国内外经济利益驱动型食品掺假防控体系研究进展

近年来国内外发生的“三聚氰胺”、“马肉事件”等影响广泛的食品领域经济利益驱动型掺假 （economically motivated adulteration,EMA）事件对食品安全和食品贸易造成严重危害。国内外针对EMA问题已经 展开了许多研究,本文从EMA事件基础数据库的构建、事件特征、影响因素和防控技术体系等方面对当前国内外 EMA问题的研究现状进行梳理和总结,并提出我国也应加强对EMA事件的搜集、分析以及开展适合我国国情的防 控机制的研究,从而更好地应对EMA问题。     

基于美国药典委EMA数据库的全球经济利益驱动型掺假和食品欺诈分析

目的 分析全球范围内经济利益驱动型掺假(EMA)和食品欺诈信息,为建立符合我国国情的EMA数据库提供借鉴。方法 搜集美国药典委(USP)食品欺诈数据库的EMA信息,对1980-2018年在全球范围发生的4102条食品掺假事件作归类和统计分析。结果 掺假分为替代或稀释、人工增强、非法添加物、标签作假和产地作假等6个类型;EMA信息来源主要为学术文献(59.5%)、媒体报道(31.0%)和监管抽查(5.7%);欺诈事件发生率地区排名前三位为印度、中国、美国;按我国食品分类标准28类分析,食用油脂、乳制品、肉制品、酒类、调味品、饮料和蜂产品等7类产品占所有掺假食品类别的90%以上;牛奶、橄榄油和蜂蜜高居掺假食品产品前三,分别占13.1%、7.8%和6.9%;水产品、果品和蔬菜以及制品、饮料作物高居掺假农产品产品前四,分别占54.6%、11.0%、8.0%和7.6%;稀释或替代是最主要的掺假方式;目前最常用的掺假检测方法为高效液相色谱法和质谱法。结论 EMA是全球性的严重食品安全问题,EMA数据库是预防控制食品安全风险的重要技术支撑。     

论食品欺诈和食品掺假

文中旨在掌握食品欺诈和食品掺假相关研究领域的基本概念和发展状况,寻找出能够对我国应对食品掺假事件危机管理的启示。通过对食品欺诈和经济利益驱动的食品掺假的定义、类型、特性及美国应对食品掺假采取的相应策略措施的介绍,及其美国食品欺诈数据库和食品掺假数据库的详细介绍和比较,进一步提出了收集我国食品掺假的相关背景信息,建立我国食品掺假数据库,并与国际食品欺诈领域工作者共同合作,致力于研究全球有效的食品欺诈防御及其风险评估体系用以应对食品欺诈和食品掺假事件的建议。     

经济利益驱动型食品掺假概念研究

近年来,经济利益驱动型掺假(economically motivated adulteration,EMA)在全球范围内时有发生,制约食品生产、消费和管理领域的良性发展,为公共健康带来极大隐患。从公共卫生角度来看,提出符合我国国情的EMA概念并将其纳入食品安全管理,以进一步有效防控食品全链条中EMA事件的发生变得尤为重要。为此,本研究梳理剖析目前与EMA有关的概念,提出符合我国国情的EMA概念及其涵盖的6种行为类型,通过案例分析证实此概念对多种情况的适用性,为保障食品安全、食品质量以及维护食品产业的健康发展提供科学依据。     

食品企业经济利益驱动型掺假动机和原因分析

作为一种可能带来食品安全风险的行为,经济利益驱动型掺假（EMA）已经给消费者造成了巨大的健康和经济损失,本文通过成本-收益分析方法,对非法和合法食品企业选择EMA行为的动机和原因进行了分析,结果表明,非法和合法食品企业选择EMA行为的动机和原因存在明显差异。因此,EMA防控时对两类企业要采用不同的防控模式和机制。      

食品企业经济利益驱动型掺假动机和原因分析

作为一种可能带来食品安全风险的行为,经济利益驱动型掺假(EMA)已经给消费者造成了巨大的健康和经济损失,本文通过成本-收益分析方法,对非法和合法食品企业选择EMA行为的动机和原因进行了分析,结果表明,非法和合法食品企业选择EMA行为的动机和原因存在明显差异。因此,EMA防控时对两类企业要采用不同的防控模式和机制。     

美国明尼苏达大学食品保护与防御中心经济利益驱动型掺假数据库分析及学术地图可视化呈现

目的 统计分析明尼苏达大学食品保护与防御中心(National Center for Food Protection and Defense, NCFPD)经济利益驱动型掺假(economically motivated adulteration, EMA)数据库数据, 呈现学术地图可视化。 方法 对1980~2018年NCFPD-EMA数据库数据作统计分析, 并运用浙江大学学术地图发布平台 (http: //amap.zju.edu.cn)软件技术进行可视化呈现。结果 EMA事件在东南亚、西欧、北美的发生率较高, 掺假主体以农产品(65.7%)为主, 掺假组分依次为饮料(16.0%)、肉制品(14.3%)、食用油和油脂及其制品(12.3%)、水产制品(10.3%)和乳制品(9.9%); 掺假手段以稀释或替代(44.5%)为主, 且事件多数发生在加工环节(68.7%); 构建了酒及饮料类, 蔬菜及水果类、粮食加工品、乳制品、肉制品、食用油和油脂及其制品等6幅学术地图。结论 借鉴NCFPD-EMA信息和大数据技术建立“中国EMA数据库”很有必要, 采用学术地图EMA可视化呈现具有直接性、集中性和交互性的特点。     

基于网络信息的中国食用农产品经济利益驱动型掺假的分析研究

摘 要: 目的 分析中国食用农产品经济利益驱动型掺假(economically motivated adulteration, EMA)信息,构建符合我国国情的食用农产品EMA数据库。方法 搜集2012年4月-2021年3月的食用农产品EMA事件,建立我国食用农产品EMA数据库,并对其中的697条EMA事件进行统计和分析。结果 中国食用农产品EMA 信息来源主要为监督抽检和媒体报道;EMA事件发生排名前8的类别为家畜类、蔬菜及其制品、饮料作物产品、粮食及其副产品、家禽类、果品、香辛料、鱼,占所有EMA事件的 80.34%;非法添加是掺假中最常见的手段,在种植业产品、畜牧业产品、水产品三大类中都高居榜首,分别占比87%、84%和63%;掺假环节涉及生产、加工、贮运、销售,其中加工环节复杂度更高,掺假相对占比更重。结论 EMA事件的风险防范已成为全球性的热点问题,建立食用农产品EMA 数据库能够为我国食品和农产品EMA的预防控制提供数据基础和技术支撑。     

美国FDA重新审查食品掺假的应对措施

<正>据外媒报道,近日美国FDA发布经济利益驱动食品掺假(EMA)的处理方法,美国药典委员会致函指出,现有的措施不足以解决其风险。美国FDA建议处理EMA的两种方法是:食品安全现代化法案内针对蓄意掺假的食品防御框架;自愿性预防控制框架。美国药典委员会认为这两种方法都不能降低EMA的风险,建议FDA按照EMA的本质制定专门框     

我国治理食品掺假的相关法律法规体系研究

随着食品供应链和现代食品加工技术日益复杂,不法分子的食品掺假手段花样翻新,非法添加屡禁不止.一直以来,我国高度重视打击食品掺假行为,初步构筑了治理食品掺假的法律法规体系.在此基础上,文章首先系统梳理了我国治理食品掺假的相关法律、行政法规、部门规章、地方性法规和地方政府规章,其次分析了我国现有食品掺假治理体系存在的缺陷和...     

Defining the Public Health Threat of Dietary Supplement Fraud

Adverse health events resulting from dietary supplement fraud (DSF)—fraud conducted for economic gain using dietary supplements—have received increased recognition from agencies and industry. There is a growing awareness that this issue represents a significant public health threat. With increasing consumption of supplements, there are increasing consequences—good and bad—for food science and food safety. “Dietary supplements” are a special category of food that consists of finished products (for example, a vitamin D tablet) that contain 1 or more dietary ingredients. “Dietary ingredients” are the components of those finished products (for example, vitamin D added to a food product such as breakfast cereal). Due to a number of factors, potentially harmful dietary supplements reach—and often remain—in the market. DSF is a type of product fraud, as is food fraud, which is often classified by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration as Economically Motivated Adulteration (EMA). Since the adulterants are unconventional, DSF may represent an even greater public health threat than traditional dietary supplement safety issues (though it is important to note that adulteration is only one type of fraud). Criminology concepts such as situational crime prevention and the crime triangle deepen understanding of the relationship of fraud opportunity as it relates to fraudsters and established hurdles to fraud. The purpose of this research is to provide a comprehensive overview on the public health threat of DSF, and to focus on altering current intervention and response‐based approaches that are prevention‐based.     

Defining the public health threat of food fraud

Food fraud, including the more defined subcategory of economically motivated adulteration, is a food risk that is gaining recognition and concern. Regardless of the cause of the food risk, adulteration of food is both an industry and a government responsibility. Food safety, food fraud, and food defense incidents can create adulteration of food with public health threats. Food fraud is an intentional act for economic gain, whereas a food safety incident is an unintentional act with unintentional harm, and a food defense incident is an intentional act with intentional harm. Economically motivated adulteration may be just that-economically motivated-but the food-related public health risks are often more risky than traditional food safety threats because the contaminants are unconventional. Current intervention systems are not designed to look for a near infinite number of potential contaminants. The authors developed the core concepts reported here following comprehensive research of articles and reports, expert elicitation, and an extensive peer review. The intent of this research paper is to provide a base reference document for defining food fraud-it focuses specifically on the public health threat-and to facilitate a shift in focus from intervention to prevention. This will subsequently provide a framework for future quantitative or innovative research. The fraud opportunity is deconstructed using the criminology and behavioral science applications of the crime triangle and the chemistry of the crime. The research provides a food risk matrix and identifies food fraud incident types. This project provides a starting point for future food science, food safety, and food defense research. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Food fraud, including the more defined subcategory of economically motivated adulteration, is a food protection threat that has not been defined or holistically addressed. The terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, led to the development of food defense as an autonomous area of study and a new food protection discipline. As economically motivated adulteration grows in scope, scale, and awareness, it is conceivable that food fraud will achieve the same status as an autonomous concept, between food safety and food defense. This research establishes a starting point for defining food fraud and identifying the public health risks.     

Impacts of Milk Fraud on Food Safety and Nutrition with Special Emphasis on Developing Countries

Milk in its natural form has a high food value, since it is comprised of a wide variety of nutrients which are essential for proper growth and maintenance of the human body. In recent decades, there has been an upsurge in milk consumption worldwide, especially in developing countries, and it is now forming a significant part of the diet for a high proportion of the global population. As a result of the increased demand, in addition to the growth in competition in the dairy market and the increasing complexity of the supply chain, some unscrupulous producers are indulging in milk fraud. This malpractice has become a common problem in the developing countries, which lack strict vigilance by food safety authorities. Milk is often subjected to fraud (by means of adulteration) for financial gain, but it can also be adulterated due to ill‐informed attempts to improve hygiene conditions. Water is the most common adulterant used, which decreases the nutritional value of milk. If the water is contaminated, for example, with chemicals or pathogens, this poses a serious health risk for consumers. To the diluted milk, inferior cheaper materials may be added such as reconstituted milk powder, urea, and cane sugar, even more hazardous chemicals including melamine, formalin, caustic soda, and detergents. These additions have the potential to cause serious health‐related problems. This review aims to investigate the impacts of milk fraud on nutrition and food safety, and it points out the potential adverse human health effects associated with the consumption of adulterated milk.     

Development and application of a database of food ingredient fraud and economically motivated adulteration from 1980 to 2010

Food ingredient fraud and economically motivated adulteration are emerging risks, but a comprehensive compilation of information about known problematic ingredients and detection methods does not currently exist. The objectives of this research were to collect such information from publicly available articles in scholarly journals and general media, organize into a database, and review and analyze the data to identify trends. The results summarized are a database that will be published in the US Pharmacopeial Convention's Food Chemicals Codex, 8th edition, and includes 1305 records, including 1000 records with analytical methods collected from 677 references. Olive oil, milk, honey, and saffron were the most common targets for adulteration reported in scholarly journals, and potentially harmful issues identified include spices diluted with lead chromate and lead tetraoxide, substitution of Chinese star anise with toxic Japanese star anise, and melamine adulteration of high protein content foods. High-performance liquid chromatography and infrared spectroscopy were the most common analytical detection procedures, and chemometrics data analysis was used in a large number of reports. Future expansion of this database will include additional publically available articles published before 1980 and in other languages, as well as data outside the public domain. The authors recommend in-depth analyses of individual incidents. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: This report describes the development and application of a database of food ingredient fraud issues from publicly available references. The database provides baseline information and data useful to governments, agencies, and individual companies assessing the risks of specific products produced in specific regions as well as products distributed and sold in other regions. In addition, the report describes current analytical technologies for detecting food fraud and identifies trends and developments.