林蛙卵油脂肪酸组分的分析研究

林蛙卵经石油醚和超临界CO2流体萃取得到林蛙卵油。把林蛙卵油甲酯化,用石英毛细管色谱/质谱法测定其脂肪酸组分。采用石油醚方法萃取得到的林蛙卵油分离出19种组分,不饱和脂肪酸含量为72.38%;采用超临界CO2流体萃取得到的林蛙卵油分离出26种组分,不饱和脂肪酸含量为69.65%。研究结果表明:两种方式获得的林蛙卵油脂肪酸主要组分及含量基本一致,均由C12-22脂肪酸组成,主要不饱和脂肪酸是十六碳烯酸、亚油酸、油酸、EPA(二十碳五烯酸)、DHA(二十二碳六烯酸)等。     

金银花籽组成成分的分析研究

分析了金银花籽的营养成分、氨基酸组成、微量元素的含量以及金银花籽油的理化指标和脂肪酸组成。结果表明,金银花籽含22.22%的油,21.43%的蛋白质,15.37%的糖类,13.04%的水分和4.05%的灰分;金银花籽蛋白质中氨基酸种类齐全;金银花籽油富含不饱和脂肪酸,含量高达85.28%。金银花籽油的理化指标为:相对密度d2400.9158,折光指数n201.4796,皂化值180.31mgKOH/g,酸值2.55 mgKOH/g。     

籽用南瓜籽的营养与籽油的特性分析

对籽用南瓜籽的主要营养成分和籽油的理化特性及脂肪酸组成进行测定,发现籽用南瓜籽中含有60.01%的油,29.05%的粗蛋白。籽油的脂肪酸组成分析表明,籽油主要含不饱和脂肪酸,是不饱和脂肪酸含量较高的植物种籽之一,其中亚油酸的含量高达52.92%,是一种极具开发潜力的营养保健油源。     

金樱子籽油的提取及其脂肪酸成分分析

对金樱子籽油进行提取和精炼,考察了籽油的理化性质,并用气质联用仪对其脂肪酸组成和含量进行测定。结果表明,金樱子籽油的出油率为5.24%;酸价为0.36 mgKOH/g,过氧化值为46.10 mmol/kg,碘值为160.90 gI2/100 g,皂化值为193.76 mgKOH/g;金樱子籽油中检出5种脂肪酸,其中不饱和脂肪酸质量分数高达86.10%,亚油酸和α-亚麻酸分别为43.99%和42.11%;饱和脂肪酸占13.90%,由棕榈酸、硬脂酸和花生酸所组成。金樱子籽油的不饱和脂肪酸含量较高,是一种值得开发利用的营养保健油源。     

甜瓜籽营养成分分析

为了进一步开发利用新疆的甜瓜籽资源,分析了新疆甜瓜籽的营养成分、氨基酸组成、微量元素的含量以及甜瓜籽油的理化指标和脂肪酸组成.结果表明,甜瓜籽含37.12%的油,24.08%的蛋白质,24.50%的糖类,0.010%的VE;甜瓜籽蛋白质中氨基酸种类齐全;甜瓜籽油富含不饱和脂肪酸,含量高达90%多;甜瓜籽油的理化指标为相对密度d20 4 0.9228,碘值174.56 gI/100g,折光指数n201.4589,皂化值195.32 mgKOH/g,不皂化物7.86%.     

盐地碱蓬籽油的提取及特性分析

为了开发和利用盐地碱蓬籽油,用溶剂萃取法从盐地碱蓬籽中提取油脂,然后用GE/MS分析其中的脂肪酸组成及其相对含量,并对盐地碱蓬籽油的碘值、酸值、皂化值等理化指标进行测定,结果表明:盐地碱蓬籽含油量20.12%;盐地碱蓬籽油碘值(Ⅰ)176.4 g/100 g,酸值(KOH)1.84 mg/g,皂化值(KOH)194.6 mg/g;Ak碱蓬籽油检出7种脂肪酸,不饱和脂肪酸占90.65%,其中亚油酸占68.74%,油酸占13.93%,亚麻酸占4.17%.分析结果表明,盐地碱蓬籽油是一种高品质的保健油脂.     

亚麻籽粒及其油脂的特性分析与营养评价

分析了亚麻籽油的理化性质和脂肪酸组成及相对含量,同时对亚麻籽粒的营养成分进行评价。结果表明,亚麻籽富含油脂和蛋白质以及矿物元素K、Ca、Mg、P、Fe、Zn等;亚麻籽油中含有16种脂肪酸,其中不饱和脂肪酸含量达到90%以上,主要为α-亚麻酸53.06%、亚油酸16.22%和油酸20.18%;亚麻籽油VE含量达到55g/100g。亚麻籽油具有较高的营养价值,作为特种营养食用油脂具有广阔的开发前景。     

猕猴桃籽油的开发利用探讨

对猕猴桃籽油的理化特性及其脂肪酸组成和VE 含量进行了研究。研究表明 ,猕猴桃籽油主要含不饱和脂肪酸 ,其中油酸 12 89%、亚油酸 12 5 9%、亚麻酸 6 3 99% ,不饱和脂肪酸含量约 90 % ;猕猴桃籽油VE 含量为 0 81mg/ g。可见 ,猕猴桃籽油是一种极具开发潜力的营养保健油资源     

荠菜籽油的提取工艺与品质分析

以荠菜籽为原料,采用溶剂法提取其中的油脂,并分析了油脂脂肪酸组成、V_E含量及理化性质。结果表明,提取荠菜籽油的最佳工艺条件为提取时间2 h、提取温度35℃、料液比1:8,油脂提取率为35.40%;荠菜籽油含多种脂肪酸,其中α-亚麻酸含量最高,为31.6%,其次是亚油酸和油酸,分别含20.0%、18.4%,芥酸含量极少,仅0.42%,不饱和脂肪酸占84.72%,必需脂肪酸占51.60%,V_E为41.40 mg/100 g;荠菜籽油呈透明浅黄色,有荠菜籽香味,酸价和过氧化值符合国家卫生标准。     

冬瓜籽油的理化指标及营养成分的分析

对冬瓜籽油的理化性质、脂肪酸组成及营养成分进行分析。结果表明:冬瓜籽油酸价为4.96 mg/g,过氧化值为0.02 g/100 g,皂化值为195.97 mg/g,碘值为111.22 g/100 g;冬瓜籽油中包含12种脂肪酸,其中以亚油酸为主要脂肪酸,不饱和脂肪酸含量高达81.83%;冬瓜籽油还含有丰富的植物甾醇,其中菜油甾醇含量最高,为2 255.50 mg/kg,豆甾醇含量为980.76 mg/kg;冬瓜籽油中共检出3种生育酚,其中γ-生育酚含量最高(612.9 mg/kg),其次为α-生育三烯酚(90.6 mg/kg);冬瓜籽油中多酚类物质的含量为56.4 mg GAE/kg油。     

3种淡水鱼内脏粗鱼油品质及挥发性风味成分分析比较

为提高淡水鱼类加工副产物的高值化利用,本文以3种常见的淡水鱼(草鱼、青鱼和鲢鱼)内脏为原料提取粗鱼油,进行理化指标评价、脂肪酸组成及挥发性风味成分分析。结果表明,青鱼油的理化指标最佳,其过氧化值、酸价、水分及挥发物、茴香胺值、不皂化物等较低;鲢鱼油次之,草鱼油最差。青鱼油、鲢鱼油和草鱼油中分别检测出16、22、27种脂肪酸,均以棕榈酸(C_16:0)、油酸(C_18:1n-9c)、亚油酸(C_18:2n-6c)为主,鲢鱼油的相对营养价值最高。3种粗鱼油共检测出66种挥发性物质,包括烃类17种,醇类7种,醛类15种,酮类3种,酯类8种,酸类10种,酚类3种,其他类3种。草鱼油中含量最高的是酚类物质(59.86%);青鱼油中挥发性物质以醇类为主,含量为53.23%;鲢鱼油中含量最高的是酸类物质(27.64%)。3种粗鱼油共得到10种关键风味成分,主要以醛类、醇类和酚类物质为主。反式-2,4-癸二烯醛、壬醛、反式-2,4-庚二烯醛、苯乙醛、1-辛烯-3-醇等是粗鱼油中主要的鱼腥味、油脂味风味物质。     

Composition and properties of milk and butter from cows fed fish oil

A control diet and a fish oil diet were fed to 12 multiparous Holstein cows to determine how the incorporation of Menhaden fish oil in the diet would influence the fatty acid composition, especially the conjugated linoleic acid and transvaccenic acid, contents of milk and butter. The control diet consisted of a 50:50 ratio of forage to concentrate, and the fish oil diet consisted of the control diet with 2% (on a dry matter basis) added fish oil. Milk from cows fed the control diet contained higher average concentrations of milk fat (3.37%) compared with milk from cows fed the fish oil diet (2.29%). Milk from cows fed fish oil contained higher concentrations of conjugated linoleic acid, transvaccenic acid, and total unsaturated fatty acids (0.68 and 2.51; 1.42 and 6.28; and 30.47 and 41.71 g/100 g of fat, respectively). Butter made from the fish oil diet milk also had higher concentrations of conjugated linoleic acid, transvaccenic acid, and unsaturated fatty acids. Penetrometer readings indicated fish oil diet butters were softer at 4 and 20 degrees C than the control diet butters. Acid degree values were similar in the fish oil butters compared with the control butters. No significant difference was found in the flavor characteristics of milk and butter from cows fed the control and fish oil diets. Production of milk and butter with increased amounts of conjugated linoleic acid, transvaccenic acid, and other beneficial fatty acids may have a desirable impact on the health of consumers and lead to increased sales.     

人乳替代脂鲳鱼油和巴沙鱼油的脂肪酸、甘油三酯 组成及含量分析

为寻找与中国人乳脂脂质组成高相似的天然人乳替代脂，分析比较了3种鱼油(金鲳鱼油、银鲳鱼油和巴沙鱼油)的总脂肪酸、sn-2位脂肪酸、甘油三酯组成和含量。结果表明：金鲳鱼油中棕榈酸、油酸和亚油酸含量分别为24.93%、25.61%和26.52%,其中sn-2位棕榈酸的含量为39.71%,占总棕榈酸比例为53.10%;在3种鱼油中，金鲳鱼油总脂肪酸组成最接近中国人乳脂；甘油三酯组成分析结果证实，金鲳鱼油中富含1-油酸-2-棕榈酸-3-亚油酸甘油三酯(OPL,24.36%),其含量显著高于其他两种鱼油，且其1,3-二油酸-2-棕榈酸甘油三酯(OPO)的含量(16.79%)接近报道的中国人乳脂的平均含量(15.84%)。因此，金鲳鱼油是理想的中国婴儿配方奶粉专用油脂基料油，在人乳替代脂中具有良好的发展前景。     

Fish oil and extruded soybeans fed in combination increase conjugated linoleic acids in milk of dairy cows more than when fed separately

Eight multiparous Holstein and four multiparous Brown Swiss (78 +/- 43 DIM) cows were used in a 4 x 4 Latin square with 28-d periods to evaluate if feeding fish oil with a source of linoleic acid (extruded soybeans) would stimulate additional amounts of conjugated linoleic acid in milk. Four treatments consisted of a control diet with a 50:50 ratio of forage to concentrate (DM basis), a control diet with 2% added fat from either menhaden fish oil or extruded soybeans, or a combination of fish oil and extruded soybeans each adding 1% fat. DM intake (24.3, 21.6, 24.5, and 22.5 kg/d, for control, fish oil, extruded soybeans, and combination diets, respectively), milk production (32.1, 29.1,34.6, and 31.1 kg/d), and milk fat content (3.51, 2.79, 3.27, and 3.14%) were lower for cows that consumed either fish oil-containing diet, especially the 2% fish oil diet. The proportion of n-3 fatty acids in milk fat increased similarly among all three fat-supplemented diets. Concentrations of transvaccenic acid (1.00, 4.16, 2.17, and 3.51 g/100 g of fatty acids) and cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid (0.60, 2.03, 1.16, and 1.82 g/100 g of fatty acids) in milk fat increased more with fish oil than with extruded soybeans. When fed the combination diet, these fatty acids were approximately 50% higher than expected for Holsteins, whereas concentrations were similar for Brown Swiss compared with feeding each fat source separately. These data indicated that fish oil modifies ruminal or systemic functions, stimulating increased conversion of linoleic acid into transvaccenic and conjugated linoleic acids.     

Influence of dietary fish oil on conjugated linoleic acid and other fatty acids in milk fat from lactating dairy cows

Lactating cows were fed menhaden fish oil to elevate concentrations of conjugated linoleic acid, transvaccenic acid, and n-3 fatty acids in milk. Twelve multiparous Holstein cows at 48+/-11 DIM were assigned randomly to a replicated 4 x 4 Latin square. Each treatment period was 35 d in length, with data collected d 15 to 35 of each period. On a dry matter (DM) basis, diets contained 25% corn silage, 25% alfalfa hay, and 50% of the respective concentrate mix. Fish oil was supplemented at 0, 1, 2, and 3% of ration DM. Linear decreases were observed for DM intake (28.8, 28.5, 23.4, and 20.4 kg/d) and milk fat (2.99, 2.79, 2.37, and 2.30%) for 0 to 3% dietary fish oil, respectively. Milk yield (31.7, 34.2, 32.3, and 27.4 kg/d) increased as dietary fish oil increased from 0 to 1% but decreased linearly from 1 to 3% dietary fish oil. Milk protein percentages (3.17, 3.19, 3.21, and 3.17) were similar for all treatments. When the 2% fish oil diet was fed, concentrations of conjugated linoleic acid and transvaccenic acid in milk fat increased to 356% (to 2.2 g/ 100 g of total fatty acids) and 502% (to 6.1 g/100 g), respectively, of amounts when 0% fish oil was fed. There were no additional increases in these fatty acids when cows were fed 3% fish oil. The n-3 fatty acids increased from a trace to over 1 g/100 g of milk fatty acids, when the 3% fish oil diet was fed. Fish oil supplementation to diets of dairy cows increased the conjugated linoleic acid, transvaccenic acid, and n-3 fatty acids in milk.     

Fatty acid profiles of milk and rumen digesta from cows fed fish oil,extruded soybeans or their blend

Four fistulated primiparous cows (two Holstein and two Brown Swiss) averaging 102 DIM were used in a 4 x 4 Latin square with 3-wk periods to determine the effect of feeding fish oil, extruded soybeans, or their combination on fatty acid profiles of milk and rumen digesta. Experimental diets consisted of: 1) control diet; 2) a diet with 2% (DM basis) added fat from menhaden fish oil; 3) a diet with 2% added fat from extruded soybeans; and 4) a diet with 1% added fat from fish oil and 1% fat from extruded soybeans. All diets consisted of 25% corn silage, 25% alfalfa hay, and 50% concentrate. Milk yields (28.6, 29.7, 29.2, and 28.1 kg/d for control, fish oil, extruded soybeans, and combination diets, respectively) were similar for all fat supplements and control. Milk fat and protein percentages (3.49, 3.08; 3.25, 2.96; 3.47, 3.01; 3.48, 2.99 for diets 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively) were not affected by fat supplements compared with control. Dry matter intake (23.0, 21.6, 22.7, and 21.6 kg/d) was reduced when diets containing fish oil were fed. Concentrations of conjugated linoleic acid [CLA; cis-9, trans-11 CLA, 0.40, 0.88, 0.87, and 0.80 g/100 g fatty acids (FA)] and transvaccenic acid (TVA, 1.02, 2.34, 2.41, and 2.06 g/100 g of FA) were increased in milk fat by all fat supplements, with no differences in milk CLA and TVA observed among fat supplements. As with milk fat, proportions of ruminal CLA (0.09, 0.26, 0.18, and 0.21 g/100 g of FA) and TVA (2.61, 4.56, 4.61, and 4.39 g/100 g of FA) increased with fat supplements. The effects of fat supplements on ruminal TVA and CLA concentrations were also reflected in rumen FA-salts, free fatty acids, and neutral lipids. The higher TVA to CLA ratio in the rumen compared with milk indicated that fat supplements increased milk CLA concentration mainly by increasing ruminal production of TVA, which also implied the significant role that mammary delta-9 desaturase plays in milk CLA concentrations.     

Composition and flavor of milk and butter from cows fed fish oil, extruded soybeans, or their combination.

Milk was collected from eight multiparous Holstein and four multiparous Brown Swiss cows that were distributed into four groups and arranged in a randomized complete block design with four 4-wk periods. The four treatments included a control diet of a 50:50 ratio of forage-to-concentrate; a fish oil diet of the control diet with 2% (on dry matter basis) added fat from menhaden fish oil; a fish oil with extruded soybean diet of the control diet with 1% (on dry matter basis) added fat from menhaden fish oil and 1% (on dry matter basis) added fat from extruded soybeans; and an extruded soybean diet of the control diet with 2% (on dry matter basis) added fat from extruded soybeans. Milk from cows fed control, fish oil, fish oil with extruded soybean, and extruded soybean diets contained 3.31, 2.58, 2.94, and 3.47% fat, respectively. Concentrations of conjugated linoleic acid in milk were highest in the fish oil (2.30 g/100 g of fatty acids) and fish oil with extruded soybean (2.17 g/100 g of fatty acids) diets compared with the control (0.56 g/100 g fatty acids) diet. Milk, cream, butter, and buttermilk from the fish oil, fish oil with extruded soybean, and extruded soybean diets had higher concentrations of transvaccenic acid and unsaturated fatty acids compared with the controls. Butter made from the extruded soybean diet was softest compared with all treatments. An experienced sensory panel found no flavor differences in milks or butters.     

超声波辅助稀碱水解法提取金鲳鱼骨油的工艺优化与脂肪酸组成分析

以金鲳鱼骨为原料,在对金鲳鱼骨中主要营养成分(水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪和粗灰分)进行分析检测的基础上,利用单因素与正交试验相结合的方法优化金鲳鱼骨油稀碱水解(超声波辅助)法的提取工艺,并采用气相色谱-质谱法对最佳提取工艺所得的金鲳鱼骨油的脂肪酸组成进行测定分析,评价其营养价值。结果表明,金鲳鱼骨中水分、粗脂肪、粗蛋白和粗灰分质量分数分别为50.20%、29.97%、12.00%和7.63%。影响金鲳鱼骨油提取率的4个主要因素为液料比、p H值、提取温度和提取时间。当液料比为4∶1(m L/g)、p H 9、提取温度60℃、提取时间30 min、超声功率500 W时,金鲳鱼骨油的提取率为80.51%,该条件为稀碱水解(超声波辅助)法提取金鲳鱼骨油的最佳工艺参数。采用气相色谱-质谱联用技术对金鲳鱼骨油的脂肪酸进行定性、定量分析可知:金鲳鱼骨油中不饱和脂肪酸含量(68.44%)显著高于饱和脂肪酸含量(31.56%);单不饱和脂肪酸总量(37.99%)高于多不饱和脂肪酸总量(30.45%);其中油酸(27.86%)和棕榈酸(21.46%)含量最高,富含亚油酸、二十二碳六烯酸和二十碳五烯酸。金鲳鱼骨作为鱼类下脚料营养丰富,具有良好保健作用和经济价值,颇具开发利用前景。     

鲟鱼和草鱼鱼鳔酶溶性胶原蛋白的理化性质比较

以鲟鱼鱼鳔和草鱼鱼鳔为原料,比较分析两种鱼鳔酶溶性胶原蛋白（PSC）的理化性质。通过胶原蛋白得率、氨基酸组成、十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳、紫外光谱、傅里叶红外光谱、圆二光谱、微量热仪分析两种鱼鳔PSC的组成及理化性质的差异。结果表明,鲟鱼鱼鳔基本营养成分中的粗脂肪和羟脯氨酸含量均显著高于草鱼鱼鳔（P<0.05）;鲟鱼鱼鳔PSC得率80.63%显著高于草鱼鱼鳔PSC得率49.85%（P<0.05）;两种鱼鳔PSC都属于I型胶原蛋白;鲟鱼鱼鳔PSC的α链相对分子质量和二聚体β链的含量低于草鱼鱼鳔PSC;氨基酸组成中鲟鱼鱼鳔PSC中的丝氨酸、蛋氨酸、异亮氨酸、亮氨酸、组氨酸和精氨酸的含量显著高于草鱼鱼鳔PSC（P<0.05）,草鱼鱼鳔PSC中的丙氨酸、苯丙氨酸、赖氨酸、脯氨酸和羟脯氨酸的含量显著高于鲟鱼鱼鳔PSC（P<0.05）;两种鱼鳔PSC具有相似的二级结构;鲟鱼鱼鳔PSC的变性温度29.26 ℃显著低于草鱼鱼鳔PSC变性温度36.01 ℃（P<0.05）。在两种鱼鳔PSC之间,草鱼鱼鳔PSC比鲟鱼鱼鳔PSC有更好的热稳定性,但是鲟鱼鱼鳔PSC比草鱼鱼鳔PSC有更高的得率。     

15种淡水鱼肌肉脂肪含量及脂肪酸组成分析

为比较淡水鱼肌肉脂肪酸在鱼类科、目以及种属间的差异,本文采用氯仿-甲醇(体积比=2:1)法提取15种淡水鱼背部肌肉的粗脂肪,运用气相色谱-质谱联用方法,分析了15种淡水鱼脂肪酸的组成。结果表明,15种淡水鱼肌肉粗脂肪含量在3.76%~14.74%,15种淡水鱼共检出24种脂肪酸,其中8种饱和脂肪酸(SFA),5种单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)和11种多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)。不同淡水鱼脂肪酸除个别有差异外,其他组成基本相同,但其含量因淡水鱼所在目、科和种属不同存在显著性差异,多不饱和脂肪酸含量最高,均在35%以上。不同鱼种的粗脂肪中EPA和DHA总含量有所差异,鲈鱼粗脂肪中DHA和EPA最高,总含量达到30%,而泥鳅粗脂肪中的EPA和DHA总含量仅为8.51%。部分鱼种可以作为EPA和DHA的良好膳食来源,具有较高的利用和开发价值。