Channel change and flood events since 1783 on the regulated river tay,Scotland: Implications for flood hazard management

An analysis of old maps and documentary sources reveals that major changes in river channel planform have occurred over the last 200 years on the River Tay system, Scotland, UK. Reaches showing natural river channel planform change, however, are relatively small and a stable planform is characteristic of many sections of the river. River planform instability appears to be controlled by channel bed slope, sediment load and the enhanced vulnerability of former river channel courses to erosion. Flood protection embankments built in the 19th and 20th centuries modified unstable multichannel wandering gravel bed river sections to narrower single-channel reaches, with limited lateral migration. On the River Tummel, 20th century impoundment has caused further geomorphological change in response to clearwater erosion close to the dam and aggradation processes within the regulated river downstream, but isolation of the effects of impoundment from those of channelization are problematic. An examination of the geomorphic effects of a high magnitude flood event in 1990 and historical accounts of earlier large floods reveal that the 1990 flood was the third largest since 1800 in the study area. Despite river regulation and bank protection the zones naturally characterized by instability are still susceptible to planform changes causing flood embankments to be breached, channel shifts and development of gravel bars.     

Geomorphic diversity as a river management tool and its application to the Ganga River,India

Understanding of geomorphic processes and the determination of geomorphic diversity in catchments are prerequisites for the sustainable rehabilitation of river systems and for reach‐scale assessment of river health. The Ganga River system in India is a large, complex system consisting of several long tributaries, some >1,000 km, originating from 2 distinct hinterlands—the Himalaya to the north and the cratons to the south. Traversing through a diverse climatic regime across the Plain and through precipitation zones ranging from 600 mm/year near Delhi to 1,200 mm/year in the eastern plains, the Ganga River system has formed very diverse landform assemblages in 3 major geomorphic domains. We have recognized 10 different river classes for the trunk river from Gangotri (source) to Farakka (upstream of its confluence with the Brahmaputra) based on (a) landscape setting, (b) channel and active floodplain properties, and (c) channel planform parameters. The mountainous stretch is characterized by steep valleys and bedrock channels and is dominated by large‐scale sediment production and transport through hill slope processes. The alluvial part of the river is characterized by 8 different river classes of varying reach lengths (60–300 km) many of which show sharp transitions in landscape setting. We have highlighted the application of this approach for the assessment of habitat suitability, environmental flows, and flood risk all of which have been significantly modified during the last few decades due to large‐scale anthropogenic disturbances. We suggest that the diversity embedded in this geomorphic framework can be useful for developing a sustainable river management programme to “work with” the contemporary character and behaviour of rivers.     

VEGETATION–LANDFORM ASSEMBLAGES ALONG SELECTED RIVERS IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC,A DECADE AFTER A 500‐YEAR FLOOD EVENT

Rivers with a natural flow regime strongly influence the dynamics of riparian plant communities through hydrological and geomorphological processes. In this study, associations between fluvial landforms and vegetation are investigated on three near‐natural rivers in the Czech Republic a decade after a 500‐year return period flood in July 1997. This extreme disturbance destroyed the anthropogenically modified river channels and created suitable conditions for a range of ecosystems with high diversity and ecological stability. Field surveys were conducted on fluvial landforms (bars, islands, banks, floodplains and terraces) along three ‘renaturalized’ rivers, where no technical modifications had subsequently been made to their channels outside urban areas and the floodplains had been left in a post‐flood state. Vegetation species abundance and 13 environmental variables (topographical, hydrological and soil) were investigated in summer 2007, 10 years after the extreme flood disturbance. The results suggest that the recently created fluvial geomorphic forms are key environmental determinants of riparian vegetation distribution patterns. A range of statistical analyses illustrate that some plant species show predictable patterns of occurrence that correspond with the fluvial forms, supporting a fourfold grouping of herbaceous and woody species and the identification of typical plant communities associated with gravel bars, islands, banks, floodplains and terraces. An investigation of the species richness found on different fluvial landforms showed that the highest number of species occurred on the floodplain and decreased gradually towards the channel bed and towards terraces. Investigation of existing conditions in reaches of rivers with natural dynamics of fluvial processes provides valuable information that can be used as an effective tool for planning restoration strategies and precise management. However, the most important finding of this study is the remarkable establishment of complex river corridor vegetation–landform associations within 10 years of a 500‐year flood that removed the heavily cultivated landscape that had existed before the event. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

凌汛期堤防漫顶溃口破坏规律断面模型试验Ⅰ:黏性土堤

凌汛期河道存在大量冰凌,导致河流壅塞、水位上涨,对堤防安全造成了严重隐患。为了探究凌汛期黏性土堤的漫顶溃口破坏规律,建立了室内水槽物理模型,模拟了冰凌条件下的堤防漫顶破坏,通过改变堤身含水率和河道流量,分析了冰凌条件下溃堤时的溃口破坏形式、溃口发展过程和水位变化过程。结果表明:溃堤过程中冰凌挤压对堤体的破坏作用明显,堤身含水率和河道流量对溃堤过程有显著的影响;与洪水条件相比,冰凌条件下溃堤时溃口前期发展较为缓慢,而中、后期较为强烈;冰凌条件下的堤前水位峰值要高于洪水条件。     

Channel dynamics and geomorphic variability as controls on gravel bar vegetation; River Tummel,Scotland

This paper presents the results of an investigation into environmental controls on vegetation dynamics on gravel bars. Such environments are a hotspot of threatened plant biodiversity and the dynamics of their vegetation reflect a range of processes that should be indicative of the integrity of the wider floodplain ecosystem. The study was undertaken on a 2 ha mid‐channel gravel bar complex that evolved over two decades, in response to several high magnitude flood events (including two with a return period in excess of 25 years), on a ‘wandering’ reach of the River Tummel, Scotland. Over 180 plant species, including a number of national or regional scarcities, had colonized. The fluvial chronology of the site was documented via sequential sets of aerial photography that revealed a number of discrete surfaces created by individual floods. Environmental heterogeneity, both within and between fluvial units, was investigated by field sampling of vegetation and abiotic variables at 66 locations. The fluvial surfaces were assigned to five habitat classes that ranged in age from two to approximately 20 years, from fine gravel to cobbles, and maintained an elevation range of up to 2.5 metres above low flow river levels. Multivariate analysis highlighted the relative importance of elevation, grain size, moisture content and infiltration and trapping of fines in controlling plant species composition. After standardizing sampling effort the habitat mosaic was found to support on average 1.36 times more species than an equivalent sample of any one habitat. In terms of biodiversity and river management, our results emphasize the importance of sustaining fluvial processes that preserve the habitat mosaic in order to conserve the characteristic biota of gravel bar complexes and river channel islands. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Channel recovery in a regulated river: Effects of an experimental and natural flood in the Snowy River,SE Australia

Experimental floods, generated downstream of dams, are used to recover specific bio‐geomorphic functions in regulated rivers. Studies of the effects of experimental floods vary in their objective, location, and the hydrological and bio‐geomorphic variables used to quantify recovery. Measurements of geomorphic change are required to guide future release strategies. The focus of this study was to determine if a large experimental flood in the Snowy River Australia, could promote geomorphic recovery of the river channel downstream of Jindabyne Dam following 35 years of flow regulation. The objectives of the release were to deepen, widen, and increase channel capacity and coarsen the riverbed substratum in the Jindabyne Gorge and Dalgety Uplands sections of the Snowy River. Data from the release were compared with that of a natural flood event that occurred after the experimental flow event. Both events showed channel adjustments and a degree of geomorphic recovery, but this varied between the two river sections. Marked channel adjustments occurred in the Dalgety Uplands reach following both the experimental and natural flood event and in the Jindabyne Gorge section following the natural flood event. Geomorphic changes were related to the hydrological character of each flood event. The number of flood peaks, the sequence of peaks, the flood duration, and the total energy expenditure differed markedly between the two events, and these four flood hydrological characteristics explained the greater geomorphic recovery associated with the natural flood event in the Jindabyne Gorge. No clear hydro‐geomorphic relationship was derived for channel change in the Dalgety Uplands where existing morphological constraints limit flood effectiveness.     

黄河水文规律变化对下游滩区的影响及发展对策

分析了黄河干流唐乃亥、头道拐、花园口三站的径流量变化情况,从黄河水文规律的变化出发研究了这些水文情报变化对流域下游滩区的影响,提出了黄河下游滩区今后发展的方向和途径,为更好地开发和利用黄河滩区资源提供了理论依据。     

HYDROLOGICAL CONNECTIVITY OF ABANDONED CHANNEL WATER BODIES ON A COASTAL PLAIN RIVER

Oxbow lakes, sloughs and other floodplain depressions associated with former channel positions are critical elements of floodplain hydrology, geomorphology and ecology. They comprise key elements of wetland and aquatic habitats and have important influence on the storage and routing of floodwaters. The hydrological connectivity between active river channels and floodplain depressions varies considerably in a qualitative sense, even within a single fluvial system. Several oxbows, sloughs and paleochannels were examined on the lower Sabine River, Texas/Louisiana, during a period of high but sub‐bankfull flow as well as at lower flows. Six different types of surface water connectivity with the main, active channel were identified: (i) flow through—a portion of the river flow regularly passes through the feature and returns to the main channel; (ii) flood channel—there is no hydraulic connection at normal flows, but at high flows the channels convey discharge, at least part of which returns to the main channel; (iii) fill and spill—the features fill to a threshold level at high flows and then overflow (mainly via ephemeral channels) into flood basins; (iv) fill and drain—the features fill at high river discharges but do not (except in large floods) overflow because as river discharge declines, water drains back to the river; (v) tributary occupied—tributaries draining to the abandoned channel continue to occupy it, flowing through it to the active channel; and (vi) disconnected—no flow is exchanged except during large floods. The age or stage of infilling and the relative elevation of abandoned channels are important first‐order controls of hydrological connectivity, but the lateral distance from the active channel is poorly related. Other critical controls are whether the cutoff section receives tributary input and whether a tie channel forms. The alluvial valley geomorphic context—specifically the presence of a meander belt ridge and flood basins—is also critical. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Coupled Hydrological/Hydraulic Modelling of River Restoration Impacts and Floodplain Hydrodynamics

Channelization and embankment of rivers has led to major ecological degradation of aquatic habitats worldwide. River restoration can be used to restore favourable hydrological conditions for target species or processes. However, the effects of river restoration on hydraulic and hydrological processes are complex and are often difficult to determine because of the long‐term monitoring required before and after restoration works. Our study is based on rarely available, detailed pre‐restoration and post‐restoration hydrological data collected from a wet grassland meadow in Norfolk, UK, and provides important insights into the hydrological effects of river restoration. Groundwater hydrology and climate were monitored from 2007 to 2010. Based on our data, we developed coupled hydrological/hydraulic models of pre‐embankment and post‐embankment conditions using the MIKE‐SHE/MIKE 11 system. Simulated groundwater levels compared well with observed groundwater. Removal of the river embankments resulted in widespread floodplain inundation at high river flows (>1.7 m³ s^?1) and frequent localized flooding at the river edge during smaller events (>0.6 m³ s^?1). Subsequently, groundwater levels were higher and subsurface storage was greater. The restoration had a moderate effect on flood peak attenuation and improved free drainage to the river. Our results suggest that embankment removal can increase river–floodplain hydrological connectivity to form a more natural wetland ecotone, driven by frequent localized flood disturbance. This has important implications for the planning and management of river restoration projects that aim to enhance floodwater storage, floodplain species composition and biogeochemical cycling of nutrients. © 2016 The Authors. River Research and Applications Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.     

大沽河河道整治的准三维数值模型

大沽河下游河道蜿蜒曲折,淤积严重,河流动力数学模型对于选择合理的防洪减淤及蓄水通航措施具有重要意义。采用准三维水动力模型、全三维泥沙动力和河床演变模型,建立了青岛大沽河三维河流动力学模型。模型通过静压假定降低了三维模型的计算量,同时也反映了水流垂向流速差异及其对河床冲淤的影响。模型验证结果表明,洪水位和输沙总量的计算结果合理,模型可用于大沽河口的洪水和泥沙输运规律研究,为大沽河河道整治中选择最优闸坝位置、堤防形态、橡胶坝宽度以及码头断面形态优化等提供建议,实现防洪减淤、蓄水通航的最大效益。     

山区河流城区段堤防改造方法

针对山区河流的特点,以改善城市滨水景观为目标,以生态和景观相结合的理念规划山区河流城区段堤防改造,从滨水区空间拓展、生态建设与修复、滨河景观塑造等方面探讨山区河流城区段堤防改造的方法。以栾川县城区伊河堤防改造为例,分别从纵向与横向对伊河堤防进行系统性的规划与改造,构建河流绿色廊道以及相应的滨水景观节点,确定城区段河道堤防改造后的位置与形态。结果表明,伊河堤防改造后提升了伊河滨水空间的各项功能,极大地改善了山区河流城区段的滨水景观。     

加强长江防汛工作建议

长江是我国最大的河流，长江流域也是我国主要的经济带，因而长江流域的防汛特别是长江干流是头等大事，但长江防汛目前仍面临以下问题：干流及主要支流的防洪标准偏低；重点防洪项目尚末完成，使分洪运用难以达到预期效果；防洪调度和．指挥系统装备落后，给防汛实时调度带来困难；支流尾同地区防洪规划及治理措施尚不尽人意；此外，防洪意识淡薄现象仍还存在，对防汛工作亦有影响。解决上述问题须做到：加强防洪工程建设，加大防汛的投入，尽快完成各支流及尼间地区的防洪规划；加快防汛通讯系统的自动化建设；强化防汛责任制；以法律规范作好防汛工作；加强河道管理，确保河道行洪通畅。     

Differences in river ecological functions due to rapid channel alteration processes in two California rivers using the functional flows model,part 2—model applications

This study applies the functional flows model (FFM) that integrates hydrogeomorphic processes and ecological functions to assess physical habitat. Functional flows are discharge values that serve ecological uses. The model was adjusted to evaluate gravel‐bed riffle functionality for fall‐run Chinook salmon with respect to river rehabilitation on the Mokelumne River and flood‐induced channel change on the Yuba River. The goal was to test if differences in ecological performance were traceable to differences in hydrogeomorphic conditions. Ecological functions studied were bed occupation (spawning, incubation and emergence) and bed preparation (river bed reworking periods)‐ both reliant on shear stress dynamics. Model outputs included number of days that have functional flows, ranges of functional flows that provide favourable sediment transport stages and the efficiency of a site to produce functional flows. Statistical significance of results was tested using non‐parametric tests. Functional flows analyses before and after geomorphic alteration indicate that river rehabilitation on the lower Mokelume River increased the number of days with functional flows, while the Yuba River May 2005 flood increased the functional ranges of flows for the test sites. Reach‐scale analyses indicated similar ecological performance at reference sites in both rivers. A comparison between both rivers showed that despite a greater geomorphic potential of the Mokelumne River sites to have functional flows, Yuba River sites actually experienced better ecological performance for fall‐run Chinook salmon freshwater life stages due to greater flow availability. The FFM provided an objective tool to assess changes in ecological functionality at hydrogeomorphically dynamic sites. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

2016洪水+长江中下游防洪与治河问题再探

基于2016—2019年长江防汛与河道查勘新实践、长江中下游洪水与河势的新变化与新形势,以及以往研究基础与成果,总结提出了2016洪水⁺长江中下游防洪与治河10大新问题,即流域水沙变化、河流情势变化、水文节律改变、河道洲滩演变、干流槽蓄变化、江湖关系影响、水位流量关系、防洪布局调整、河湖治理技术,以及河流管护研究。采用“原因Ⅰ-响应Ⅱ-影响Ⅲ-对策Ⅳ”4级体系,对10大新问题进行了体系分类、关系构建、课题分解与研究探讨,构建了“之字形层次驱动”和“田字形关联影响”2组关系。研究增进了三峡工程对长江中下游洪水与河势影响的辨识,强化了对变化条件下长江中下游防洪与治河问题的“层次化”与“系统化”梳理。     

格网石笼在粉砂土河道疏浚工程中的推广与应用

粉砂土遇水液化,流动性强,不易固结;粉砂土河槽边坡基础易失稳、塌方,淤积严重,影响河道堤防及行洪安全。若采用全断面河槽护砌,不仅投资大、工期长,而且环境生态效益差。宿迁市宿城区西民便河治理工程采用格网石笼固坡脚,取得了较好的经济社会效果。该技术实用、简单,造价低廉,彻底解决了粉砂土河槽边坡失稳的问题,具有广阔的推广应用价值。     

Riparian vegetation and channel change in response to river regulation: a comparative study of regulated and unregulated streams in the Green River Basin,USA

The effects of river damming on geomorphic processes and riparian vegetation were evaluated through field studies along the regulated Green River and the free‐flowing Yampa River in northwestern Colorado, USA. GIS analysis of historical photographs, hydrologic and sediment records, and measurement of channel planform indicate that fluvial processes and riparian vegetation of the two meandering stream reaches examined were similar prior to regulation which began in 1962. Riparian plant species composition and canopy coverage were measured during 1994 in 36, 0.01 ha plots along each the Green River in Browns Park and the Yampa River in Deerlodge Park. Detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) of the vegetation data indicates distinctive vegetation differences between Browns Park and Deerlodge Park. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) indicates that plant community composition is controlled largely by fluvial processes at Deerlodge Park, but that soil chemical rather than flow related factors play a more important role in structuring plant communities in Browns Park. Vegetation patterns reflect a dichotomy in moisture conditions across the floodplain on the Green River in Browns Park: marshes with anaerobic soils supporting wetland species (Salix exigua, Eleocharis palustris, Schoenoplectus pungens, and Juncus nodosus) and terraces having xeric soil conditions and supporting communities dominated by desert species (Seriphidium tridentatum, Sarcobatus vermiculatus, and Sporobolus airoides). In contrast, vegetation along the Yampa River is characterized by a continuum of species distributed along a gradual environmental gradient from the active channel (ruderal species such as Xanthium struminarium and early successional species such as S. exigua, Populus deltoides subsp. wislizenii, and Tamarix ramossissima) to high floodplain surfaces characterized by Populus forests and meadow communities. GIS analyses indicate that the channel form at Browns Park has undergone a complex series of morphologic changes since regulation began, while the channel at Deerlodge Park has remained in a state of relative quasi‐equilibrium with discharge and sediment regimes. The Green River has undergone three stages of channel change which have involved the transformation of the historically deep, meandering Green River to a shallow, braided channel over the 37 years since construction of Flaming Gorge Dam. The probable long‐term effects of channel and hydrologic changes at Browns Park include the eventual replacement of Populus‐dominated riparian forest by drought tolerant desert shrublands, and the enlargement of in‐channel fluvial marshes. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A GIS‐based approach to mapping probabilities of river bank erosion: regulated River Tummel,Scotland

This study explores the use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) techniques for mapping river channel planform change and bank erosion probability. The method used is primarily based on an approach developed by Graf (Graf, W.L. 1984. ‘A probabilistic approach to the spatial assessment of river channel instability’, Water Resour. Res., 20 (7), 953–962), which proposed that bank erosion probability could be determined for any given cell on a floodplain by taking into account (i) its distance laterally and in the upstream direction to the active river channel, and (ii) a value representing flood magnitudes for the given period. In this study, Graf's method is refined by using a GIS approach and by incorporating the influence of geomorphic variables, such as river bank morphology, sediment type and floodplain vegetation, on bank erosion rates. In addition, the technique is applied to a wandering gravel‐bed river of roughly 80 m width, representing a different type and size of river to that used in Graf's study. Thus, the wider applicability of the technique is tested. In addition, the analysis here covers only a short time scale (1988–1994) compared with that used by Graf. The high temporal resolution of this study is enabled by the use of aerial photography and also by the substantial channel changes that occurred within this time period as a result of several high magnitude flood events. The results of the study indicate the usefulness and validity of the approach, particularly with regard to floodplain erosion hazard mapping and the assessment of the effects of altered flood regimes and land use. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Modelling the Effect of Tidal Locking on Flood Risk in Tidal Estuaries

1 IntroductionFlooding is a natural hazardthat can havei mpacts onlives ,communities ,economy and environment . Many coastal regionsaround the UK are vulnerable to sea level rise and cli matechange. Tidally influenced rivers and estuaries can be floodedfr…     

长江中下游河道崩岸整治及河势控制对策

长江中下游干流河道主长1 893 km，由于河道冲淤变化、堤防长年失修、以及上游建库拦沙作用等影响，导致河势变化复杂、局部河段崩岸严重、航道淤积阻塞等问题，对中下游防洪与航道安全以及沿岸经济社会发展造成严重的不利影响。1998年大洪水过后，由国家投资完成了以堤防加固为主的护岸工程建设，但由于规划中的后续综合整治工程尚未实施，不利于中下游河道综合治理工程总体效益的发挥。同时，受三峡等上游水库拦沙造成的清水下泄引起的河道冲刷与江湖水沙变化关系的影响，亟待加快后续规划项目的实施，通过加强工程措施与非工程措施，确保长江中下游河势稳定、防洪与航运安全，以及沿江地区经济社会的可持续发展。     

模拟潮汐河口洪水风险的潮闸控制模型

分析了英国南部海岸海平面上升和径流增强对堤防的影响，选用HEC—RAS数学模型对阿伦河进行了研究，模型中采用了不同水文每件和工程组合。结果显示，就阿伦河而言，目前的防洪潮设施足以防御100a一遇的洪水，但随着海平面的上升和降雨的加大，洪水风险也进一步增大。工程措施效果显示：仅在河口处建造水闸，不但不能抵御气候变化带来的灾害，反而将增大洪水风险；选择性地移除部分大堤，配合水闸的建设，将明显降低洪水风险，但当海平面上升到1m时，这个工程组合的功效快速减弱，原因在于随着海平面的上升，潮闸关闭的时间越来越长，径流将积累在上游并最终导致洪灾。