纳米银-聚乙烯复合包装中助剂对银向食品模拟物迁移的影响

为探究纳米银-聚乙烯复合包装中添加剂对纳米银颗粒向食品模拟物迁移的影响,在20、40 ℃和70 ℃条件下分别将空白纳米银聚乙烯复合包装和含有助剂（抗氧化剂1076、抗氧化剂168、光稳定剂622和光稳定剂944）的纳米银聚乙烯复合包装在3 g/100 mL乙酸溶液和体积分数50%乙醇溶液两种食品模拟物中浸泡1～30 h,然后蒸干定容并用电感耦合等离子体质谱测定银的含量。结果表明：食品模拟物中银的加标回收率在84.19%～115.69%之间,相对标准偏差在3.21%～8.75%之间;在8 h内塑料中的添加剂会促进银向两种食品模拟物的迁移;同时银的迁移率会随着迁移温度的升高和迁移时间的增加而增大直至平衡;平衡时,塑料中的添加剂反而阻碍银向这两种食品模拟物的迁移;银在酸性模拟物中的迁移率大于在酒精类模拟物中的迁移率。     

食品包装材料中双酚A迁移量的测定

建立采用高效液相色谱法对塑料食品包装材料中双酚A向食品模拟物迁移量的检测方法。使用4种食品模拟物：水、质量分数为4%乙酸溶液、体积分数30%的乙醇溶液和脂肪类模拟物(正己烷、异辛烷和橄榄油)。结果表明,双酚A在与食品塑料包装接触过程中,无论在何种情况下都会向食品模拟物中迁移,尤其向醇类模拟物中迁移最严重;在温度超过60℃时,双酚A向食品模拟物中的迁移率骤增;在微波加热条件,高火700W功率时双酚A向食品模拟物中的迁移速率最快。该方法检测限为0.3ng/mL,线性范围为0.5～100ng/mL,线性相关系数为0.9997,回收率在92.0%～102.4%之间,相对标准偏差≤2.84%(n=5)。     

聚乳酸发泡餐盒中两种爽滑剂向食品模拟物的迁移

使用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,GC-MS)建立了聚乳酸(polyactic acid, PLA)发泡餐盒中2种爽滑剂(硬脂酰胺和芥酸酰胺)的检测方法,并研究这2种爽滑剂向3种食品模拟物的迁移,PLA发泡餐盒在40℃和70℃下与异辛烷、无水乙醇和95%体积分数乙醇的双面接触;使用毒理学关注阈值法(threshold of toxicological concern, TTC)对餐盒中2种爽滑剂进行风险评估。结果表明,2种爽滑剂向95%体积分数的乙醇和无水乙醇的迁移量几乎相同,均高于在异辛烷中的迁移量;与芥酸酰胺相比,硬脂酰胺向食品模拟物中迁移的更快,有更高的迁移率,但由于芥酸酰胺在餐盒中的初始含量远大于硬脂酰胺,所以芥酸酰胺的迁移量要大于硬脂酰胺;从PLA发泡餐盒中迁移到食品模拟物中的硬脂酰胺和芥酸酰胺,其估计日摄入量(estimated daily intake,EDI)分别为0.34 mg/(人·d),0.73 mg/(人·d),均超过安全阈值0.09 mg/(人·d),说明该PLA发泡餐盒作为食品接触材料使用时要严格控制爽滑剂的用量,确保食品安全。     

塑料餐饮具中酞酸酯向不同食品模拟物迁移效果研究

为了解塑料餐饮具中邻苯二甲酸种类化合物向食品中的迁移规律,以一次性塑料水杯、碗为主要研究对象,以异辛烷、10%(体积分数)的乙醇、3%(体积分数)的乙酸和水为食品物模拟物,对塑料制品中16种邻苯二甲酸酯类的浸出量随时间和温度的变化规律进行研究。结果表明:16种邻苯二甲酸酯在4种食品模拟物中浸出量由高到低依次为异辛烷、10%的乙醇、3%的乙酸和水,且16种邻苯二甲酸酯在4中不同模拟物中迁移量随时间的增加和温度的升高而变大。     

聚乳酸抗菌包装中麝香草酚在食品模拟物中迁移规律

研究麝香草酚/聚乳酸包装材料中的抗菌剂麝香草酚在食品模拟物中的迁移行为。在4、10、20、30 ℃条件 下分别将麝香草酚/聚乳酸包装材料浸入蒸馏水溶液、体积分数4%乙酸溶液、正己烷溶液、体积分数10%乙醇溶液 中,通过紫外分光光度法测定食品模拟液中麝香草酚迁移量,分析温度和食品模拟物对麝香草酚迁移量的影响,在 实验数据基础上,采用Piringer方程建立麝香草酚迁移模型,分析验证迁移模型的合理性。结果表明：麝香草酚迁 移量随着迁移温度升高和迁移时间延长而逐渐上升直至平衡,且在4 种食品模拟物中麝香草酚的迁移量大小顺序为： 正己烷＞10%乙醇＞4%乙酸＞蒸馏水;根据幂律方程发现麝香草酚的迁移机制符合Fick扩散定律,且迁移方程扩散系 数随迁移温度升高而增大,分配系数与之相反;Piringer方程能够较好地描述麝香草酚迁移行为。在迁移实验的基础 上构建数学模型,进一步完善基于聚乳酸食品包装材料的迁移理论,以期更好地预测食品包装中麝香草酚的迁移。     

啤酒花浸膏对壳聚糖/聚乙烯双层膜的性能影响及释放行为

为抑制食品中有害微生物的生长繁殖,同时延缓食品品质变化、延长食品货架期,对储存食品进行适当包装尤为重要。本实验制备了含有啤酒花浸膏的壳聚糖/聚乙烯（polyethylene,PE）双层抑菌膜,研究了啤酒花浸膏添加量对抑菌膜表面结构、物理性能和抑菌活性的影响,以及在不同温度（4、25、35 ℃）和不同食品模拟体系（体积分数10%、50%、95%乙醇）中的释放行为。结果表明：啤酒花浸膏的加入使双层抑菌膜的耐水性增强,且对紫外光具有更高的屏障活性,同时赋予薄膜良好的抗氧化及抑菌活性,且含0.2 g/100 mL啤酒花浸膏的双层抑菌膜性能最佳。在相同条件下,啤酒花浸膏添加量越高,释放率也越高,且释放量随着温度和食品模拟液中乙醇体积分数的升高而增加,表明含啤酒花浸膏的壳聚糖/PE双层膜抑菌膜可用于高脂类食品的包装。因此,含有啤酒花浸膏的壳聚糖/PE双层抑菌膜既可弥补可食性单层膜阻水性差的不足,又能赋予聚乙烯包装膜所不具备的抑菌功能。     

塑料食包材料烷基酚聚氧乙烯醚迁移量的测定

建立了高效液相色谱串联质谱法对塑料食品包装材料中烷基酚聚氧乙烯醚向食品模拟物迁移量的检测方法。使用5种食品模拟物:水、3%乙酸溶液(质量分数)、10%的乙醇溶液(体积分数)、95%的乙醇溶液(体积分数)和橄榄油。样品在40℃下浸泡240 h,以C18柱为分离柱,3%乙腈-77%甲醇-20%水为流动相分离,采用电喷雾串联四级杆进行检测。该方法对壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚的平均回收率为72.9%~104.6%,相对标准偏差为1.5%~11.2%,对辛基酚聚氧乙烯醚的平均回收率为94.9%~113.9%,相对标准偏差为2.6%~7.0%。     

铝塑复合食品包装中的铝向食品模拟物的迁移研究

建立了基于电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS),铝塑复合食品包装中的铝向食品模拟物迁移量的测定方法。采用两种食品模拟物(3%(w/v)乙酸、水),利用迁移机使食品模拟物与铝塑食品包装材料单面接触,在温度27±2、45、70℃下进行迁移实验,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪对食品模拟物中的铝元素进行测定,得出迁移规律。随着迁移时间的延长,铝的最大迁移量都在增加;在实验温度区间,随着温度的升高,铝的迁移量也随之增加至迁移平衡。本方法适合用于铝塑复合食品包装中的铝向3%(w/v)乙酸溶液和蒸馏水两种食品模拟物迁移后的检测。     

酸性食品模拟物对金属罐甲醛迁移的适用性研究

建立食品模拟物中甲醛的迁移量和真实食品中甲醛含量的HPLC测定方法，调查了60℃、10 d迁移条件下4%(体积分数)乙酸对涂层金属罐的腐蚀情况。以环氧涂层中典型的挥发性物质甲醛为研究对象，研究了6种食品模拟物模拟21种金属罐装酸性食品的适用性。结果表明，在模拟食品长期贮存条件(60℃,10 d)下，19%的金属罐灌装乙酸溶液后发生了腐蚀；对于发生乙酸腐蚀的空罐样品，建议采用5 g/L柠檬酸作为此类产品用空罐中甲醛迁移量的食品模拟物。对于未发生乙酸溶液腐蚀的空罐样品，采用3 g/L与5 g/L柠檬酸及10%(体积分数)乙醇作为食品模拟物会导致超过80%的酸性罐装食品中甲醛含量的低估，此时推荐4%(体积分数)乙酸作为此类产品用空罐的甲醛迁移量测试的食品模拟物。     

纳米氧化锌/低密度聚乙烯膜中锌向食品的迁移研究

目的研究纳米氧化锌/低密度聚乙烯膜(low density polyethylene film,LDPE)中锌(Zn)向食品的迁移行为,探究其迁移规律。方法选取2种食品模拟物(3%乙酸及超纯水)及真实食品(食用白醋及瓶装水),在3种不同实验温度下(70、40及20℃),研究锌向食品模拟物的迁移规律。采用扫描电子显微镜(scanning electron microscope,SEM)和原子力显微镜(atomic force microscope,AFM)表征纳米ZnO/LDPE膜的表面形貌。结果锌向酸性模拟物中的迁移率远远大于水性模拟物中的迁移率,其中锌向酸性模拟物中的最大迁移率分别为22.7%,20.3%及18.6%(ZL-1,ZL-2及ZL-2#),向水性模拟物中的最大迁移率分别为9.9%,5.7%及4.9%(ZL-1,ZL-2及ZL-2#);锌向酸性食品的迁移量(1.59~5.03 mg/g)同样高于向水性食品的迁移量(2.98~24.60μg/g);随着纳米ZnO的初始含量变大迁移率变小;而偶联剂的加入对锌的迁移有一定的抑制作用。随着纳米ZnO浓度的增加,在薄膜中观察到纳米ZnO的不规则形貌。结论纳米ZnO/LDPE膜不适合在高温下包装食物,且其在酸性食品中的安全隐患高于水性食品。     

Antioxidants and their migration into food simulants on irradiated LLDPE film

Effects of γ-irradiation on residual and migration levels of antioxidants, tris-(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphite (Irgafos 168) and octadecyl-3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) propionate (Irganox 1076), and their radiolysis products were investigated in the linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) packaging samples treated at doses from 0 to 200 kGy. The content of Irgafos 168 was not detected in 5 kGy treated samples and the content of Irganox 1076 decreased by 34.9% from the initial level in 10 kGy treated samples. The radiolysis products, 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol (2,4-DTBP), 1,3-di-tert-butylbenzene (1,3-DTBB), and toluene were identified and their concentrations gradually increased as the irradiation dose increased. Migration of Irgafos 168 from the LLDPE pouch into food simulants, distilled water, acetic acid (4 ml/100 ml distilled water) or ethanol (20 ml/100 ml distilled water), was not detected at dose levels up to 200 kGy while that of the Irganox 1076 was detected in a decreasing mode with increasing dose.     

石墨烯/低密度聚乙烯复合包装膜中2种抗氧化剂向食品模拟物异辛烷的迁移

建立高效液相色谱法检测石墨烯/低密度聚乙烯复合食品包装薄膜中2种抗氧化剂(Irganox1076、Irgafos168)的方法。考察时间、温度以及石墨烯和石墨烯微片的存在对2种抗氧化剂向脂肪类食品模拟物异辛烷迁移的影响,同时分析2种不同抗氧化剂在迁移中的相互作用。结果表明,2种抗氧化剂的迁移会随着迁移温度的升高以及迁移时间的延长而增加直至达到迁移平衡;2种抗氧化剂之间存在协同作用,在迁移过程中会相互影响;石墨烯及石墨烯微片纳米粒子的团聚现象和吸附作用抑制了食品包装中的Irganox1076、Irgafos168两种抗氧化剂向异辛烷中的迁移。     

Solubility determination as an alternative to migration measurements

Solubility values for six UV stabilisers (Cyasorb UV-1164, Tinuvin P, Tinuvin 234, Tinuvin 326, Tinuvin 327 and Tinuvin 1577) and five antioxidants (Irgafos 168, Irganox 1010, Irganox 3114, Irganox 3790 and Irganox 565) were determined in all the liquid food simulants (3% (m/V) acetic acid–water mixture, 10% (V/V), 20% (V/V), 50% (V/V) ethanol–water mixture and vegetable oil) proposed in European Union Regulation No. 10/2011/EC, as well as in fruit juice and cola drink. The applied method was obtained by modification of the method for the determination of water solubility as described in OECD guideline Test No. 105. By using ultrasonication and shorter equilibration time, the time demand of the solubility determinations were decreased notably. Solubility values proved to be lower than the specific migration limits (as specified in 10/2011/EC) at 25°C for almost all target compounds in food simulants A, B, C and D1 as well as in fruit juice and cola drink. The exceptions were Tinuvin P and Irganox 3790 in simulant D1. The solubility in food simulant D2 was higher than 1000 µg ml^–1 for all target compounds. These results show that the solubility of some additives in food simulants can be so low that it makes migration studies for certain additive–food simulant pairs dispensable.     

Time- and temperature-dependent migration studies of Irganox 1076 from plastics into foods and food simulants

The study provides an exhaustive set of migration data for octadecyl 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate (Irganox 1076) from low-density polyethylene (LDPE) in several food matrices. Irganox 1076 was used as a model migrant because it represents one of the typical substances used as an antioxidant in food packaging polymers. Kinetic (time-dependent) migration studies of Irganox 1076 were performed for selected foodstuffs chosen with different physical-chemical properties and in relation to the actual European food consumption market. The effect of fat content and of the temperature of storage on the migration from plastic packaging was evaluated. The results show that migration increased with fat content and storage temperature. All data obtained from real foods were also compared with data obtained from simulants tested in the same conditions. In all studied cases, the kinetics in simulants were higher than those in foodstuffs. The work provides data valuable for the extension of the validation of migration model developed on simulants to foodstuffs themselves.     

Simultaneous Determination of Antioxidants and Ultraviolet Absorbers by Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography in Food Simulants

An efficient analytical method for the quantitative determination of migration levels of antioxidants and UV absorbers in food contact materials by ultra-performance liquid chromatography has been developed. The analytical method showed good linearity, presenting regression coefficients (R ²?≥?0.9981) for all compounds. The limits of detection and quantification were between 0.03 and 0.32 mg L^?1 and between 0.08 and 1.06 mg L^?1 for 29 analytes, respectively. According to European Union Directive No. 10/2011, five food simulants were investigated: 3 % (w/v) acetic acid, 10 % (v/v) ethanol, 20 % (v/v) ethanol, 50 % (v/v) ethanol, and fatty food simulant (isooctane). Recoveries were in the range of 88.43?～?115.28 %, with relative standard deviations between 0.33?～?8.43 %. Migration levels of antioxidants and UV absorbers were determined. Irganox 1010, Irganox 1076, and Tinuvin 120 were found in the majority of the samples generally together with the phosphate Irgafos 168 and its oxidized product. These levels were lower than limits allowed by legislation.     

Time‐ and temperature‐dependent migration studies of Irganox 1076 from plastics into foods and food simulants

The study provides an exhaustive set of migration data for octadecyl 3‐(3,5‐di‐tert‐butyl‐4‐hydroxyphenyl)propionate (Irganox 1076) from low‐density polyethylene (LDPE) in several food matrices. Irganox 1076 was used as a model migrant because it represents one of the typical substances used as an antioxidant in food packaging polymers. Kinetic (time‐dependent) migration studies of Irganox 1076 were performed for selected foodstuffs chosen with different physical–chemical properties and in relation to the actual European food consumption market. The effect of fat content and of the temperature of storage on the migration from plastic packaging was evaluated. The results show that migration increased with fat content and storage temperature. All data obtained from real foods were also compared with data obtained from simulants tested in the same conditions. In all studied cases, the kinetics in simulants were higher than those in foodstuffs. The work provides data valuable for the extension of the validation of migration model developed on simulants to foodstuffs themselves.     

超高效液相色谱法同时测定食品塑料包装材料中紫外吸收剂和抗氧化剂的迁移量

目的建立食品塑料包装材料中限用紫外吸收剂(UV-0、UV-9、UV-71、UV-326、UV-327、UV-234)和抗氧化剂(2246、425、TH-1790、3114和1076)迁移量的超高效液相色谱(ultra performance liquid chromatography,UPLC)测定方法。方法优化仪器条件及模拟液萃取条件,考察超纯水、3%乙酸水(V:V)溶液、10%乙醇水(V:V)溶液及95%乙醇水(V:V)溶液等4种食品模拟物中紫外吸收剂和抗氧化剂的迁移量,并将建立的方法用于市售样品迁移量的检测。结果 11种目标物质在相应的浓度范围内线性关系良好,相关系数r~2大于0.9992,方法检出限为0.5~2.0 mg/L;平均加标回收率为81.2%~113.2%,相对标准偏差(n=6)为2.8%~8.5%。结论该检测方法灵敏、准确,满足欧盟指令(EU)No.10/2011和GB 9685-2008对食品塑料接触材料及制品中紫外吸收剂和抗氧化剂特定迁移量(SML)的限量要求,适用于食品塑料包装材料中紫外吸收剂和抗氧化剂的迁移量的测定。     

Effect of high‐pressure processing on the migration of antioxidant Irganox 1076 from polypropylene film into a food simulant

The effect of high‐pressure processing (HPP) on the migration behaviour of a typical antioxidant, Irganox 1076, from polypropylene (PP) flexible structures was studied. Initial concentrations of Irganox 1076 in polypropylene (PP) were 2.0 and 5.0 mg g^?1. The migration experiments were carried out on high‐pressure treated and non‐treated polypropylene pouches containing either 95 or 10% ethanol aqueous food simulating liquids (FSL) for 20 days at 40 and 60 °C. After the contact period, concentrations of Irganox in PP and FSL were measured to determine migration behaviour. The results showed that there was no significant difference in the concentration of Irganox 1076 migrating from PP, and into the FSL for pressure‐treated vs non‐treated samples. No significant concentration differences were found in non‐treated (control) samples and those treated for 5 and 10 min. However, there was a storage time effect on the migration level. There was also a significant migration effect on the migration of Irganox between the two different food simulants, and an increase in the HPP temperature increased the rate of migration. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

Migration of silver from nanosilver–polyethylene composite packaging into food simulants

An analytical method for the determination of silver in food simulants (3% (w/v) aqueous acetic acid or 95% (v/v) aqueous ethanol) was developed based on inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Recoveries ranged from 87% to 109% and RSDs ranged from 0.7% to 7.8%. The procedure was applied to determine the migration of silver from nanosilver–polyethylene food packaging film into food simulants at different temperatures and migration times. Results indicated that the maximum migration ratios were 1.70%, 3.00% and 5.60% for 3% (w/v) aqueous acetic acid at 20, 40 and 70°C, respectively, while for 95% (v/v) aqueous ethanol the maximum migration ratios were 0.24%, 0.23% and 0.22% at 20, 40 and 70°C.