damage of bambara groundnut seeds (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.). Comparing raw and processed samples of bambara groundnut seeds, dry heating caused a significant (P < 0.05) reduction of ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), metal chelating activity, DPPH^? and ABTS^?+ radical scavenging activity. The boiling process did not cause a significant difference in FRAP and metal chelating activity and caused smaller losses in DPPH^? and ABTS^?+ radical scavenging activity than the dry heating and steaming processes. The steaming process caused a significant (P < 0.05) reduction of FRAP, DPPH^? and ABTS^?+ radical scavenging activity. For DNA protection against oxidative damage, boiled and steamed bambara groundnut seed samples were more effective with a lower minimum concentration (50 µg/mL) than raw and dry heated samples. These results indicated that the boiling process caused smaller losses antioxidant activity than dry heating and steaming. Therefore, boiling was recommended as processing method for bambara groundnut seeds to preserve antioxidant components and antioxidant activity.     

不同烹饪方式的羊肚菌在体外消化过程中营养成分溶出差异比较

为研究不同烹饪方式对羊肚菌营养品质的影响,采用体外消化方法对煮制、蒸制以及烤制处理的不同粒度羊肚菌粉（粗粉、超微粉）进行消化。比较了消化后的羊肚菌粉显微形态,模拟胃、肠消化液中还原糖、蛋白质、游离氨基酸、总酚含量以及DPPH（1,1-Diphenryl-2-Picrylhydrazyl）自由基清除能力、铁离子还原能力（Ferric Ion Reducing Antioxidantpower,FRAP）、阳离子自由基清除能力2-azinobis-（3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfphonate,ABTS）。结果表明：经过体外胃、肠消化后,烤制处理的羊肚菌粉还原糖、蛋白质、多酚溶出量最高,蒸制其次,煮制最低,烤制比煮制平均依次高62.87%、58.58%、4.69倍;蒸制处理的羊肚菌,溶出的游离氨基酸含量在所有处理中最高,粗粉、细粉平均为40.40 mg/g,分别比烤制、蒸制高出18.77%,19.81%。超微粉碎不能有效提高还原糖、多酚的溶出,但可以显著提高蛋白质、游离氨基酸的溶出（P<0.05）;模拟消化液的DPPH值没有显著差异,但FRAP和ABTS值差异显著（P<0.05）,烤制处理的最高,其次是蒸制,煮制最低;超微粉碎不能有效提升羊肚菌模拟消化液的抗氧化水平。该研究为羊肚菌的科学食用提供了参考。     

Effect of soaking,boiling, and steaming on total phenolic contentand antioxidant activities of cool season food legumes

The effects of soaking, boiling and steaming processes on the total phenolic components and antioxidant activity in commonly consumed cool season food legumes (CSFL’s), including green pea, yellow pea, chickpea and lentil were investigated. As compared to original unprocessed legumes, all processing steps caused significant (p < 0.05) decreases in total phenolic content (TPC), DPPH free radical scavenging activity (DPPH) in all tested CSFL’s. All soaking and atmospheric boiling treatments caused significant (p < 0.05) decreases in oxygen radical absorbing capacity (ORAC). However, pressure boiling and pressure steaming caused significant (p < 0.05) increases in ORAC values. Steaming treatments resulted in a greater retention of TPC, DPPH, and ORAC values in all tested CSFL’s as compared to boiling treatments. To obtain cooked legumes with similar palatability and firmness, pressure boiling shortened processing time as compared to atmospheric boiling, resulted in insignificant differences in TPC, DPPH for green and yellow pea. However, TPC and DPPH in cooked lentils differed significantly between atmospheric and pressure boiling. As compared to atmospheric processes, pressure processes significantly increased ORAC values in both boiled and steamed CSFL’s. Greater TPC, DPPH and ORAC values were detected in boiling water than that in soaking and steaming water. Boiling also caused more solid loss than steaming. Steam processing exhibited several advantages in retaining the integrity of the legume appearance and texture of the cooked product, shortening process time, and greater retention of antioxidant components and activities.     

Total phenolic content and antioxidant properties of eclipse black beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) as affected by processing methods

ABSTRACT:  The effects of soaking, boiling, and steaming processes on the phenolic components and antioxidant activity of black beans were investigated. All processed beans exhibited significantly ( P < 0.05) lower antioxidant activities than raw beans in total phenolic content (TPC), DPPH free radical scavenging activity (DPPH), and oxygen radical absorbing capacity (ORAC). Steaming processes resulted in a greater retention of TPC and ORAC values than the boiling processes. Pressure boiling shortened processing time compared to regular boiling, resulted in insignificant differences in TPC, but significantly increased in ORAC as compared to the regular boiling method. Pressure steaming resulted in significant decreases in TPC, DPPH, while significantly increased in ORAC compared to regular steaming. Greater TPC, DPPH, and ORAC values were detected in boiling water than in the soaking and steaming water. Mass balance analysis showed that boiling caused more dry solid loss than steaming. All of these results indicated that processing methods significantly changed contents and activities of antioxidant components of black beans. Steam processing exhibited several advantages in appearance and texture of the cooked product, shortening processing time, and in greater retention of TPC and antioxidant activities. Steam processing may be used to develop high-quality health-promoting black bean products.     

穇子馒头生产工艺及体外抗氧化性研究

目的 研究穇子馒头生产工艺及其抗氧化性.方法 采用单因素试验和正交试验,以感官评分为评价指标,研究穇子粉添加量、谷朊粉添加量、酵母的添加量和发酵时间对馒头品质的影响,并通过羟基自由基清除法分析穇子馒头的体外抗氧化效果.结果 穇子馒头的最佳工艺条件为:以高筋面粉100 g为基准,穇子粉添加量20 g、谷朊粉添加量15 g...     

Effect of domestic cooking methods on total phenolic content,antioxidant activity and sensory characteristics of Hericium erinaceus

This study evaluated the effect of different cooking methods (microwaving, boiling, steaming and stir-frying) on the phenolic acids and antioxidant activity in Hericium erinaceus (HE). The total phenolic content (TPC) of HE decreased after cooking and was in the order of dried (control) > stir-fried > microwaved > steamed > boiled. An increase in antioxidant activity was found in all cooked HE, albeit statistically insignificant (P > 0.05). Gallic acid was reported to be the dominant phenolic acid found in HE extracts in the range of 3.03–49.41 μg g⁻¹ dry weight. Low negative correlations were observed between 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and TPC as well as DPPH and gallic acid profile. Sensory data revealed that stir-fried HE received the most favourable response in colour, texture, aroma and flavour attributes. Overall, this study suggested that the method of stir-frying could be used to prepare HE for better retention of gallic acid and antioxidant activity with acceptable sensory characteristics.     

Effect of processing methods on the nutraceutical and antioxidant properties of little millet (Panicum sumatrense) extracts

The effect of germination, steaming and roasting on the nutraceutical and antioxidant properties of little millet (Panicum sumatrense) was investigated. The nutraceutical properties were determined by evaluating the total phenolic, flavonoid and tannin contents while the antioxidant properties were studied by the DPPH free radical scavenging activity and the iron reducing power assay. The results showed that the total phenolic, flavonoid and tannin contents of processed little millet increased by 21.2, 25.5 and 18.9 mg/100 g, respectively, compared to native sample. The DPPH radical scavenging activity and the iron reducing power of roasted millet extract were the highest compared to the other processed millet. Fractionation of phenolic extracts by HPLC showed that the analytes were derivatives of benzoic acid (gallic acid, proto-catechuic acid and vanillic acid), aromatic carboxylic acid (gentisic acid) and cinnamic acid (syringic acid and ferulic acid). The results indicate that processing has significant effects on the nutraceutical and antioxidant properties of little millet phenolic extracts.     

不同品种山药蒸制过程中淀粉消化率及抗氧化活性

本实验以不同品种山药的淀粉相关特性、生物活性成分、抗氧化能力和微观结构为评价指标,研究蒸制时间对铁棍山药、淮山药、糯山药3种山药的营养品质和抗氧化活性的影响,并探究山药微观结构和品质变化的内在联系。结果表明,蒸制处理后,3种山药样品中的总淀粉质量分数和抗性淀粉质量分数均显著减少（P<0.05）,但可消化淀粉（快消化淀粉和慢消化淀粉）及表观直链淀粉质量分数显著增加（P<0.05）,同时山药淀粉的持水力增强,溶解度下降。3种山药中,蒸制15 min的淮山药总可溶性多酚和总黄酮含量最高,分别为1.04 mg/g和0.83 mg/g,同时,其抗氧化能力也最强,铁离子还原力、1,1-二苯基-2-苦基肼（1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH）自由基清除率和羟自由基清除率分别为165.56?μmol/g、58.15%和82.26%。扫描电子显微镜观察发现,蒸制后山药样品颗粒呈特征性的块状和不规则的结构,表面粗糙并有裂缝。综合比较,蒸制时间对3种山药样品的品质特征及活性成分的影响差异较大,蒸制15 min后山药样品的总可溶性多酚和总黄酮含量最高,抗氧化活性也...     

制汁工艺对紫薯汁品质及香气成分的影响

为探究加工工艺对紫薯汁品质的影响,以渝紫7号为原料,采用生浆、熟浆、蒸料3 种工艺将紫薯加工成 紫薯汁。比较分析3 种制汁工艺对紫薯汁糖类质量分数、花色苷含量、总酚质量浓度、褐变指数、抗氧化活性、色 泽等品质指标的影响,并进行感官评价和香气成分分析。结果表明：生浆汁对1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼自由基的清 除率（72.26%）和羟自由基清除率（81.27%）显著高于熟浆汁和蒸料汁（P＜0.05）,但褐变最严重,色泽及香气 不佳;蒸料汁花色苷含量（0.78 mg/100 g）显著高于熟浆汁和生浆汁（P＜0.05）,但色泽偏暗,感官评分及香气 不如熟浆汁;熟浆汁抗氧化活性居中,但褐变指数（0.63）显著低于蒸料汁和生浆汁（P＜0.05）,色泽较好,综 合感官评分最高,呈现透亮的深紫色,口感柔和,香气品质最佳。共鉴定出40 种香气成分,其中熟浆汁中鉴定出 21 种,占总峰面积的82.38%,主要香气成分为酯类（28.19%）和醇类（20.14%）。综合考虑,熟浆汁品质最佳。     

不同烹饪方法对牛肉挥发性风味物质的影响

为了研究不同烹饪方法(炸制、蒸制和煮制)对牛肉挥发性风味物质的影响,利用固相微萃取(solid phase microextraction,SPME)结合气相色谱-质谱(gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,GC-MS)联用技术对不同烹饪方法处理牛肉样品中挥发性风味物质进行分离鉴定....