增塑剂类型对浇注PBX药浆表观粘度的影响

采用分子动力学(MS)Blend方法,对端羟基聚丁二烯(HTPB)粘合剂与增塑剂癸二酸二辛酯(DOS)、己二酸二辛脂(DOA)、壬酸异癸酯(IDP)共混体系相容性进行了模拟计算,并对质量比1∶1 HTPB-Ⅲ/增塑剂及其84%固相填料浇注PBX药浆不同温度时的粘度进行了测试。结果表明:根据Blend法,可以得出增塑剂优劣次序依次为HTPB/IDP、HTPB/DOA、HTPB/DOS;随着温度升高,药浆表观粘度降低;不同增塑剂药浆表观粘度不同,其粘度从小到达依次为IDP、DOA、DOS,药浆表观粘度测试结果与模拟计算结果一致。     

NG/TMETN混合增塑PEG体系的力学、感度及相容性能

为改善硝酸酯增塑聚醚(NEPE)推进剂的安全性,采用分子动力学和介观动力学模拟,探索了混合增塑剂NG/TMETN(硝化甘油/三羟甲基乙烷三硝酸酯)增塑聚乙二醇(PEG)的力学性能、感度和相容性,设计的体系有PEG/NG、PEG/TMETN、PEG/NG/TMETN-1、2、3(NG∶TMETN的质量比为3∶1,1∶1,1∶3)。结果表明:在五种体系中,PEG/TMETN具有最优的力学性能、最低的感度和最佳的相容性;但是考虑到TMETN的能量较NG低,研究发现"混合增塑体系"综合了NG的高能量和TMETN的优异性能,在PEG/NG体系中掺入TMETN可有效降低体系的感度、减弱PEG的结晶性和NG的自聚集情况、改善体系的相容性(介观形态分布更加均匀);虽然混合增塑体系的力学性能较单一增塑体系的略差,但当TMETN含量较高时(NG∶TMETN为1∶3),体系的力学性能得到了改善、且具有良好的加工性能;此外,增塑剂与PEG的分子间氢键可以较好地描述混合增塑体系(组分相同)的力学性能,而单一增塑体系的力学性能受物质本身性质和结构的影响更大;最大引发键键长和内聚能密度均可以表征混合增塑体系的热感度。     

DDI/IPDI固化聚氨酯力学性能及其在PBX炸药中的应用

研究了新型混合固化剂二聚脂肪酸二异氰酸酯(DDI)/异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯(IPDI)固化端羟基聚丁二烯(HTPB)基聚氨酯的力学性能及其在PBX炸药中的应用。结果表明,当混合固化剂中DDI与IPDI的异氰酸酯基(NCO)的摩尔比为1/3时,HTPB基聚氨酯的拉伸强度和延伸率达到最大值(0.427 MPa和579.9%)。当DDI与IPDI的NCO摩尔比为1/1时,聚氨酯的压缩失效载荷最高。DDI/IPDI固化的HTPB基聚氨酯的延伸率是甲苯二异氰酸酯(TDI)固化聚氨酯的2.51倍。DDI/IPDI固化的PBX炸药的压缩率比使用TDI提高57.3%。使用DDI/IPDI时,PBX药片撞击感度试验和药片剪切试验的反应阈值提高了0.25 m以上,PBX的撞击安全性得到改善。     

PBT与含能增塑剂相互作用的分子动力学模拟

为了筛选与3,3-二叠氮甲基氧丁环与四氢呋喃共聚物(PBT)粘合剂相容且与PBT混合物有低玻璃化转变温度的含能增塑剂,用分子动力学(MD)方法,模拟研究了PBT粘合剂与三缩三乙二醇二硝酸(TEGDN)、1,3-二叠氮基-2-乙基-2-硝基丙烷(DAENP)、丁基硝氧乙基硝胺(Bu-NENA)、1-烯丙基-3(5),4-二硝基吡唑(ADNP)、双2,2-二硝基丙醇缩甲醛/双2,2-二硝基丙醇缩乙醛混合物(BDNPF/A,或A3,两者质量比为1∶1)5种含能增塑剂之间的相容性、PBT/增塑剂共混物的玻璃化转变温度。分析了PBT粘合剂与含能增塑剂相互作用的原因。结果表明,含能增塑剂优劣次序为Bu-NENADAENPA3TEGDNADNP,TEGDN、ADNP与PBT不相容;PBT/含能增塑剂的玻璃化转变温度顺序为PBT/Bu-NENAPBT/TEGDNPBT/DAENPPBT/ADNPPBT/A3。与现用的PBT增塑剂A3相比,Bu-NENA、DAENP与PBT相容性更好,且PBT/Bu-NENA和PBT/DAENP混合体系的玻璃化转变温度更低。     

高剪切速率下硼与HTPB、PBT和GAP端羟基的反应活性

含硼富燃料推进剂具有较高的质量热值和体积热值,是固体火箭冲压发动机较理想的燃料之一,而无定形硼与黏合剂中的羟基可发生反应,导致推进剂药浆表观黏度增大快、药浆适用期缩短等问题。计算了分别以端羟基聚丁二烯(HTPB)、3,3?二叠氮甲基氧丁环?四氢呋喃共聚醚(PBT)和聚叠氮缩水甘油醚(GAP)为粘合剂的含硼推进剂的理论体积热值,并采用双螺杆转矩流变仪和红外光谱研究了B/HTPB、B/PBT和B/GAP体系在高剪切速率混合过程中的流变和红外特性,分析了硼粉表面酸性杂质与粘合剂端羟基的反应活性。结果表明,经过合理配方设计,B/PBT/AP和B/GAP/AP的质量比为50∶20∶30时的体积热值均超过64.00 MJ·~(-3),大于B/HTPB/AP体系的体积热值(61.08 MJ·dm~(-3))。在剪切速率为355.56 s~(-1)、55℃条件下,含25%硼的B/HTPB体系表观黏度快速增加到260 Pa·s,混合110 min发生凝胶现象;含40%硼的B/PBT体系混合7 h黏度仅从3.63 Pa·s上升到10 Pa·s;含55%硼的B/GAP体系混合7 h黏度由5.96 Pa·s下降到0.33 Pa·s。B/HTPB混合体系红外光谱B—O振动吸收峰随着混合时间的增加而逐渐增强,C—O(伯醇)振动吸收峰随着混合时间的增加而逐渐减弱,而B/PBT和B/GAP体系混合420 min后红外光谱B—O振动吸收峰和C—O(伯醇、仲醇)振动吸收峰几乎没有变化。PBT和GAP端羟基与硼粉酸性杂质的反应活性比HTPB的端羟基的活性低很多,这有利于改善含硼推进剂药浆的工艺性能。     

HTPB与增塑剂相容性评价的分子动力学模拟

为评价端羟基聚丁二烯(HTPB)与增塑剂相容性的优劣,采用分子动力学(MD)模拟方法对纯HTPB、增塑剂癸二酸二辛酯(DOS)、己二酸二辛酯(DOA)、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)、邻苯二甲酸二辛酯(DOP)及HTPB与增塑剂组成的共混物的密度、结合能和径向分布函数等进行了计算。结果表明:比较纯物质溶度参数差值(Δδ)的大小,共混物密度增加值,结合能及分子间径向分布函数值大小均可以得出增塑剂相容性优劣次序为HTPB/DOSHTPB/DOAHTPB/DOPHTPB/DBP。     

化学交联网络对少烟NEPE推进剂力学性能的影响

应用平衡溶胀法和动、静态力学性能测试方法研究了少烟NEPE推进剂的固化参数、增塑比和交联剂含量等因素对推进剂交联网络结构和力学性能的影响.结果表明,少烟NEPE推进剂的交联密度、初始模量和抗拉强度等在固化参数为1.5时达到最大,并随增塑比降低,交联剂(CA)含量增大而逐渐增大;推进剂的延伸率随固化参数和交联剂含量增大而逐渐降低,随增塑比增大而增大;推进剂的力学损耗随增塑比和交联剂含量增大而增大;但推进剂的玻璃化温度和次级转化温度随固化参数、增塑比和交联剂含量的变化不大(-33 ℃和-56 ℃).     

GAP/HTPB共混粘合剂体系的力学性能研究

利用端羟基聚丁二烯(HTPB)粘合剂和端羟基叠氮聚醚(GAP)共混,以改善纯GAP粘合剂的力学性能;探讨各种固化反应条件对共混粘合剂力学性能的影响;静态拉伸测试结果显示共混胶片的确产生了协同效应,GAP与HTPB质量比11时,常温下粘合剂拉伸强度可达到3.833MPa,最大延伸率可达593%。动态热机械测试(DMA)结果显示,通过调整固化工艺条件,能够使得GAP与HTPB本不相容的两相产生反应增容,损耗因子-温度(Tanδ-T)曲线在-60.2℃附近出现单一的玻璃化温度;SEM照片更从微观形态上印证了以上两点。结果显示,HTPB与GAP共混粘合剂体系具有良好的力学性能,对GAP在复合固体推进剂中的应用具有一定的参考价值。     

炸药内相容性测试方法的研究

为研究由RDX、铝粉、粘接剂HTPB、增塑剂DOS为主要成分的炸药的内相容性,采用DSC差示扫描量热法与汞压力计法相结合的方法进行测试。根据不同升温速率下的DSC实验结果,计算表观活化能改变率和峰值温度的漂移值,得出RDX与Al、HTPB的相容性好,与DOS的相容陛差的结论;针对与RDX相容性差的DOS,采用汞压力计法进行补充实验,分析表明RDX-Al、RDX-DOS和RDX-HTPB的反应净增放气量R均小于3.0mL,得到3种混合试样均相容的结论。     

HTPE/增塑剂共混体系相容性的分子动力学模拟

用分子动力学(MD)方法模拟研究了粘结剂端羟基聚醚(HTPE)与增塑剂邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP),癸二酸二辛酯(DOS)和邻苯二甲酸二乙酯(DEP)的相容性及HTPE/增塑剂共混物的玻璃化转变温度(Tg)。结果表明,当共混体系中存在较强的分子间氢键作用时,通过分析结合能、径向分布函数和玻璃化转变温度,可综合评价HTPE与增塑剂的相容性。HTPE与三种增塑剂相容性的优劣顺序为HTPE/DBPHTPE/DOSHTPE/DEP;通过温度-比容关系得到了HTPE,HTPE/DBP,HTPE/DOS及HTPE/DEP四种体系的Tg,依次为190.26,176.30,168.82,178.33 K。     

Nitrosation and Nitration of Tetraacetyldibenzylhexaazaisowurtzitane

Tetraacetyldibenzylhitane (TADBIW) was subjected to debenzylation by nitrosating with inorganic materials available commercially to synthesize tetraacetyldinitrosohexaazaisowurtzitane (TADNSIW). TADNSIW was purified, and its structure was determined by FTIR, 1H NMR, MS and element analysis. The debenzylation reaction of TADBIW gave quantitative benzaldehyde as a by-product. This indicates that the reaction produces an imine cation as an intermediate. Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (HNIW) was prepared from unpurified TADNSIW with the yield over 96.0 % and the purity more than 98.0 %. And the mechanism of the reaction from TADNSIW to HNIW is proposed to be oxidation of nitroso and nitration of acetyl on the molecule of TADNSIW, This reaction system involved is simple, and the reaction can complete within a short time and under mild conditions. The product can be easily to separate and the waste disposed readily.     

A Robust Algorithm for Watermarking 2D Vector Maps with Low Shape-Distortions

The technique of watermarking has been introduced into 2D vector maps for many potential applications such as protecting the copyright of important GIS （geographical information system） data and tracing the data source of military maps. In most previous works, although the validity of the map data could be preserved during the embedding procedure, the shape-distortions of the map elements are usually neglected which would tend to degrade the invisibility of the watermarking schemes. A shape-preserving algorithm for watermarking 2D vector maps is presented in this paper. A 1D distance sequence extracted from the original map is adopted as the cover data instead of 2D coordinates. A watermark bit is represented by changing the distributions of the cover data. The embedding procedure induces lower shape-distortions than in former works. Experimental results indicate better invisibility of the proposed scheme, as well as its robustness to certain attacks such as map simplification, interpolation, additive noise and most geometric transforms.     

Open Rule-setting System Applied to Conceptual Design of Engines

Open rule-setting method advanced in this paper concentrates on providing designers of engines with a convenient way to express their design innovations and develop the expected prototypes in the early CAD stage, and constitute effective models for the following analysis process of CAE and CAPP. The problems arisen in the process of conceptual design with the traditional experience-based development method are analyzed. Based on those analyses, open rule-setting method is presented and some associated technical problems are discussed. The functional framework of open rule-setting system was built as software engineering methods. The speciality of the engine product as a kind of complex product and the requirement of the engine product based on its structural particularity to rule-setting system are considered carefully. A demonstration is supplied to illustrate how the open rule-setting method enhances the efficiency and quality of the engine conceptual design.     

Research on Linux Network Device Driver

By analyzing the working principle of Linux network device driver, discussing the Linux network driver structure and its key technologies, the general network driver structure and its design methodologies in Linux system are summarized. Through modifying the network device driver of Linux device driver 3rd version snull, c and improving the COW technology, the Zero-Copy technology in Linux （kernel version 2.6.11 ） is implemented. In the end, the success test tells us that the thorough analysis of network device driver is the foundation of many applications, and it also provides a certain improvement to a lot of real applications, even to military application development.     

Method for Measuring Velocity of Warhead Fragments Based on Photoelectric Detection

For measuring velocity and impacting position of single fragment of warhead, a non-contact measuring method is proposed, in which a six-light-screen array, a position indicator, a multi-channel chronograph and a computer are used.The principle of measurement is described. The key device of the system is a light screen array sensor which consists of six light screens allocated with certain geometrical parameters. When the fragment flies through the light screen array, the time of passing through each of the screens is recorded by the multi-channel chronograph. According to the time data and the geometrical parameters of the array, the velocity vector and the location of the fragment can be calculated immediately. The presented method can be used to locate the fragment and to measure the real velocity on its flying direction. It can also be used to measure the velocity of a fragment swarm after the system is engineered further.     

Improvement and Experiment of the Reamer in Vibra Cutter Against Wave Edge of Titanium Sheet Alloy Parts

By analyzing the influencing factors of part quality making of sheet alloy of titanium by vibra cutter, the shape of upper reamer is set as cylinder and wedge-shaped form, and the lower reamer as plain and hemicycle form, and its main structural parameters are defined as well. Then it is validated further that such improved vibra cutter reamer can be used to process curve-edged parts of titanium alloy sheet. The experimental result shows that the titanium alloy sheet parts processed by above equipment have no sharpen angles for convex parts and evident crevasse of concave-edged part. In summary, such improvement can eliminate the free-waved edge and improve the manufacture quality of titanium alloy sheet parts greatly.     

数码电子雷管中影响点火头性能因素分析

阐述了数码电子雷管中,点火药剂细结晶三硝基间苯二酚铅（LTNR）的制备工艺;从点火药剂的种类、加入黏合剂的质量分数、桥丝直径、点火头的电阻值、防潮漆的蘸涂等方面对点火头性能的影响因素进行了探讨;通过震动试验、并联起爆试验、延期精度检测与考核,试验结果表明：一次性合成的细结晶LTNR是制造数码电子雷管点火头较为理想的点火药剂,按技术要求生产的点火头性能指标能够满足行业标准要求。     

Experimental Study on the Small Flyer Initiating Behavior of Fine-grained Explosives

The initiating behavior of fine-grained explosives by small flyer is studied. The diameter of small flyer in this device is 1 ram. The test results indicate that the granularity of explosives has great effect on its flyer initiating sensitivity.The flyer initiating sensitivity of the fine-grained explosives is higher and the critical initiating energy is lower than that of common explosives. For common explosive, the flyer initiating sensitivity increases as the density is reduced. But for the fine-grained explosive, the test results are exactly opposite.     

Algorithm for Multi-laser-target Tracking Based on Clustering Fusion

Multi-laser-target tracking is an important subject in the field of signal processing of laser warners. A clustering method is applied to the measurement of laser warner, and the space-time fusion for measurements in the same cluster is accomplished. Real-time tracking of multi-laser-target and real-time picking of multi-laser-signal are introduced using data fusion of the measurements. A prototype device of the algorithm is built up. The results of experiments show that the algorithm is very effective.     

Influence of Installing Error on the Surface Shape Precision of the Axial Symmetry Aspheric Workpiece in Lapping

A method to calculate the surface shape error, which is caused by the installing error between the workpiece and the lapping tool in the process of form lapping, is proposed. The mathematical model which the installing translation error influences on the workpiece surface shape error is established. The changing rule of the error is simulated through the calculating example of the paraboloid workpiece. The results indicate that the surface shape error of the workpiece is increasing with the increase of the installing translation error, it is also increasing gradually along the center point of the curve surface to the edge, and the influence is severer to the curve surface with great curvature than that of the small curvature when the translation error is the same.