市售鸡肉中四环素耐药菌污染特征初探

为描述鸡肉产品中四环素耐药菌的污染状况,初步评价四环素耐药基因通过市售鸡肉产品进行迁移的潜在风险。在上海13个区采集55个冷冻鸡肉样品、50个冷鲜鸡肉样品和3个现宰鸡样品,分离对四环素或强力霉素不敏感的细菌(Tet~(is)或Dox~(is)),研究其耐药特征,并筛查7种四环素耐药基因和一类整合酶基因int I。结果表明,所有样品均分离出Tet~(is)菌,菌落数为1.00×103~1.51×108CFU/g;从96.19%的样品中分离出Dox~(is)菌,菌落数为5.01×10~7.76×106CFU/g;两类抗生素不敏感菌的数量在现宰样中最高,冷鲜样次之,冷冻样最低。738株Tet~(is)和Dox~(is)菌普遍对多种抗生素不敏感,其中165株菌中耐药基因tet A,tet B,tet C,tet E,tet G,tet L,tet M和int I的检出率分别为9.70%,20.00%,4.24%,9.70%,15.80%,29.70%,61.80%和46.10%。耐药基因的寄主菌包括埃希氏菌、葡萄球菌、肠球菌、奇异变形杆菌、不动杆菌、鞘氨醇杆菌和土地杆菌等,大多数菌的四环素最小抑菌质量浓度大于64μg/m L。综上,市售鸡肉产品中四环素耐药菌污染较为严重,可能包含巨大的耐药基因池,存在潜在的迁移风险。     

肉鸡屠宰场多重耐药沙门氏菌Ⅰ类整合子与磺胺类耐药基因（sul1、sul2和sul3）的检测

目的：了解肉鸡屠宰场多重耐药沙门氏菌Ⅰ类整合子及磺胺类耐药基因携带情况。方法：采用纸片扩散法对肉鸡屠宰场84 株沙门氏菌分离株进行10 种抗生素敏感性实验;应用聚合酶链式反应（polymerase chain reaction,PCR）方法检测多重耐药沙门氏菌sul1、sul2、sul3和int1基因。结果：84 株沙门氏菌对氨苄西林和萘啶酸耐药率高达100%,对环丙沙星、四环素、甲氧苄啶/磺胺甲噁唑、大观霉素、氟苯尼考、庆大霉素耐药率分别为39.29%、35.71%、35.71%、35.71%、22.62%、14.29%。38 株沙门氏菌对3 种及以上抗生素耐药,属于多重耐药菌株。38 株多重耐药菌株中,有20 株携带Ⅰ类整合子。30 株对甲氧苄啶/磺胺甲噁唑耐药的菌株中,均能检测到sul1或sul2或sul3基因,与表型耐药100%符合,其检出率分别为40%、100%、63.3%。结论：肉鸡屠宰场中沙门氏菌耐药现象已不容乐观,沙门氏菌多重耐药性与Ⅰ类整合子的携带之间关系密切,且Ⅰ类整合子在磺胺类耐药菌株的产生中起到重要作用。     

动物源性食品中抗生素残留、耐药细菌的分布及耐药基因的水平传播

目的：调查动物源性食品中抗生素的残留、耐药细菌的分布及抗生素对耐药基因水平转移的影响。方法：利用盐析辅助液液萃取/高效液相色谱/串联质谱法对市售动物源性食品中18种抗生素的含量进行检测;对样品中的需氧菌进行分离鉴定,利用PCR技术调查耐药基因的分布,通过接合转移试验调查抗生素胁迫对耐药基因水平传播的影响。结果：50份动物源性食品中检出环丙沙星、恩诺沙星、土霉素、金霉素、磺胺嘧啶和磺胺二甲嘧啶。162株分离株中磺胺甲基异恶唑耐药基因sul1的检出率最高。在环丙沙星胁迫下,三株供体菌中耐药基因qnrS的接合转移率均高于对照组。结论：动物源性食品中喹诺酮类、磺胺类和四环素类抗生素均有不同程度的残留。亚抑菌浓度抗生素促进耐药基因的接合转移。     

江苏省鸡肉产品中弯曲菌耐药特征及Ⅰ型整合子分析

为探讨鸡肉产品中弯曲菌的耐药特征,本研究以2016~2017年分离于江苏省市售鸡肉中弯曲菌分离株为研究对象,采用K-B纸片扩散法测定分离株对9大类21种抗生素的敏感性,同时应用PCR法检测Ⅰ型整合子的整合酶基因、3’-CS以及可变区耐药基因。研究显示:弯曲菌分离株对环丙沙星、头孢噻肟、氧氟沙星、卡那霉素、氨苄西林耐药率较高,分别为83.16%、80.0%、68.0%、65.0%和64.2%。47.3%(45/95)的菌株为Ⅰ型整合酶基因阳性,10株分离株具有3’-CS端,其中5株分离株为可变区阳性,其耐药基因盒为aad A1。结论:鸡肉产品中分离到的弯曲菌多重耐药现象严重,整合子介导的多重耐药在江苏地区并不是主导的耐药机制,但其携带的耐药基因可在不同细菌间传递从而通过食物链传递给人类,应严格监测鸡肉产品中弯曲菌的耐药特征及Ⅰ型整合子的流行情况。     

冷鲜鸡接触者手部抗生素耐药菌菌群多样性分析

为探索冷鲜鸡表面抗生素耐药菌在生产加工和消费加工中向人迁移的潜在风险,利用选择性培养和IonS5TMXL测序平台对6位冷鲜鸡接触者手部的四环素耐药菌(TETr)和磺胺耐药菌(SULr)进行计数和多样性分析。结果表明,与冷鲜鸡接触后,操作者手部的两类耐药菌显著增加至4.80×10～2.66×10~6 CFU/cm~2;TETr菌和SULr菌中各注释出21,19个菌属的共有菌群,其中,不动杆菌等9个属的细菌已被证实在禽源和人源分离株中均存在多重耐药性,且耐药基因在禽源和人源细菌间可能发生水平迁移;而布丘氏菌等14个菌属的禽源细菌的耐药特性尚无研究报道。研究证实TETr菌和SULr菌在直接接触中会从冷鲜鸡肉产品表面迁移至操作者手上。     

济南市零售鸡肉中沙门菌污染状况及可移动黏菌素耐药基因分析

目的 了解2020—2021年济南市零售鸡肉中沙门菌的污染状况,并探究可移动黏菌素耐药基因（mcr）的携带情况。方法 2020年12月至2021年11月在济南市采集零售鸡肉样品260份,依据GB 4789.4—2016《食品安全国家标准食品微生物学检验沙门氏菌检验》对样品中的沙门菌进行分离鉴定,通过聚合酶链式反应（PCR）对分离株进行血清型鉴定和mcr基因筛选,使用微量肉汤法对mcr基因阳性株开展抗生素敏感性试验。结果 260份零售鸡肉样品中共检出阳性样品61份,污染率为23.46%(61/260),秋季污染率最高可达53.33%(32/60);共分离出沙门菌103株,56株为肠炎沙门菌,占比54.37%(56/103)。2株不同产地鸡翅样品来源的印第安纳沙门菌分离株检测出mcr-1基因,阳性率为1.94%(2/103)。2株mcr-1基因阳性印第安纳沙门菌分离株均为多重耐药株,其中1株可对碳青霉烯类和多黏菌素类在内的全部12类测试抗生素同时耐药。结论 2020—2021年济南市零售鸡肉中的沙门菌污染较为严重,秋季采集样品的污染率较高,肠炎沙门菌为优势血清型,检出携带mcr-1基因;同...     

市售酸奶中乳酸菌耐药性及耐药基因的检测

为探讨酸奶中乳酸菌所携带耐药基因对人类健康的潜在影响,对市售酸奶中的乳酸菌进行分离和鉴定,并通过药物敏感性实验确定菌株的耐药谱,同时利用聚合酶链式反应（polymerase chain reaction,PCR）扩增技术调查链霉素、庆大霉素、磺胺类和四环素等耐药基因的分布情况。结果表明：25 份市售酸奶样品中共分离得到56 株乳酸菌,包括26 株德氏乳杆菌保加利亚亚种、3 株植物乳杆菌、2 株嗜酸乳杆菌以及25 株嗜热链球菌。药敏结果显示,31 株乳杆菌对链霉素（87.1%）、庆大霉素（80.6%）、环丙沙星（74.2%）和四环素（61.3%）的耐药率较高,对头孢菌素类则较为敏感;而25 株嗜热链球菌同样对链霉素的耐药率最高,达76.0%;其次分别为万古霉素（32.0%）、环丙沙星（32.0%）和四环素（20.0%）。56 株乳酸菌中共检出5 种不同的耐药基因,分别为链霉素耐药基因ant(6)（检出率1.8%）、庆大霉素耐药基因aac(6')-aph(2')（检出率7.1%）、四环素耐药基因tetM（检出率5.4%）以及磺胺类耐药基因sulⅠ（检出率14.3%）和sulⅡ（检出率1.8%）。受试的乳酸菌中共有13 株检出耐药基因,其中有4 株携带两种不同的耐药基因。长期以来被认为安全并广泛应用于发酵食品领域的乳酸菌可能成为潜在的耐药基因贮存库。     

肉鸡屠宰生产链中沙门氏菌耐药基因检测与耐药相关性分析

目的:了解肉鸡屠宰生产链沙门氏菌耐药性与耐药基因的相关性。方法:采用纸片扩散法对肉鸡屠宰生产链分离鉴定的72株沙门氏菌进行10种抗生素敏感性实验;采用PCR方法检测耐药沙门氏菌相应的耐药基因。结果:72株肉鸡屠宰生产链中沙门氏菌对萘啶酸(100%)的耐药率最高;对氨苄西林、甲氧苄啶/磺胺甲恶唑、环丙沙星、四环素、庆大霉素耐药率分别为69.44%、54.17%、38.89%、34.72%、13.89%。72株沙门氏菌中有67株至少含有一种耐药基因,bla TEM、bla CMY-2、sul2、sul3、tet B和tet C耐药基因较为普遍,其耐药菌bla TEM、bla CMY-2、sul2、sul3、tet B和tet C基因检出率分别为96.08%、100%、94.87%、71.79%、78.38%和100%。结论:沙门氏菌对常见抗生素具有不同程度的耐药性,且耐药基因普遍存在于耐药菌株中,药敏实验结果与耐药基因检测结果有很高的一致性(≥75%)。     

市售鸡肉中沙门菌分离株多重耐药谱测定

为了解我国市售鸡肉中沙门菌多重耐药状况及耐药程度，对国家食源性疾病监测网从市售鸡肉中分离到的51株沙门菌进行耐药检测，并对多重耐药谱进行分析。利用NccLs(National Committee of Clinical Labaratory Standard)推荐的纸片法进行耐药检测，51株分离菌株全部对至少3种以上的抗生素耐药，属多重耐药株，耐5种抗生素的9株(17.6％)，耐6～9种抗生素的12株(23．5％)，耐10种以上抗生素的9株(17．6％)。51株沙门菌对万古霉素、红霉素、苯唑西林都具有耐药性(100％)，对其它抗生素的耐药情况是：萘啶酮酸(52.9％)、磺胺(35．3％)、链霉素(33．3％)、四环素(29.4％)、氨苄青霉素(23．5％)、羧苄西林(21.6％)、阿莫西林(19．6％)、吡拉西林(19．6％)、美唑西林(17．6％)、强力霉素(17．6％)、氯霉素(13．7)和头孢噻吩(9．8％)。有3株菌对庆大霉素耐药，有2株菌对丁胺卡那霉素和甲氧苄胺嘧啶耐药，有1株菌对复方新诺明耐药。分离出1株耐15种抗生素的鼠伤寒沙门菌，其耐药谱与超级耐药鼠伤寒沙门菌DTl04的耐药谱类似。从8省市市售鸡肉中分离的51株沙门菌均为多重耐药株，提示我国畜牧养殖业在使用抗生素方面存在严重问题，应加强对饲料添加剂使用的安全性管理，合理使用抗生素。     

石家庄市肉鸡屠宰和市售环节弯曲菌污染状况及耐药分析

目的了解石家庄市肉鸡屠宰和市售环节中弯曲菌的污染状况及对12种抗生素的耐药谱和耐药特征。方法采集屠宰前肉鸡肛拭子、鸡酮体涂抹拭子标本和市售鸡肉、鸡肝脏样品,参照GB 4789.9—2014《食品安全国家标准食品微生物学检验空肠弯曲菌检验》和多重聚合酶链式反应(PCR)方法进行弯曲菌的分离和鉴定,用K-B纸片法对分离弯曲菌进行6类12种抗生素药敏测定。结果在439份标本/样品中共有17份检出弯曲菌,总检出率为3.9%(17/439)。空肠弯曲菌对萘啶酸、左氧氟沙星、环丙沙星和四环素的耐药率均为85.7%(6/7),对庆大霉素、链霉素、丁胺卡那、阿奇霉素、氟苯尼考全部敏感。结肠弯曲菌除对阿奇霉素、多西环素、氟苯尼考的耐药率小于50.0%外,对环丙沙星、左氧氟沙星、萘啶酸、庆大霉素、丁胺卡那、四环素、链霉素、克林霉素的耐药率均高于80.0%。17株弯曲菌多重耐药率为70.6%(12/17),呈11种耐药谱型,市售环节分离株耐药谱型多于屠宰环节分离株,并具有各自不同的优势耐药谱型。结论石家庄市肉鸡屠宰和市售环节均有一定程度的弯曲菌污染,分离株多重耐药情况严重,呈多种耐药谱型。     

Antibiotic resistance and Caco-2 cell invasion of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from farm environments and retail products

The potential pathogenicity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from food animals, retail meat products, and food processing environments was evaluated by determining their antibiotic resistance profiles and invasiveness into human intestinal Caco-2 cell. In general, the genomically diversified isolates of P. aeruginosa were resistant to beta-lactams (ampicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, cefoxitin, ceftiofur, and cephalothin), chloramphenicol, tetracycline, kanamycin, nalidixic acid, and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim. Acquisition of any other antibiotic resistance genes, such as class 1 integrons and other beta-lactamase genes, was not found in the tested isolates. The expression of OprM membrane protein, which is associated with a multidrug efflux system, played a major role in their antibiotic resistance. Single mutation in the GyrA to confer resistance to nalidixic acids was also found in the tested isolates, indicating that these factors could synergistically affect the resistance of the P. aeruginosa isolates. The number of bacteria invading into the Caco-2 cells was 2.5 log(10) CFU/ml on average. Therefore, the public health concern of P. aeruginosa could be relevant since its occurrence in food animals could cross contaminate the retail meat products during food handling and processing.     

Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli isolated from raw chicken meat and human stools in Korea

Prevalence of Campylobacter in raw chicken meat and human stools and subsequent antibiotic resistance profiles of the pathogenic isolates obtained from 2000 through 2002 were investigated. Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli were isolated from 570 of the 923 raw chicken meat samples collected from traditional markets, large retail stores, or department stores in Korea, resulting in the isolation rate of 61.8%. A total of 579 Campylobacter isolates were obtained from raw chicken (36.3% for C. jejuni and 26.4% for C. coli) with the average population of 335.6 CFU/g. From 513 human stool samples, 15 isolates of Campylobacter were detected. Seasonal variation in the quantification of C. coli was not noticeable throughout the year, while the isolation rate of C. jejuni was the highest in September through October (840 CFU/g) followed by that of July through August and May through June in decreasing order, showing a significant seasonal effect (P < 0.05). Contamination of Campylobacter was more severe in raw chicken meat sold in traditional markets than in those sold in large retail stores and department stores. Prevalence of Campylobacter in raw chicken sold in traditional markets was significantly influenced by seasonal changes (P < 0.05), whereas the samples obtained from other places was less affected by the seasonal changes. Susceptibilities of the 594 chicken isolates to ciprofloxaxin, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, kanamycin, nalidixic acid, and tetracycline were determined by an E-test. Campylobacter isolates were the most resistant to nalidixic acid (91.4%) followed by ciprofloxaxin (87.9%), tetracycline (87.2%), kanamycin (30.6%), erythromycin (19.4%), and chloramphenicol (1.3%). Human isolates showed a similar resistance to the six antibiotics tested. The proportion of Campylobacter isolates with multidrug resistance to four or more antimicrobials obtained from 2000 through 2002 ranged from 28 to 43.5%, indicating that it could be a serious health-threatening factor. This study suggests that it is prudent to establish an effective National Monitoring Program in Korea for the prevention and control of Campylobacter spp.     

Prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in herbal products

The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in various herbal products. Twenty-nine herbal supplements (18 traditional and 11 organic products) were purchased from stores and analyzed microbiologically. Total bacterial counts were determined by pour plate and surface spreading on tryptic soy agar (TSA). Antibiotic-resistant bacteria were enumerated on TSA supplemented with ceftriaxone (64 microg/ml) or tetracycline (16 microg/ml). Total bacterial counts ranged from <5 to 2.9 x 10(5) CFU/g. Ceftriaxone- and tetracycline-resistant bacteria were detected in ground garlic samples at 1.1 x 10(2) CFU/g and 3.0 x 102 CFU/g, respectively. Traditional and organic onion powder samples contained tetracycline-resistant bacteria at 17 and 28 CFU/g and ceftriaxone-resistant bacteria at 35 and 2.0 x 10(3) CFU/g, respectively. Other products such as ginger, rosemary, mustard, and goldenseal contained low levels of resistant bacteria. Fifty-two isolates were further evaluated against nine antibiotics, and the prevalence of antibiotic resistance was in the following order: ampicillin, nalidixic acid, trimethoprim, ceftriaxone, and streptomycin. Resistant bacteria were identified as Bacillus spp., Erwinia spp., and Ewingella americana. Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacter cloacae, and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia also were isolated. The presence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and pathogens in these herbal products suggests that production and use of these products may need further evaluation.     

Market surveillance for contamination with thermotolerant campylobacters on various categories of chicken meat in Switzerland

From April 2009 to April 2010, 1,132 samples of different types of chicken meat were tested qualitatively and quantitatively for thermotolerant campylobacters. Samples were recovered at retail in shops from the entire territory of Switzerland and comprised imported meat and meat from domestic production. The meat categories covered by the study were refrigerated and frozen meat, meat with and without skin, and meat preparations. Overall, 38.4% of the samples were positive, and in 27.8%, Campylobacter bacteria could be quantified. Counts ranged from ≥10 to <10(4) CFU/g with a maximum value of 8 × 10(3) CFU/g in a sample of refrigerated chicken meat with skin. The contamination frequencies were 45.2% in meat with skin, 40.8% in meat without skin, and 27.4% in meat preparations. Refrigerated meat was contaminated with Campylobacter bacteria more often than frozen meat (53.9 versus 20.0%). The study also showed considerable differences between the contamination rates found for samples from different large retail chains. In 2010, a further study with 120 samples of refrigerated and sliced chicken meat and fresh chicken liver was carried out in order to test a possible seasonal variation of the occurrence of Campylobacter bacteria. The contamination frequency of sliced meat increased from 10.0% in the period from February to March to 36.7% during July to August. In both sampling periods, the counts remained in the range of ≥10 to <100 CFU/g with a maximum value of 30 CFU/g. For chicken liver, a 10.0% contamination rate was observed in the period from December to January, which rose to 100% in the period from August to October. Contrary to the results for sliced meat, not only did the frequency of contamination increase but so did the Campylobacter counts, with the highest recorded value being 2.2 × 10(4) CFU/g.     

Isolation and molecular characterization of antibiotic-resistant lactic acid bacteria from poultry and swine meat products

The transfer via the food chain from animals to humans of microbes that are resistant to antimicrobial agents is of increasing concern. To determine the contributions of nonpathogenic microflora to the occurrence and spread of antibiotic resistance (AR) genes in the food chain, 123 lactic acid bacteria were isolated from 29 samples of raw and processed pork and chicken meat products that had previously tested positive for one or more AR genes that encode clinically relevant ARs: tet(M), tet(O), tet(K), erm(A), erm(B), erm(C), aac (6')-Ie aph (2")-Ia, mecA, and blaZ. All of the isolates were initially tested for their AR gene profiles by PCR. The 59 isolates carrying a tet, erm, or blaZ gene were taken through molecular identification, analyzed by determination of the MIC, and subjected to genetic fingerprinting. Lactococcus garvieae was the predominant species (28 isolates), followed by Lactobacillus plantarum (11 isolates) and L. salivarius (6 isolates), whereas Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis, Lactobacillus johnsonii, L. reuteri, L. crispatus, and L. brevis were identified at lower frequencies. The tet(M) and erm(B) genes were the most frequently detected. Assessment of multiple resistances in 18 tet positive (tet+) isolates revealed that tet(M) plus erm(B) and tet(K) plus erm(B) were the most frequent AR gene patterns. Partial sequencing of the tet(M) open reading frame of three selected strains showed high sequence similarities (> 99%) with tet(M) genes previously found in human pathogens (Listeria monocytogenes and Neisseria meningitidis). Southern hybridization with plasmid profiles revealed these strains contained tet(M)-carrying plasmids.     

PCR法及环介导等温扩增法筛查食源微生物的耐药基因

耐药基因可通过垂直传播和水平传播等途径在微生物的种内和种间进行传递,食用受到耐药菌污染的食品,具有威胁人类健康的潜在可能。为建立耐药基因快速检测方法并应用于食源性微生物耐药基因的筛查,对食源性耐药菌在食品中的存在状况、耐药种类进行了探讨。采集了3个不同菜市场的9份食品样本,对食源菌进行了分离培养,使用四环素、链霉素、红霉素、氯霉素、甲氧苄胺嘧啶进行抗性菌筛选,并利用聚合酶链式反应(PCR)技术及环介导等温扩增(LAMP)法对8种抗性基因进行筛查,同时用实时荧光定量技术对结果进行了验证。9份食品样本中,菌落总数在105CFU/g至107CFU/g。红霉素抗性的菌落数最多,除1份样本外均在105CFU/g以上;氯霉素抗性菌菌落数最低,除1份样本之外均在103CFU/g以下。在对8种耐药基因筛查时发现,在四环素抗性菌中耐药基因tetA阳性率最高,为75.56%。采用LAMP法筛查耐药基因,阳性率高于PCR法。结果表明,具有抗药性的食源菌在样本中大量存在,这提示食品可以作为抗性菌存在和传播的重要介质。而LAMP作为一种简单、快速的基因检测技术可以用于耐药基因的快速筛查,为了解抗性菌在食品加工环境的污染和分布情况,以及消杀防控措施的采取和评估提供了基础信息。     

Molecular characterization of antibiotic-resistant salmonella isolates from retail meat from markets in northern Vietnam

A total of 118 Salmonella isolates were detected from 283 retail meat samples (135 pork and 148 chicken meat) purchased at retail markets in Northern Vietnam. Thirteen serovars, including Infantis, Anatum, Rissen, Reading, Emek, Typhimurium, Blockley, London, Newport, Derby, Weltevreden, Albany, and Hadar, were determined. Resistance to tetracycline (54.2%), sulfonamides (52.5%), streptomycin (41.5%), trimethoprim (36.4%), chloramphenicol (35.6%), and ampicillin (33.1%) was commonly seen in the Salmonella isolates. Fourteen [bla(TEM), bla(OXA-1), bla(PSE-1), aadA1, sul1, tetA, tetB, tetG, cmlA1, floR, dfrA1, dfrA12, aac(3)-IV, and aphA1-1AB ] of 17 resistance genes were detected from the isolates demonstrating resistance. Genes for plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance, such as qnrA, qnrB, qnrS, qepA, and acc(6')-1b-cr, were not detected in 23 quinoloneresistant isolates. The substitution TCC to TTC at codon 83 of gyrA was found in the 18 quinolone-resistant isolates. The data revealed that resistant Salmonella strains were widely distributed in Northern Vietnam via the food chain and that they might contain multiple genes specifying identical resistance phenotypes. Thus, further studies are necessary to clarify the mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella strains and their spread in the livestock market.     

北京市售生鲜猪肉和牛肉中有害细菌的鉴定及耐药性分析

采用选择性培养基初步筛选,结合16S rRNA同源性分析的方法,对北京市农贸市场及超市中所销售的生鲜猪、牛肉中含有的有害细菌的分布情况进行考察。对分离得到的细菌针对7种常见抗生素进行耐药表型检测。同时,利用特异性PCR扩增法检测了2个常见红霉素耐药基因和7个常见四环素耐药基因在分离细菌中的分布情况。结果表明:市场中购买的生鲜肉中分离得到的细菌耐药情况较之超市中的更为严重;猪肉和牛肉中分离的细菌耐药情况均十分严重;分离得到的不同细菌中包含某些条件致病菌的Escherichia/Shigella以及Aeromonas属细菌耐药情况更加严重。同时,研究还发现在北京市售鲜肉中分离得到的细菌中,绝大多数细菌对不止1种抗生素表现出非敏感(耐药及中介),且一些菌株携带多种不同的耐药基因。因此,市售生鲜肉中分离得到的细菌耐药情况较为严重以及普遍,应得到监管部门以及普通消费者的足够重视。     

杨凌及周边地区零售分割鸡肉中沙门菌污染状况及耐药和分型特征研究

目的研究陕西杨凌及周边地区零售分割鸡肉中沙门菌的污染状况及其药敏性、血清型和基于脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)的基因型,为预警食源性沙门菌疾病暴发提供数据基础。方法采用GB 4789.4—2010《食品安全国家标准食品微生物学检验沙门氏菌检验》对陕西杨凌及周边地区采集的188份零售分割鸡肉中沙门菌进行分离和鉴定,并进行血清学分型。采用PFGE方法确定沙门菌DNA酶切电泳图谱,使用BioNumerics软件聚类分析电泳结果,确定沙门菌基因型。结果 188份零售分割鸡肉中共有34份(18.1%)样品检出沙门菌,农贸市场样品沙门菌检出率(24.6%,29/118)高于超市(7.1%,5/70)。鸡腿、鸡爪、鸡脖和鸡肝样品中沙门菌检出率高于鸡肠和鸡胗。34株沙门菌中共检出10种血清型,其中科瓦利斯沙门菌最为流行,高于德尔卑沙门菌和鼠伤寒沙门菌等,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。分离株均对磺胺异噁唑、氯霉素、头孢噻呋和环丙沙星耐药,对甲氧苄啶/磺胺甲噁唑、萘啶酮酸、四环素、链霉素、氨苄西林和阿莫西林/克拉维酸的耐药率均在50%以上。34株沙门菌PFGE分型后可被分为11个簇,同一血清型菌株基本聚于同一大簇,同一时间、从相同市场采集的不同样品,其分离株PFGE型相似度均较高,表明分割鸡肉在加工或销售过程可能存在交叉污染。农贸市场分离菌株基因型多样性比较丰富。结论杨凌及周边地区零售分割鸡肉存在沙门菌污染,沙门菌血清型和基因型多样化,耐药菌株比例较高。