基于批发价格事前和事后决策的供应链合作促销策略研究

针对单一供应商和单一零售商组成的二级供应链系统,构建了批发价格事前和事后决策下的合作促销模型,探讨了批发价格事前和事后决策对合作促销的影响,并求得Stackelber主从博弈下的均衡合作促销策略。研究结果表明,在批发价格事前决策且零售商努力影响需求、或批发价格事后决策且供应商努力影响需求的情形下,合作促销均不是一个有效的激励策略;在批发价格事前决策且供应商努力影响需求的情形下,只有当促销努力成本共担系数小于一定的阈值时,合作促销才是一个有效的激励策略;在批发价格事后决策且零售商努力影响需求的情形下,合作促销始终是有效的激励策略。最后通过算例分析验证了上述结论的有效性。     

两种需求情形下损失规避零售商的最优订货-定价联合决策

在加法需求情形和乘法需求情形下研究损失规避零售商的最优订货-定价联合决策问题. 基于前景理论, 建立损失规避零售商的期望效用函数, 并通过模型推导得到损失规避零售商的最优订货-定价决策的关系表达式, 发现库存因子满足特定条件时, 最优决策的关系表达式一定存在. 同时, 讨论零售商的损失规避行为对最优决策和期望效用的影响. 通过数值算例, 验证了所得结论的有效性, 发现商品定价较高时, 损失规避行为驱使零售商采取保守的订货策略, 使得最优订货量趋于均值需求.

     

三级低碳供应链联合减排及宣传促销微分博弈研究

低碳环境下,研究供应商、制造商与零售商组成的三级供应链联合减排及宣传促销微分博弈问题.首先,通过两次成本加成,考虑产品需求受产品减排量、零售商宣传促销努力及产品零售价格的综合影响,得到供应链分散决策与集中决策情形下的动态均衡策略及减排量的最优轨迹.然后,通过数值算例及灵敏度分析比较两种情形下的结果,研究发现:无论分散决策还是集中决策,减排量,产品批发价,供应商、制造商、零售商的努力水平都随时间逐渐增加至某一稳定值,但集中决策的稳定值大于分散决策相应的稳定值;随着供应商、制造商各自的减排努力对产品减排率的影响系数及零售商的宣传促销努力对产品需求的影响系数的增大,减排量、产品批发价、供应链成员努力水平、供应链成员利润、供应链总利润都会增加;集中决策的供应链总利润总是大于分散决策的供应链总利润.最后,对集中决策总利润用多人联盟博弈的多目标决策合作博弈方法进行分配,实现了供应链系统整体绩效的提升.     

考虑服务竞争的O2O 供应链决策与协调

O2O 模式下的双渠道供应链颠覆了传统的渠道价格竞争模式、价格协同机制和服务水平, 已成为决策的关键要素. 当供应链发生需求和服务替代系数突变时, 通过KKT条件求出不同扰动情形下制造商垂直O2O 供应链和零售商水平O2O 供应链的决策值, 然后设计了两部定价契约协调需求和服务替代系数同时扰动下的O2O 供应链. 研究表明, 两部定价契约可以协调零售商O2O 供应链, 当突变范围较大时, 作为博弈主导方的零售商将放弃加价销售,转向收取固定的转移支付.

     

零售商竞争下考虑产品商誉的纵向联合促销微分博弈

将产品商誉作为状态变量,借助微分博弈研究由单个制造商和两个竞争性零售商组成的供应链纵向联合促销问题.在产品需求受商誉和零售商促销努力的共同影响下,分别构建集中式和分散式微分博弈模型,引入成本分担契约对供应链进行协调,并通过算例对相关参数进行灵敏度分析.研究表明:成本分担契约的引入可提高零售商促销努力水平、产品商誉以及需求量,实现供应链协调;随着零售商竞争程度以及促销努力成本系数的增加,引入契约后供应链成员的利润增加值呈下降趋势;相反,随着零售商促销努力以及产品商誉对需求影响程度的增加,供应链成员的利润增加值呈上升趋势.     

供应链促销-定价决策与内生时机

在两个制造商和单个零售商组成的供应链中,为了得到供应链内生时机,构建了促销-定价博弈模型,分析产品替代度和促销效率对促销-定价策略和内生时机的影响,并通过数值仿真探讨成本差异对成员决策和内生时机的影响。研究表明：强势品牌促销效率的增加将提高供应链的协调水平;成本差异不改变整体内生时机,只对区域范围产生一定影响,如果研究者随意假设博弈参与人的行动时机,那么所得结论可能是错误的。     

基于提前支付的非瞬时变质产品批量订货定价策略

当供应商处于供应链节点的买方市场时,通常要求零售商提前支付一定比例购置成本作为订金.针对该问题研究零售商促销努力下存在随机需求的非瞬时变质产品批量订货定价策略,考虑零售商提前支付策略,允许部分缺货.在一定条件下可得零售商最优补货周期和局部最优定价策略,随之提出相应的求解算法.数值计算结果表明:若提前支付购置成本占比或利率增大,则零售商利润将显著减少;提前支付期限和期数均对最优利润产生消极影响;零售商采取积极促销策略可有效提升自身利润.     

质量约束下考虑延保服务的供应链定价与协调

针对零售商提供并销售延保服务,产品质量同时对产品和延保服务需求产生影响的产品服务供应链,研究了有无产品质量约束情形下的产品价格、延保服务价格和产品质量的联合决策,设计了制造商和零售商的协调契约以降低分散决策下的“双重边际效应”问题,分析了产品价格系数、产品质量约束水平等对产品和延保服务定价的影响。研究表明,对产品质量的约束对于防止制造商基于自身利益过度降低产品质量具有重要意义;协调契约可以有效降低产品价格并提高产品质量,并实现制造商、零售商和产品服务供应链系统利润的帕累托改善;产品质量系数和产品价格系数将同时对零售商的产品和延保服务价格策略产生影响。     

两种需求模式下过度自信零售商的最优定价和订货联合决策

以报童模型为背景,研究过度自信零售商对市场需求的信念存在偏差时的决策问题.在加法和乘法需求模式下,探讨需求依赖价格和缺货加急订货时零售商最优定价订货联合决策问题.证明最优决策的存在性及唯一性,并给出最优决策的解析式.讨论过度自信对最优决策和期望利润的影响,分析过度自信零售商和理性零售商的信念期望利润与实际利润对比变化情况.对比结果表明,过度自信导致零售商利润的损失,能够为现实中零售商的定价订货决策提供理论依据.     

联合定价下果农对零售商的选择与优化

运用斯坦伯格博弈模型,分析联合定价策略下生产两种具有一定替代性水果的果农对下游零售商的选择与优化问题.果农对零售商的选择方案有两种:一是将两种水果同时批发给一个零售商;二是将两种水果分别批发给两个不同的零售商.采用“批发价$+$利润率”的定价模式分析上述两种情形下果农和零售商的最优决策,并进一步对比得出果农对零售商的最优选择方案.研究结果表明:两种方案下果农的批发价决策不变,但第2种方案下零售商对水果的利润率降低,导致水果的售价降低,从而增加消费者市场的需求,能够进一步促进果农的生产,提高果农的利润.算例分析表明,水果替代性增强时,为了刺激水果的销量,果农将提高两种水果的批发价,从而提高其利润.     

Optimal pricing and lot-sizing for perishable inventory with price and time dependent ramp-type demand

Product perishability is an important aspect of inventory control. To minimise the effect of deterioration, retailers in supermarkets, departmental store managers, etc. always want higher inventory depletion rate. In this article, we propose a dynamic pre- and post-deterioration cumulative discount policy to enhance inventory depletion rate resulting low volume of deterioration cost, holding cost and hence higher profit. It is assumed that demand is a price and time dependent ramp-type function and the product starts to deteriorate after certain amount of time. Unlike the conventional inventory models with pricing strategies, which are restricted to a fixed number of price changes and to a fixed cycle length, we allow the number of price changes before as well as after the start of deterioration and the replenishment cycle length to be the decision variables. Before start of deterioration, discounts on unit selling price are provided cumulatively in successive pricing cycles. After the start of deterioration, discounts on reduced unit selling price are also provided in a cumulative way. A mathematical model is developed and the existence of the optimal solution is verified. A numerical example is presented, which indicates that under the cumulative effect of price discounting, dynamic pricing policy outperforms static pricing strategy. Sensitivity analysis of the model is carried out.     

Dynamic pricing,promotion and replenishment policies for a deteriorating item under permissible delay in payments

We study the problem of dynamic pricing, promotion and replenishment for a deteriorating item subject to the supplier's trade credit and retailer's promotional effort. In this paper we adopt a price- and time-dependent demand function to model the finite time horizon inventory for deteriorating items. The objective of this paper is to determine the optimal retail price, the promotional effort and the replenishment quantity so that the net profit is maximized. We discuss the properties and develop an algorithm for solving the problem described. The numerical analyses show that an appropriate promotion policy can benefit the retailer and that the promotion policy is important, especially for deteriorating items. Furthermore dynamic decision-making is shown to be superior to fixed decision-making in terms of profit maximization. Some special cases, such as with no credit period and for non-deteriorating items, are discussed as is the influence of the time-varying demand, the rate of deterioration and the credit period on the retailer behavior.     

The effect of advance payment with discount facility on supply decisions of deteriorating products whose demand is both price and stock dependent

Generally, in the business world, it is observed that suppliers give different kinds of benefits to retailers due to advance payment. One of the popular benefits is instant cash discount due to advance payment. If a retailer pays off his total purchase cost before receiving the products, then he receives a certain percentage of cash discount instantly. However, if the retailer pays off a certain fraction of the total purchasing cost, then price discount is given only at the time of receiving the products while paying the remaining amount of the total purchasing cost. Using this concept, this paper formulates, under both cases of advance payment (full or partial), an inventory model for deteriorating products where shortages are allowed and demand function is considered as price and stock dependent. The closed‐form solutions for each case are presented and two numerical examples are solved. In addition, a sensitivity analysis is also performed to show the effects of advance payment with discount facility.     

Combined optimal price and optimal inventory replenishment policies when a sale results in increase in demand

When a supplier reduces the price of a product temporarily a buyer might place a large order and offer a sale on these units to its customers. In most cases a price discount results in an increase in demand. In this paper we relax the constant demand assumption made in most studies of inventory systems with price changes. We analyze the options available to a buyer and develop profit functions for different combinations of sales period and replenishment time and present optimal ordering policies. The paper also presents a procedure to include any relationship between price and demand to determine the combined optimal price and optimal order quantity.     

需求依赖库存且短缺量部分拖后的促销商品库存模型

促销商品是商场吸引顾客前往购买消费的一种重要手段,它可以有效带动其他商品的销售从而提高商场销售收入。考虑促销商品在缺货期间价格和时间对顾客等待行为的影响,构造了一个与销售价和等待时间相关的短缺量拖后率,建立了多次订货下两阶段存货影响需求和顾客等待的促销商品库存模型,并利用仿真方法分析价格和时间敏感因子、存货影响需求临界点、销售价格对销售商订货策略和系统总利润的影响。结果表明：价格和时间敏感因子对各周期服务水平影响显著,存货影响需求临界点对订货次数影响较大;当销售价在一定范围时,销售商只需调整各周期服务水平,而当销售价过高或过低时,销售商则需同时调整各周期服务水平和订货次数     

Optimizing the pricing and replenishment policy for non-instantaneous deteriorating items with stochastic demand and promotional efforts

Retailer promotional activity has become prevalent in the business world. Promotional efforts impact the replenishment policy and the sale price of goods. In this paper, the problem of replenishment policy and pricing for non-instantaneous deteriorating items subject to promotional effort is considered. We adopt a price dependent stochastic demand function in which shortages are allowed and partially backlogged. The major objective is to simultaneously determine the optimal selling price, the optimal replenishment schedule, and the optimal order quantity to maximize the total profit. First, we prove that a unique optimal replenishment schedule exists for any given selling price. Second, we prove that the total profit is a concave function of price. Third, we present an algorithm to obtain the optimal solution and solve a numerical example. Last, we extend the numerical example by performing a sensitivity analysis of the model parameters and discuss specific managerial insights.     

Quality improvement and backorder price discount under controllable lead time in an inventory model

The proposed study investigates a continuous review inventory model with order quantity, reorder point, backorder price discount, process quality, and lead time as decision variables. An investment function is used to improve the process quality. Two models are developed based on the probability distribution of lead time demand. The lead time demand follows a normal distribution in the first model and in the second model it does not follow any specific distribution but mean and standard deviation are known. We prove two lemmas to obtain optimal solutions for the normal distribution model and distribution free model. Finally, some numerical examples are given to illustrate the model.     

基于契约理论的服装双渠道利益协调建模与应用

为协调服装企业渠道间的利益关系,结合零售利益冲突成因,从利润最大化角度出发,依据需求服从均匀分布,分析批发价格契约与转运契约条件下,合作方式与订货量的变化对品牌企业、加盟商及零售整体的库存量、缺货量及利润等指标数据的影响,由此建立相关模型和事例解析.结果表明,相比批发价格契约,转运契约条件下,服装品牌企业与加盟商的库存量、缺货量明显降低,获利能力增加,同时可减少缺货损失和库存,实现双渠道收益共享.转运契约模型的应用可减少市场需求变动风险,促进服装供应链利益共享的实现.     

A replenishment policy for items with price-dependent demand,time-proportional deterioration and no shortages

In this article, an order-level inventory system for deteriorating items has been developed with demand rate as a function of selling price. The demand and the deterioration rate are price dependent and time proportional, respectively. We have considered a perishable item that follows a three-parameter Weibull distribution deterioration. Shortages are not permitted in our model. The optimal solution is illustrated with a numerical example and the sensitivity analysis of parameters is carried out.