不同增韧剂对PLA/稻壳木塑复合材料力学性能影响

以PLA、稻壳粉为原材料,分别加入玻璃纤维、乙烯-辛烯共聚物(POE)、碳酸钙为增韧剂进行增韧改性,以模压成型的方法制备了PLA/稻壳木塑复合材料,结合力学性能、吸水性能、X射线衍射(XRD)分析和对材料表面的显微观察研究了不同种类及含量的增韧剂对木塑复合材料力学性能的影响。结果表明,在玻璃纤维含量为20%的时候,PLA/稻壳木塑复合材料的增韧效果较好,其洛氏硬度值达68,其拉伸强度达到6.16 MPa,弯曲强度达到15.41 MPa,冲击强度为144.40 kJ/m2,但吸水性能显著提高,约为不添加增韧剂时的1.5倍;在POE含量为20%的时候,PLA/稻壳木塑复合材料吸水性降低效果最为显著,60 h浸泡实验其吸水率比不添加POE小10%。XRD分析及显微分析表明,除CaCO3自身结构影响外,添加不同增韧剂均未使PLA/稻壳复合材料形成新的晶型结构,加入POE和CaCO3的增韧效果不明显,是因为两种物质颗粒孤立存在于基体中,未形成相互搭连的网格结构。     

POE和mPE增韧木塑复合材料的研究

采用废木粉填充高密度聚乙烯制备木塑复合材料,采用茂金属聚乙烯(mPE)和乙烯-辛烯共聚物(POE)对复合材料进行增韧,并阐述了它们的增韧机理,讨论了增韧剂用量对复合材料的力学性能如拉伸强度、弯曲强度、弯曲模量、冲击强度和硬度的影响,综合评价了两种冲击改性剂的增韧效果。研究结果表明:两者对高密度聚乙烯基木塑复合材料均有良好的增韧效果。单就增韧效果而言,POE优于mPE,但在其他性能如拉伸强度、弯曲强度、弯曲模量、硬度以及耐热性等方面,mPE明显优于POE。     

两类无卤阻燃体系对mPE树脂基体阻燃和力学性能的影响

以乙烯-辛烯共聚物(POE)及乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯共聚物(EVA)为增韧剂、马来酸酐接枝线型低密度聚乙烯(LLDPE-g-MAH)为增容剂,分别采用磷氮阻燃剂(PN)和纳米蒙脱土(nano-OMMT)、氢氧化铝(ATH)和氢氧化镁(MH)阻燃体系,利用双螺杆挤出和注射成型制备无卤阻燃茂金属聚乙烯(mPE)复合材料。测试并分析了PN/nano-OMMT/mPE、ATH/MH/mPE和PN/ATH/MH/mPE复合材料的热稳定性、阻燃和力学性能。结果表明,与mPE树脂基体相比,ATH/MH的热分解温度范围较大。PN/nano-OMMT的阻燃效率高于ATH/MH。当PN/nano-OMMT含量为50%时,PN/nano-OMMT/mPE的LOI为30.8%,垂直燃烧等级达到UL 94 V-0级;当ATH/MH含量由40%增大至70%时,mPE复合材料拉伸强度从10.86 MPa增大至12.48 MPa,断裂伸长率从539%下降至109%。在满足阻燃性能相同的条件下,PN/nano-OMMT/mPE的断裂伸长率高于ATH/MH/mPE,但拉伸强度较低。10%PN部分替代ATH/MH后,60%PN/...     

晶须与滑石粉填充改性聚丙烯材料的性能研究

以聚丙烯(PP)为基料,聚烯烃弹性体(POE)为增韧剂,滑石粉和碱式硫酸镁晶须为增强填料,制备了PP/POE/滑石粉复合材料和PP/POE/晶须复合材料,研究了滑石粉和晶须的含量对密度、弯曲模量、缺口冲击强度、收缩率和热变形温度的影响.结果 表明:pp/POE/晶须复合材料的弯曲模量和热变形温度均高于PP/POE/滑石...     

聚乳酸/竹粉复合材料的改性及性能研究

采用甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯接枝乙烯辛烯共聚物（POE?GMA）作为相容剂,TPW604作为润滑剂,利用XSS?300转矩流变仪熔融制备聚乳酸（PLA）/竹粉（BF）复合材料。通过热失重、拉伸、冲击 、扫描电子显微镜、旋转流变等方法研究BF、POE?GMA、TPW604添加量对PLA/BF复合材料性能的影响。结果表明,当BF添加量为35 %、POE?GMA添加量为10 %、TPW604添加量为1 %时,复合材料的相容性和流动性均显著提升,复合材料的力学性能达到最优。     

POE增韧聚乳酸复合材料的研究

采用热塑性弹性体(乙烯/辛烯)共聚物(POE)作为聚乳酸(PLA)的增韧改性剂,利用双螺杆挤出机经熔融共混制备PLA/POE复合材料.详细研究了POE含量对PLA性能的影响.借助扫描电子显微镜分析了不同增容剂增容PLA/POE复合材料的微观形貌,并对其物理、力学性能进行了研究.结果表明,当加入反应性增容刺POE缩水甘油基异丁酸酯类接枝物(牌号NAX00),且PLA、POE、NAx00的质量比为85:10:5时,复合材料的性能达到最佳,其缺口冲击强度是纯PLA的4.6倍左右.     

聚乳酸/麦秸秆纤维复合材料力学及吸水性能研究

以西北地区麦秸秆纤维（WSF）和聚乳酸（PLA）为原料,通过熔融共混的方式加工制备了PLA/WSF复合材料,研究了偶联剂γ—氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷（KH550）对PLA/WSF复合材料的力学性能、吸水性能及界面性能的影响。利用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(FITR)对改性前后的WSF进行分析,采用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）研究了复合材料拉伸断面的形貌变化。结果表明,KH550与WSF中羟基的反应降低了WSF表面极性;随着WSF含量的增加,PLA/WSF复合材料的力学性能最终呈现下降的趋势;经KH550对WSF改性处理, PLA/WSF复合材料的力学性能得到提升,同时降低了复合材料的吸水性;KH550处理改善了WSF与PLA的界面相容性。     

三种植物纤维填充聚乳酸复合材料性能对比

为充分利用农作物植物资源,以稻秸秆、麦秸秆、稻壳三种植物纤维为填充相,聚乳酸(PLA)为基体,制备了PLA/植物纤维复合材料。对三种植物纤维的成分进行了对比分析,并对制备的复合材料的力学性能和吸水性能进行了比较,分析了三种复合材料的热重曲线、差示扫描量热曲线与红外光谱,并用扫描电子显微镜观察了复合材料的断面微观结构。结果表明,三种植物纤维材料中稻秸秆的纤维素与半纤维素总含量最高,稻秸秆制备的PLA复合材料力学性能与界面结合性最好,其弯曲强度为28 MPa,分别比麦秸秆和稻壳制备的PLA复合材料高75%和47%;PLA/稻壳复合材料的吸水率最小,比PLA/稻秸秆和PLA/麦秸秆分别小10%与25%;三种植物纤维改性PLA复合材料的热分解曲线基本相同,PLA/稻壳复合材料的热稳定性相对最好。     

阻燃高抗冲聚苯乙烯/弹性体复合材料性能研究

分别以弹性体SBS、POE和EVA为增韧剂,对阻燃高抗冲聚苯乙烯(HIPS)进行增韧改性,研究了增韧剂的引入对阻燃HIPS力学性能、阻燃性能和热稳定性的影响,同时采用扫描电镜(SEM)分析了各弹性体在HIPS基体中的分散性以及它们与基体间的界面黏结性。结果表明:以SBS为增韧剂时,所得阻燃HIPS/弹性体复合材料的冲击性能、弯曲性能、阻燃性能、热稳定性、增韧剂在HIPS基体中的分散性及其与HIPS基体间的界面黏结性均优于以POE或EVA为增韧剂的复合材料,但是该阻燃HIPS/SBS复合材料的拉伸性能相对较差。     

聚乳酸/聚烯烃弹性体/蒙脱土复合材料的制备与性能研究

以聚乳酸(PLA)为基材,在聚烯烃弹性体(POE)的增塑作用下,搀杂不同比例的蒙脱土(MMT),采用熔融共混法,制备出一系列的PLA/POE/MMT复合材料。通过拉伸及冲击测试、差热扫描量热仪(DSC)、熔指仪对复合材料的力学性能、热性能和流动性能进行表征。结果表明:随着MMT的加入,PLA/POE/MMT复合材料的拉伸性能和冲击性能总体上比纯PLA差,复合材料的玻璃化转变温度(Tg)和熔点(Tm)总体上比纯PLA要低,只有当MMT含量为1 wt.%时,才使PLA体系的冲击强度有所提高,Tg和Tm有所提高。随着MMT的加入,PLA体系的流动性变好。     

Enthalpies of vaporization of oligomers of poly(hexamethylene sebacate) and esters of alkylcarboxylic acids

Enthalpies of vaporization for esters covering a molecular weight range of about 74–939 g/mol · [monocarboxylics; linear esters of sebacic series; branched esters of triglyceride series; and, oligomer esters of poly(hexamethylene sebacate)] and a temperature range of about 273.15–523.15 K have been empirically fitted to within about 5% to an equation of the following form: ΔHv(T,M) = S(T)f(M) + I₀(T), where S(T) = C Ln(T) + K₀, I₀(T) = aT + b₀, and f(M) = M/(1 + a₀M), M is the molecular weight (molar mass); T is in degrees Kelvin; and, C, K₀, a, b₀, and a₀ are constants. These results were used to determine the heat capacity difference, ΔC_p = C_p(l) − C_p(g), and compared to calculated values from functional relationships of C_p(l) and C_p(g), l is liquid g is gas. The heat capacity difference results in conjunction with C_p(l) were used to empirically calculate the heat capacity of the gas, C_p(g), over the molecular weight and temperature ranges investigated and compared to a group contribution method. The functional forms for ΔHv(T,M), ΔC_p(T,M), C_p(l), and C_p(g) were also found to be applicable for n-alkanes. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 70: 731–746, 1998     

Peculiarities of establishment of steady-state frontal polymerization of vinyl monomers

Frontal radical polymerization of vinyl monomers in non-stationary mode is investigated theoretically. It is shown that the formation and the time of establishment of steady-state polymerization heat autowaves considerably depend on the initial temperature, T_i. When T_i is less than the adiabatic heating temperature (T_a), the excess heat and relatively high conversion foster front formation before the non-stationary one. Whereas, for T_i > T_a, steady-state frontal polymerization regime is established, when the heat flow from the outer source is considerably less than the heat evolving due to the chemical reaction.     

Chemical assessment of the zinc status of some soils of the semi-arid region of India

To find critical tissue levels of Zn for wheat, and to evaluate various chemical extractants, a screen-house experiment was conducted on 21 diverse soils representing semi-arid regions in Haryana State, India. The extractants differed in the amounts of Zn extracted and the order was: 0.1 N HC1 > EDTA-NH₄OAc > EDTA-(NH₄)₂CO₃ > DTPA + CaCl₂. The amounts (mg kg^–1) of extractable Zn associated with a yield reduction of 20% were: DTPA + CaCl₂, 0.60; EDTA — (NH₄)₂CO₃, 0.80; EDTA-NH₄OAc, 0.92 and 0.1 N HCl, 1.20. The corresponding critical Zn concentration in ten weeks old plants was found to be 17 mg gm^–1. The DTPA + CaCl₂ method gave the best correlation (r = 0.85) between extracted Zn and Bray's per cent yield. It is recommended for assessing Zn status of soils of semi-arid region.     

Effects of preparation methods of support on the properties of nickel catalyst for hydrogenation of m-dinitrobenzene

Using tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) as the precursor of silica, the silica aerogel and xerogel, which were used as supports of nickel-based catalysts for liquid hydrogenation of m-dinitrobenzene to m-phenylenediamine, were prepared by the sol-gel method combined with supercritical drying (SCD) and conventional drying, respectively. Then, a series of nickel-based catalyst samples supported on these supports were prepared by the incipient wetness impregnation method with an aqueous solution of nickel nitrate as well as lanthanum nitrate as impregnation liquids. Based on the characterization results of nitrogen adsorption-desorption (BET), X-ray diffraction (XRD), temperature programmed reduction (TPR), temperature-programmed desorption of hydrogen (H₂-TPD), and catalytic activity evaluation, the physico-chemical properties and catalytic performances of the catalysts were investigated. The results show that the nickel crystallites on the binary nickel catalyst using silica aerogel as support are of smaller particle size. However, compared with the sample supported on silica xerogel, the nickel catalyst supported on the silica aerogel exhibits lower activity and selectivity for the hydrogenation of m-dinitrobenzene because it has a lesser amount of active sites and weaker absorption ability to reactants caused by sintering of the nickel crystallites. The addition of promoter La₂O₃ could increase the activity and selectivity of the catalysts. Among all the nickel-based catalyst samples prepared, the La₂O₃ promoted ternary nickel-based catalyst supported on silica xerogel exhibits the highest activity and selectivity for the hydrogenation of m-dinitrobenzene to m-phenylenediamine, which could be attributed to its highest active surface area and appropriate absorption strength to reactants. Over this promising catalyst, the conversion of m-dinitrobenzene and the yield of m-phenylenediamine could reach 97.0% and 93.1%, respectively, under proper reaction conditions of hydrogen pressure 2.6 MPa, temperature 373 K, and reaction time 1 h. Translated from Journal of Chemical Engineering of Chinese Universities, 2006, 20(5): 723–727 [译自: 高校化学工程学报]     

Effects of quenching mechanisms of carotenoids on the photosensitized oxidation of soybean oil

The effects of 0, 1.0 × 10”⁻⁵, 2.5 × 10⁻⁵, and 5.0 × 10⁻⁵ M β-apo-8'-carotenal, β-carotene, and canthaxanthin on the photooxidation of soybean oil in methylene chloride containing 3.3 × 10⁻⁹ M chlorophyll b were studied by measuring peroxide values and conjugated diene content. β-Apo-8'-carotenal, β-carotene, and canthaxanthin contain 10,11, and 13 conjugated double bonds, respectively. The peroxide values and conjugated diene contents of oils containing the carotenoids were significantly lower (P<0.05) than those of control oil containing no carotenoid. As the number of conjugated double bonds of the carotenoids increased, the peroxide values of soybean oils decreased significantly (P<0.05). The quenching mechanisms and kinetics of the carotenoids in the photosensitized oxidation of soybean oil were studied by measuring peroxide values. The steady-state kinetics study showed that carotenoids quenched singlet oxygen to reduce chlorophyll-sensitized photooxidation of soybean oil. The singlet-oxygen quenching rate constants ofβ- apo-8'-carotenal, β-carotene, and canthaxanthin were 3.06 × 10⁹, 4.60 × 10⁹, and 1.12 × 10¹⁰ M⁻¹sec⁻¹, respectively.     

Preparation of regioisomers of structured TAG consisting of one mole of CLA and two moles of caprylic acid

TAG (MLM) with medium-chain FA (MCFA) at the 1,3-positions and long-chain FA (LCFA) at the 2-position, and TAG (LMM) with LCFA at the 1(3)-position and MCFA at 2,3(1)-positions are a pair of TAG regioisomers. Large-scale preparation of the two TAG regioisomers was attempted. A commercially available FFA mixture (FFA-CLA) containing 9-cis, 11-trans (9c, 11t)- and 10t,12c-CLA was selected as LCFA, and caprylic acid (C₈FA) was selected as MCFA. The MLM isomer was synthesized by acidolysis of acyglycerols (AG) containing two CLA isomers with C₈FA: A mixture of AG-CLA/C₈ FA (1∶10, mol/mol) and 4 wt% immobilized Rhizomucor miehei lipase was agitated at 30°C for 72 h. The ratio of MLM to total AG was 51.1 wt%. Meanwhile, LMM isomer was synthesized by acidolysis of tricaprylin with FFA-CLA: A mixture of tricaprylin/FFA-CLA (1∶2, mol/mol) and 4 wt% immobilized R. miehei lipase was agitated at 30°C for 24 h. The ratio of LMM to total AG was 51.8 wt%. MLM and LMM were purified from 1,968 and 813 g reaction mixtures by stepwise short-path distillation, respectively. Consequently, MLM was purified to 92.3% with 49.1% recovery, and LMM was purified to 93.2% with 52.3% recovery. Regiospecific analyses of MLM and LMM indicated that the 2-positions of MLM and LMM were 95.1 mol% LCFA and 98.3 mol% C₈ FA, respectively. The results showed that a process comprising lipase reaction and short-path distillation is effective for large-scale preparation of high-purity regiospecific TAG isomers.     

Kinetics of Adhesion Interaction of Polyolefins with Metals Under Conditions of Contact Thermooxidation

The development of peel strength of adhesive joints between a PE containing organic peroxide (dicumy1 peroxide) and steel has been studied. It has been found that the kinetics of this process are controlled by the contact oxidation processes in a thin boundary layer. The peel strength, A, as a function of the contact time, t, is determined by the content of dicumy1 peroxide, c _per, in the adhesive, contact temperature, T, and the content of oxygen in the contacting environment. The value of A reaches its maximum, A _max, at a certain contact time, t _Amax..

The kinetic characteristics A _max and t _Amax as well as the initial growth rate of A,A ^{= t}=0 = lim da/dt _t=0, are determined by c _per and T. There is a growth of A _max and A ⁼ _t=0 with c _per and a decrease of t _Amax with T.

The shape of A(t) curves for a peroxide-containing PE, similar to a pure PE, is defined by the competitive influence of two principal tendencies in contact oxidation: oxidative cross-linking inducing the growth of A and oxidative destruction causing the reduction of A. There is a growth of the output of contact oxidation reactions with the increase of c _per. The empirical constants of an equation describing the A(t)-functions are calculated and the efficiency of the use of peroxides for promoting the PE-adhesion is estimated.

It has been proved that the peel strength at a fixed contact time is determined by the ratio of the gel-fraction in the polymer layer, c _gel, which is a measure of the outcome of the oxidative cross-linking, and the content of extractable low-molecular products, C _Im, characterizing the effect of oxidative destruction.     

Characterization of the seed oils of some commercial cultivars of melon

Proximate analysis of the seeds from three commercial melon cultivars (Honey Dew, Hy‐mark and Orange Flesh) showed high percentage of lipids (25.7—27.6%) and proteins (15.2—19.2%). The physico‐chemical properties of the hexane‐extracted oil from the seeds of these cultivars were determined. Gas chromatographic analysis of the oils showed the presence of almost all fatty acids starting from C₆— C₂₄ except that of C₁₁ , C₂₁ C₂₃ , C_18:2 being the principal fatty acid followed by C_18:1 , C_16:0 , and C_18:0 fatty acids. The number of fatty acids, which were present in concentrations higher than 0.01% of total fatty acids, was 17, 14, and 13, respectively, in these cultivars     

Explosive synthesis of ultrafine Al2O3 and effect of temperature of explosion

Synthesis of ultrafine Al₂O₃ is considered. An X-ray phase analysis indicates that ultrafine γ-Al₂O₃, (θ + α)-Al₂O₃, and α-Al₂O₃ are synthesized by explosion of water-gel explosives with a zero oxygen balance, prepared by mixing aluminum nitrate, RDX, and carbamide. All granules of ultrafine Al₂O₃ are spherical and homogeneous, and the granule size varies from 10 to 30 nm. The average crystal sizes of ultrafine Al₂O₃ are calculated by the Scherrer equation. The temperatures of explosion of water-gel explosives are found by a simplified approach. A comparison indicates that the higher the temperature of explosion, the greater the average nanocrystal size. __________ Translated from Fizika Goreniya i Vzryva, Vol. 42, No. 5, pp. 127–131, September–October, 2006.     

Influence of molecular weight of polydimethylsiloxane precursors and crosslinking content on degree of ethanol swelling of crosslinked networks

Using PDMS (polydimethylsiloxane) as a basic polymeric matrix to the preparation of ethanol-permselective pervaporation membranes is a vibrant field of research. In this paper, a detailed study of the effects of the molecular weight of PDMS precursors and the content of the TEOS (tetraethyl orthosilicate) crosslinker on the degree of swelling in ethanol and ethanol contact angle is reported. Five PDMS precursors with molecular weights of 26.6 K, 35.5 K, 50.2 K, 71.7 K, and 110.4 K, and five crosslinking contents (1 wt%, 2 wt%, 5 wt%, 10 wt%, and 15 wt%) were chosen to prepare twenty-five PDMS networks. Considering only the maximum tensile strength of the networks, the optimum molecular weight of the precursor was found to be 35.5 K and the optimum crosslinker content was 5 wt%. The average Young’s modulus of the PDMS network prepared under these conditions reached 0.63 MPa after using toluene to extract the network. Some uncrosslinked precursors always occur in the networks, and have some influence on the molecular weight of the precursors and the crosslinker content that is used. It was found that the content of the uncrosslinked precursors has direct effect on the contact angle of ethanol sessile drops at the surface of the extracted PDMS networks, and higher extraction corresponded to a smaller ethanol contact angle. A combined parameter (S), defined as the quotient of the extraction amount (A_E) and the tensile elastic modulus (E_Y), gives a good linear relationship with the increase in weight of networks swelled in ethanol. This means that the degree of equilibrium swelling of the networks is simultaneously strongly influenced by the tensile modulus and the content of the uncrosslinked precursors.