Individual and combined effects of vanillin and potassium sorbate on Penicillium digitatum, Penicillium glabrum, and Penicillium italicum growth.

The individual and combined effects of potassium sorbate and vanillin concentrations on the growth of Penicillium digitatum, P. glabrum, and P. italicum in potato dextrose agar adjusted to water activity 0.98 and pH 3.5 were evaluated. Inhibitory concentrations of potassium sorbate varied from 150 ppm for P. digitatum to 700 ppm for P. glabrum, and for vanillin from 1,100 ppm for P. digitatum and P. italicum and 1,300 ppm for P. glabrum. Fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) isobolograms show curves deviated to the left of the additive line. Calculated FIC index varied from 0.60 to 0.84. FIC index as well as FIC isobolograms show synergistic effects on mold inhibition when vanillin and potassium sorbate are applied in combination.     

壳聚糖对柑橘青、绿霉病病原菌的抑菌效果研究

应用PDA培养基多次分离并纯化培养得到柑橘青霉病病原菌、绿霉病病原菌,加入不同浓度壳聚糖的PDA培养基对两种病原菌进行接种培养并观察抑菌效果。结果表明:壳聚糖对两种病原菌有一定的抑制能力,其中对青霉病病原菌的抑制能力强。壳聚糖浓度为1.3%时抑制率最高,在第2d时对青、绿霉病病原菌的抑制率分别达到71.5%、46.37%。     

The effects of essential oils carvacrol and thymol on growth of Penicillium digitatum and P. italicum involved in lemon decay

In this work the antifungal efficacy of thymol, carvacrol and the mixture of both pure essential oils has been proved against Penicillium digitatum and Penicillium italicum, by using in vitro (liquid media, PDA plates and disk growth) and in vivo (lemon) tests. Results indicated that both essential oils were effective in inhibiting fungal growth in all in vitro tests, with the highest efficacy displayed by thymol. In addition, the application of wax with thymol and carvacrol to lemons inoculated with P. digitatum demonstrated the reduction of decay (expressed as percentage of infected fruit surface) in a concentration dependent manner, as well as reduced respiration rate, ethylene production and total acidity losses. Thus, the application of these essential oils together with wax in the citrus packing lines could be considered as good alternatives to reduce the use of synthetic fungicides.     

Inactivation of conidia of Penicillium chrysogenum, P. digitatum and P. italicum by ethanol solutions and vapours

A fractional factorial design, 2(5-1) experiments, was used for assessing the influence of 5 factors: water activity, aw [0.7, 0.9], temperature, T ( degrees C) [10, 30], mode of application, A [liquid, vapour], ethanol concentration, E (% w/w) [5, 10] and time, t (d) [1, 4] on the inactivation of spores of Penicillium chrysogenum, P. digitatum and P. italicum. Survival was determined by germination at optimal conditions within 3d. The experimental response was log (N 0/Nt), where N 0 and Nt (spore ml(-1)) the concentrations of viable spores at t=0 and t respectively. By a decreasing order of sensitivity to ethanol, moulds were ranked as followed: P. digitatum, P. italicum and P. chrysogenum. A greater inactivation for P. digitatum, P. italicum, that were the most sensitive moulds to ethanol, was obtained by applying vapour rather than ethanol solution. The order of significance of the main factors depended upon the mould. The key factor for explaining inactivation of P. chrysogenum was water activity. But, temperature was the main factor for explaining inactivation of P. digitatum and P. italicum. In the more drastic conditions, (i.e., 0.7 aw, 30 degrees C, 10% w/w ethanol), all spores were inactivated by applying liquid solution for 4d.     

柠檬醛对指状青霉糖酵解的影响

本研究测定了不同浓度柠檬醛对指状青霉呼吸代谢及糖酵解途径相关指标的影响。结果表明,柠檬醛能明显抑制指状青霉的呼吸代谢,1.0μL/m L浓度下柠檬醛与糖酵解途径、三羧酸循环途径以及磷酸戊糖途径典型抑制剂(碘乙酸,丙二酸,磷酸钠)的叠加率分别为15.00%、12.60%和30.70%,且此结果显示糖酵解途径受到了柠檬醛的影响。经最小抑菌浓度(minimal inhibitory concentration,MIC,2.0μL/m L)和最小杀菌浓度(minimal fungicidal concentration,MFC,4.0μL/m L)柠檬醛处理后,指状青霉糖酵解途径重要的中间产物葡萄糖和丙酮酸的含量显著增加,己糖激酶(Hexokinase,HK)的活性下降,6-磷酸果糖激酶(Phosphofructokinase,PFK)和丙酮酸激酶(Pyruvate kinase,PK)的活性增加。本研究表明柠檬醛能够抑制指状青霉的呼吸代谢,改变指状青霉糖酵解途径关键酶的活性和重要中间产物的含量。     

不同发育期椪柑精油对意大利青霉和指状青霉的抑制作用

对不同发育期（7、8、9和10月）的椪柑（CitrusreticulataBlanco）果皮精油进行GC-MS分析,共鉴定出柠檬烯（47.28%～58.40%）、γ-松油烯（8.27%～13.23%）、β-芳樟醇（3.48%～7.86%）、β-月桂烯（6.24%～7.50%）、α-蒎烯（5.07%～6.05%）、β-蒎烯（2.30%～3.45%）和辛醛（2.04%～2.48%）等50种萜烯类化合物。椪柑果皮精油及其所含的6种潜在抑菌组分（柠檬醛、辛醛、壬醛、癸醛、β-芳樟醇和α-松油醇）的体外抑菌实验结果表明:不同发育期椪柑果皮精油对意大利青霉（Penicillium italicum）的抑制作用要强于指状青霉（P.digitatum）;潜在抑菌组分中柠檬醛和辛醛对意大利青霉的抑菌效果最好,壬醛和辛醛对指状青霉的抑菌效果最好。柠檬醛和辛醛对意大利青霉的最小抑菌浓度（MIC）、壬醛和辛醛对指状青霉的MIC均为0.50μL/mL;β-芳樟醇和α-松油醇对意大利青霉和指状青霉的MIC均为2.00μL/mL。      

不同发育期椪柑精油对意大利青霉和指状青霉的抑制作用

对不同发育期(7、8、9和10月)的椪柑(Citrus reticulata Blanco)果皮精油进行GC-MS分析,共鉴定出柠檬烯(47.28％ ～58.40％)、γ-松油烯(8.27％ ～13.23％)、β-芳樟醇(3.48％ ～7.86％)、β-月桂烯(6.24％ ～7.50％)、α-蒎烯(5.07％～6.05％)、β-蒎烯(2.30％～3.45％)和辛醛(2.04％ ～2.48％)等50种萜烯类化合物.椪柑果皮精油及其所含的6种潜在抑菌组分(柠檬醛、辛醛、壬醛、癸醛、β-芳樟醇和α-松油醇)的体外抑菌实验结果表明:不同发育期椪柑果皮精油对意大利青霉(Penicillium italicum)的抑制作用要强于指状青霉(P.digitatum);潜在抑菌组分中柠檬醛和辛醛对意大利青霉的抑菌效果最好,壬醛和辛醛对指状青霉的抑菌效果最好.柠檬醛和辛醛对意大利青霉的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)、壬醛和辛醛对指状青霉的MIC均为0.50μL/mL;β-芳樟醇和α-松油醇对意大利青霉和指状青霉的MIC均为2.00μL/mL.     

柠檬醛和辛醛混合物对指状青霉的抑制作用

本研究采用琼脂稀释培养法测定柠檬醛、辛醛以及柠檬醛+辛醛混合物(V/V,4:1)对指状青霉菌丝体生长的影响,并对柠檬醛+辛醛混合物抑菌机制进行初步探讨。结果表明,柠檬醛+辛醛混合物(V/V,4:1)能明显抑制指状青霉菌丝体生长,最小抑菌浓度(minimal inhibitory concentration,MIC)和最小杀菌浓度(minimal fungicidal concentration,MFC)均为2.50μL/m L,而柠檬醛的MIC和MFC分别为2.50μL/m L和5.00μL/m L,辛醛的MIC和MFC分别为0.63μL/m L和2.50μL/m L。扫描电镜结果显示,经MIC(MFC)的柠檬醛+辛醛混合物处理后,指状青霉菌丝体表面发生严重塌陷和多重褶皱,菌丝结构发生不规则扭曲,表明细胞完整性遭到严重破坏。此外,指状青霉菌丝体胞外p H、胞外电导率以及260 nm处的吸光度值均随柠檬醛+辛醛混合物(V/V,4:1)浓度增加显著增加。本研究结果表明,柠檬醛+辛醛混合物(V/V,4:1)能破坏指状青霉细胞结构的完整性,增加细胞膜通透性,导致细胞内物质泄漏,从而导致菌丝体死亡。     

α-松油醇对意大利青霉的抑制作用

测定α-松油醇对意大利青霉菌丝体形态及菌丝体生长的影响,并对其抑菌机制进行初步探讨。结果表明:α-松油醇能明显抑制意大利青霉菌丝体生长,最小抑菌浓度(minimal inhibitory concentration,MIC)和最小杀菌浓度(minimal fungicidal concentration,MFC)分别为2.00μL/mL和8.00μL/mL;经MIC和MFCα-松油醇处理后,意大利青霉菌丝体胞外pH值、胞外电导率及260 nm条件下吸光度显著增加,总脂质含量有显著下降。提示α-松油醇能改变细胞膜的通透性、破坏细胞膜结构的完整性,导致胞内成分泄露,从而抑制意大利青霉菌丝体生长。     

脱氢乙酸钠抑制指状青霉的作用机制

脱氢乙酸钠（sodium dehydroacetate,SD）可有效抑制指状青霉（Penicillium digitatum）的生长,但其作用机制尚不清楚。本实验通过分析不同质量浓度SD（0（对照）、1/2最小抑菌质量浓度（minimum inhibitory concentration,MIC）、MIC）对P. digitatum菌丝体细胞结构和功能（细胞壁、细胞膜和线粒体）的影响,研究SD的抑菌机制。结果表明,SD处理菌丝体30 min时已通过主动运输进入细胞内,且在整个处理期间能维持胞内较高的SD质量浓度;SD处理的菌丝体细胞壁荧光强度和胞外碱性磷酸酶（alkaline phosphatase,AKP）活力与对照无明显差异;而碘化丙啶染色实验结果表明,SD引起菌丝体荧光强度显著增加（P＜0.05）;此外,SD处理能够降低菌丝体总脂质含量,并提升胞外pH值,表明SD处理对菌丝体细胞膜造成损伤而未对细胞壁造成损伤。此外,SD处理降低了菌丝体线粒体膜电位和能荷水平,增加了Na＋/K＋-ATPase活力,干扰了细胞能量代谢。SD对金柑果实绿霉病干预实验结果表明,SD处理有效抑制了金柑果实绿霉病的发生,且呈质量浓度依赖效应。综上,SD可通过破坏P. digitatum菌丝体细胞膜和线粒体的结构和功能发挥其抑菌活性,从而降低金柑采后绿霉病的发生。研究结果可为SD应用于金柑采后病害绿色防控提供理论依据。     

指状青霉V-ATP酶H亚基蛋白的功能

目的:通过基因干扰和过表达技术,研究V-ATP酶H亚基(V-ATPase membrane subunit H,VMAH)蛋白在柑橘绿霉病菌指状青霉生长中的生理功能,及其作为抗柑橘绿霉病药物作用靶点的可行性.方法:采用菌丝生长法和孢子萌发法,研究沉默和过表达VMAH基因对正常和胁迫条件下指状青霉细胞生长特性的影响.结果...     

不同环境因子对扩展青霉和指状青霉生长和产酸的影响

扩展青霉 (Penicillium expansum)和指状青霉(Penicillium digitatum)是两种典型采后致病菌,其中扩展青霉能够引起苹果、梨、猕猴桃、樱桃等水果的采后贮藏期腐烂,指状青霉则是引起柑橘类水果采后及贮藏期间腐烂的主要致病菌之一。为明确两株青霉菌生长及产酸的适宜环境条件,本试验对不同营养、温度、pH值、光照等条件下青霉菌的生长情况进行了研究。结果表明,在实验给定的条件下,最适宜扩展青霉生长和产酸的培养基为马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂培养基,温度分别为25℃和20℃,pH分别为4和10,均为黑暗环境;最适宜指状青霉生长和产酸的培养基为马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂培养基,温度均为20℃,pH分别为4和8,均为黑暗环境。这为后续对两株菌株产酸及致病性的探究提供科学依据。     

Synergistic effect of chitosan and Cryptococcus laurentii on inhibition of Penicillium expansum infections

This study was conducted to determine the efficacy of chitosan at different concentrations with various intrinsic viscosities alone, and in its combination with a yeast antagonist Cryptococcus laurentii in reducing the blue mold rot caused by Penicillium expansum in apple fruit. The results indicated that application of chitosan alone was effective in inhibiting the blue mold rot in apple fruit wounds, especially with the high concentrations and low viscosities. But its efficacy was declining with the incubation time so that chitosan alone could not provide enduring protection of apple fruit from P. expansum infections. When applied at the concentration range from 0.001 to 0.1% (wt/vol), chitosan did not influence the population growth of C. laurentii in vivo, whereas it markedly repressed the yeast growth as its concentrations were increased up to 0.25% (wt/vol) or higher. Moreover, combination of chitosan and C. laurentii resulted in a synergistic inhibition of the blue mold rot, being the most effective at the optimal concentration of 0.1% of chitosan with the lowest viscosity (12 cP). The possible mode of action of the combination of chitosan and C. laurentii was discussed.     

Biological control of Penicillium digitatum by Trichoderma viride on postharvest citrus fruits

In previous studies it was shown that Trichoderma viride, isolated from Spanish citrus packing houses, showed antagonistic activity against Penicillium digitatum in in vitro laboratory tests. In the present in vivo studies Navelina oranges, protected with aqueous suspension of T. viride (2.5 x 10(6) to 2.5 x 10(9) spores per ml), showed an increase in resistance toward P. digitatum. Oranges, inoculated with P. digitatum, did not produce lesions after 5 days when T. viride was applied 48 h or 72 h before inoculation.     

柠檬醛对指状青霉菌丝体膜脂过氧化的影响

探讨柠檬醛对指状青霉菌丝体膜脂过氧化的影响。研究发现,经最小抑菌浓度（minimal inhibitoryconcentration,MIC,2.0 μL/mL）和最小杀菌浓度（minimal fungicidal concentration,MFC,4.0 μL/mL）柠檬醛处理后,指状青霉菌丝体发生扭曲变形且表面出现明显褶皱,表明细胞完整性遭到破坏。不同质量浓度柠檬醛处理指状青霉后,其胞外电导率及K＋泄漏量均显著增加,而总脂质含量降低,说明柠檬醛处理能增加指状青霉细胞膜通透性,导致细胞膜结构遭受破坏。进一步研究发现,MIC、MFC柠檬醛处理促使指状青霉总丙二醛含量、过氧化氢含量和脂氧合酶、过氧化物酶活性升高。本研究结果表明：柠檬醛处理可诱导指状青霉菌丝体发生严重的膜脂过氧化损伤,损伤细胞膜结构,从而抑制指状青霉菌丝体生长。     

The effect of substrate on mycotoxin production of selected Penicillium strains

Analytical methods are presented for detecting simultaneously 11 fungal metabolites (aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2, citrinin, cyclopiazonic acid, mycophenolic acid, ochratoxin A, penicillic acid, penitrem A and roquefortine C) on different matrices. The methods were applied to determine the mycotoxins produced by different Penicillium crustosum, Penicillium nordicum and Penicillium verrucosum strains on yeast extract sucrose (YES) agar and cheese and bread analogues and are based on high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and photodiode array detection (PDA). The growth substrate had a distinctive effect on the mycotoxin production ability of the fungi examined. The P. crustosum strains produced roquefortine C on all the substrates, with the highest amounts being detected on the cheese analogue. Penitrem A was synthesised on the cheese analogue only. The strains of P. verrucosum produced exclusively citrinin on YES, but both ochratoxin A and citrinin were detected in considerable amounts on the bread analogue. On the bread, toxin profiles varied significantly between the individual P. verrucosum strains. The cheese analogue was not favourable for the mycotoxin production of this species. The growth substrate had the least effect on the toxin production of the P. nordicum strains, which synthesised ochratoxin A in moderate amounts on all three media.     

盐酸小檗碱抑制指状青霉的作用机制

本实验主要对盐酸小檗碱(berberine hydrochloride,BH)抑制指状青霉(Penicillium digitatum)生长的活性以及可能的作用机制进行探讨.结果表明,BH抑制指状青霉生长的最低抑菌质量浓度(minimum inhibitory concentration,MIC)和最低杀菌质量浓度(m...     

Antifungal activity and action mode of pinocembrin from propolis against Penicillium italicum

The antifungal activity and possible mode of action of pinocembrin isolated from propolis against Penicillium italicum were investigated. Pinocembrin exhibited strong antifungal activity against P. italicum in a dose-dependent manner. Respiration rates of P. italicum during spore germination and mycelial growth were significantly inhibited when exposure to pinocembrin. The respirations of mitochondria in state 2 and state 3 from mycelia were significantly inhibited in the presence of this compound. The phosphorylated adenosine nucleotides levels in hyphae of P. italicum treated with pinocembrin were significantly low and energy charge value became unstable. Unltrastructure of hyphae was seriously damaged with pinocembrin incubation for 24 h, which was further confirmed by the increase of relative ionic leakage and soluble protein loss of P. italicum mycelia treated with pinocembrin. It was concluded that pinocembrin inhibited the mycelial growth of P. italicum by interfering energy homeostasis and cell membrane damage of the pathogen. Pinocembrin would be a promising bioactive compound for treatment of P. italicum infections on postharvest citrus fruit.