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1.
Large dams often alter flow and thermal regimes downstream, resulting in fish spawning delays and larval abundance declines. Accurate prediction of the delayed spawning period under changed thermal regime is critical for selecting a correct timing to modify dam operation and to release the environmental flow needed to enhance fish spawning. We used correlation analysis to investigate the relationship between thermal regime alteration and spawning delay of the four major Chinese carps (FMCC) below the Three Gorges Dam in the Yangtze River, China, using a 13‐year ecological data series (1997–2009). Eighteen variables were defined to quantify thermal regime and related to two variables representing spawning timing. Our results demonstrate that the start of FMCC spawning has been delayed from early May to middle June since the Three Gorges Dam initiated operation in 2003. Water temperature declines of 2 °C–4 °C in March, April and May (a critical period for gonad development) were the principal reason for the observed spawning delay. The variable most associated with spawning timing was the arrival date of the cumulative temperature needed for gonad development from stages IV to V (DDegDayIV–V), which describes the long‐term impacts of the timing, magnitude and duration of thermal regime upon gonad development. Only the cumulative temperature for gonad development and the minimum temperature for FMCC spawning (18 °C) are both satisfied, the occurrence of suitable flow conditions, that is, flow increase or flash flood, would produce a successful spawning event. Consequently, we suggest that the experimental flow increase process of the Three Gorges Reservoir aimed at enhancing FMCC spawning should initiate after 15 June when the requisite thermal regime can be met. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
2.
Glen Canyon Dam, located on the Colorado River in northern Arizona, has affected the physical, biological and cultural resources of the river downstream in Grand Canyon. One of the impacts to the downstream physical environment that has important implications for the aquatic ecosystem is the transformation of the thermal regime from highly variable seasonally to relatively constant year‐round, owing to hypolimnetic releases from the upstream reservoir, Lake Powell. Because of the perceived impacts on the downstream aquatic ecosystem and native fish communities, the Glen Canyon Dam Adaptive Management Program has considered modifications to flow releases and release temperatures designed to increase downstream temperatures. Here, we present a new model of monthly average water temperatures below Glen Canyon Dam designed for first‐order, relatively simple evaluation of various alternative dam operations. The model is based on a simplified heat‐exchange equation, and model parameters are estimated empirically. The model predicts monthly average temperatures at locations up to 421 km downstream from the dam with average absolute errors less than 0.5°C for the dataset considered. The modelling approach used here may also prove useful for other systems, particularly below large dams where release temperatures are substantially out of equilibrium with meteorological conditions. We also present some examples of how the model can be used to evaluate scenarios for the operation of Glen Canyon Dam. Published in 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
3.
In this study, water temperature longitudinal and temporal patterns were investigated in four locations of the Yangtze River to identify their influence on spawning of the Chinese sturgeon (Acipenser sinensis Gray 1835). The results showed that, historically (1960–1980), the four locations, Pingshan (PS, 2,687 river kilometres [rkm]), Yichang (YC, 1,640 rkm), Chenglingji (CLJ, 1,265 rkm), and Hukou (HK, 805 rkm), all had similar average annual water temperatures (around 18.0 °C) but very different amplitudes: The upper two locations, PS (11.4–23.2 °C) and YC (9.1–25.9 °C), were relatively stable and had smaller amplitude than the lower two ones, CLJ (6.0–30.0 °C) and HK (5.9–30.8 °C). On the basis of the physiological effects for Chinese sturgeon, we defined three water temperature ranges: stressing (>23 °C), holding (23–20 °C), and spawning (20–16 °C). We found that the upper two locations with successful spawning of the Chinese sturgeon (PS and YC) had short or no stressing period but long holding and spawning periods. Currently (2013–2016), the impoundment of the Three Gorges Reservoir increases the time for water temperature decreasing to 20 °C at the current spawning ground (YC) in autumn, which increases the stressing and holding periods, and has significant negative impact on the spawning of Chinese sturgeon. Nonetheless, considering the very high stressing temperature and the short duration of the holding and spawning periods at CLJ and HK, we propose that YC is still the most suitable spawning location for the Chinese sturgeon. 相似文献
4.
B. J. Goodman C. S. Guy S. L. Camp W. M. Gardner K. M. Kappenman M. A. H. Webb 《河流研究与利用》2013,29(8):1004-1015
Many lotic fish species use natural patterns of variation in discharge and temperature as spawning cues, and these natural patterns are often altered by river regulation. The effects of spring discharge and water temperature variation on the spawning of shovelnose sturgeon Scaphirhynchus platorynchus have not been well documented. From 2006 through 2009, we had the opportunity to study the effects of experimental discharge levels on shovelnose sturgeon spawning in the lower Marias River, a regulated tributary to the Missouri River in Montana. In 2006, shovelnose sturgeon spawned in the Marias River in conjunction with the ascending, peak (134 m3/s) and descending portions of the spring hydrograph and water temperatures from 16 °C to 19 °C. In 2008, shovelnose sturgeon spawned in conjunction with the peak (118 m3/s) and descending portions of the spring hydrograph and during a prolonged period of increased discharge (28–39 m3/s), coupled with water temperatures from 11 °C to 23 °C in the lower Marias River. No evidence of shovelnose sturgeon spawning was documented in the lower Marias River in 2007 or 2009 when discharge remained low (14 and 20 m3/s) despite water temperatures suitable and optimal (12 °C?24 °C) for shovelnose sturgeon embryo development. A similar relationship between shovelnose sturgeon spawning and discharge was observed in the Teton River. These data suggest that discharge must reach a threshold level (28 m3/s) and should be coupled with water temperatures suitable (12 °C?24 °C) or optimal (16 °C?20 °C) for shovelnose sturgeon embryo development to provide a spawning cue for shovelnose sturgeon in the lower Marias River. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
5.
This paper describes the first measurement of fish passage in the Mekong River at Khone Falls. The site was in the Sadam Channel, which was modified in 2013 to improve fish passage and mitigate closure of Sahong Channel for the Don Sahong hydropower project. Underwater cameras recorded 149 hr of discontinuous video from January 18 to 26, 2015, which showed a major upstream migration by small cyprinid fish. Daily catch surveys in the same channel showed most fish migrated on days when video records were almost complete. We used stratified hourly sampling to review 17% of the available video and counted 14,783 fish and identified 16 taxa. The most abundant species were Labiobarbus leptocheilus, Henicorhynchus lobatus, and Henicorhynchus siamensis, and these fishes migrated almost exclusively during daylight. We calculated passage rates for West Sadam Channel from video samples and extrapolated those results to Sadam Channel, by assuming equivalent passage rates for both East and West Sadam Channels. This assumption was based on observations that fish were evenly distributed between both banks below the confluence, and they migrated close to each bank, so we assumed that there was an even split at the confluence and neither channel was preferred for upstream passage. Although channel modification improved fish passage efficiency, we estimated that artisanal fishers caught 79% of migrating fish in Sadam Channel, so fishing pressure remains the greatest risk to successful fish passage. Active fisheries management will be necessary to sustain and further improve passage efficiency in future. 相似文献
6.
Successful design and operation of fish passage systems are important to protect fish communities from impacts of hydroelectric dams in the Río de la Plata River basin. We evaluated the performance of an elevator lift system to pass adult fish through Yacyretá dam on the Paraná River between 1995 and 1998, both for mechanical reliability and performance. The elevator lift system was mechanically inoperative 30–38% of the time during the October–December period of greatest fish migration. Target species represented 30% of total fish number in gillnet samples in the tailwater, but constituted only 10% of the total number of fish transferred. Fish collected within the system were dominated by Pimelodus clarias (>69%), although this species represented less than 10% of captures in experimental gillnets set in the tailwater. Prochilodus lineatus, a key species, represented less than 5% of transferred fish, but constituted 22.1% of tailwater samples. Estimated number of fish transferred per year ranged between 1 210 000 (1995) and 3 610 000 (1996) with biomass ranging from 631 to 1989 tons, respectively. We estimated a fish passage efficiency of 1.88% for all species and 0.62% for target species. At this efficiency, transferred species would increase the total fish yield in the reservoir by as much as 4.9 kg/ha/year, but only 0.5 kg/ha/year for target species. We conclude that fish transfer efficiency is inadequate to maintain populations of target species in the Paraná River system. We identify critical research needs to improve the passage of fish at dams. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
7.
Rebekah L. Anderson Cory A. Anderson James H. Larson Brent Knights Jon Vallazza Sean E. Jenkins James T. Lamer 《河流研究与利用》2020,36(1):47-56
In river systems, high‐head dams may increase the distance‐decay of fish community similarity by creating nearly impermeable dispersal barriers to certain species from upstream reaches. Substantial evidence suggests that migratory species are impacted by dams, and most previous studies in stream/river networks have focused on small streams and headwaters. Here, we assess whether a high‐head dam (Lock and Dam 19; LD 19) on a large river, the Upper Mississippi River (UMR), substantially alters fish community structure relative to variability expected to occur independent of the dam's effect as a fish dispersal barrier. Using fish catch per unit effort data, we modelled the distance‐decay function for the UMR fish community and then estimated the similarity that would be expected to occur across LD19 and compared it with measured similarity. Measured similarity in the fish community above and below LD19 was close to the expected value based on the distance‐decay function, suggesting LD19 does not create an abrupt transition in the fish community. Although some migratory fish species no longer occur above LD19 (e.g., skipjack herring, Alosa chrysochloris), these species do not occur in high abundance below the dam and so do not drive variation in fish community structure. Instead, much of the variation in species structure is driven by the loss/gain of species across the latitudinal gradient. Lock and Dam 19 does not appear to be a clear transition point in the river's fish community, although it may function as a meaningful barrier for particular species (e.g., invasive species) and warrant future attention from a management perspective. 相似文献
8.
Scott D. Evans Noah S. Adams Dennis W. Rondorf John M. Plumb Blaine D. Ebberts 《河流研究与利用》2008,24(7):960-974
During April–July 2000, we radio‐tagged and released juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to evaluate a prototype surface flow bypass at Bonneville Dam on the Columbia River. The mock bypass, called a prototype surface collector (PSC), had six vertical slot entrances that were each 6 m wide and 12 m deep. The PSC was retrofitted to the upstream face of Bonneville Dam's First Powerhouse. Our objectives were to: (1) assess species‐specific differences in movement patterns and behaviour of fish within 6 m of the face of the PSC, (2) estimate the efficiency and effectiveness of the PSC and (3) evaluate factors affecting the performance of the PSC. We found that 60–72% of the fish, depending on species, detected within 6 m of the PSC entered it. Of the fish that passed the First Powerhouse at turbines 1–6, 79–83% entered the PSC. Diel period was a significant contributor to PSC performance for all species, and day of year was a significant contributor to PSC performance for subyearling Chinook salmon. The PSC was twice as effective (%fish/%flow) as the spillway, passing 2.5:1 steelhead and subyearling Chinook salmon and 2.4:1 yearling Chinook salmon per unit of water. If fully implemented, the PSC would increase the percentage of fish that pass the First Powerhouse through non‐turbine routes from 65–77% (without the PSC) to 76–85% (with the PSC), depending on species. Published in 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
9.
土石坝心墙的三维渗流Ｋ．Ｈ．阿纳哈耶夫渗流的二维特性对土坝渗透参数的影响很大,于山区狭窄坝址处尤为明显。之所以需要研究这种现象,是由于需要合理选用坝的断面和尺寸、坝的防渗构件以及选择过渡区滤层和排水设施等缘故,Ｅ．Ａ．查马林、阿斯库拉瓦、波克罗夫斯基... 相似文献
10.
澜沧江漫湾电站拦沙能力评估 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
澜沧江干流水文控制站旧州站和戛旧站分别是漫湾水库入库和出库水文站,在水库蓄水前已有28年(1965-1992)同步泥沙观测资料,并且两站年输沙序列具有很好的相关关系,建立此相关关系模型,根据水库蓄水后旧州站逐年输沙量,利用出、入库站在蓄水前建立的相关模型,推求出戛旧站1993-2003年假定未受水库蓄水影响的年输沙量,并与年实测输沙量相减,在不考虑其他环境因素影响情况下,其差值可视为漫湾库区的年淤积量;同时,利用戛旧水文站在漫湾电站建设前后的多年平均输沙量的差值,估算漫湾大坝的拦沙量。分析表明:漫湾大坝的年总拦沙量约为(26.9~28.5)×106t;运行11年共拦截泥沙(295.9~313.5)×106t,年拦沙造成的库容损失约为(20.7~21.9)×106m3,至2003年,共损失库容约(227.6~241.2)×106m3,占漫湾总库容的21.5%~22.8%。研究结果可为评估大坝的拦沙能力和环境变化对大坝的生态影响提供初步依据,对漫湾电站运行调度具有一定的参考价值。更可靠的结论,有待于对库区水下地形测量和对比变化分析。 相似文献
11.
D.L. Peterson 《河流研究与利用》2018,34(7):873-882
Shortnose sturgeon (Acipenser brevirostrum) populations were decimated by a variety of anthropogenic activities throughout much of the 20th century. Understanding the spatial and temporal dynamics of spawning migrations within natal rivers is a critical information gap with regard to habitat protection and ultimately, species recovery. The objectives of this study were to document and describe seasonal movements of shortnose sturgeon in the Altamaha River system, Georgia. Passive acoustic telemetry was used to monitor the movements of 40 adult individuals from April 2011 through February 2014. Telemetry data revealed that during much of the year, the adults resided within the tidally influenced portion of the river, with most detections occurring near the freshwater–saltwater interface. Upstream movements to potential spawning habitat occurred during winter and early spring, and most fish returned to the lower estuary by April. Upstream migrations appeared to be triggered by environmental cues and were initiated when mean weekly temperatures in the lower Altamaha River were 11.6–16.9 °C. Unlike spawning migrations documented in northern rivers, the pattern of movement observed in this study was a single‐step migration without an apparent resting or staging period. Upstream migrations during nonspawning months were also observed and appeared to correspond with increasing discharge, which potentially resulted in increased channel navigability and habitat availability in nondrought years. This study further illustrates the clinal variations in life history typical of the species and may have important implications on river‐specific strategies for species recovery. 相似文献
12.
For many years, navigable lowland rivers have been embanked artificially or suffered from substantial shipping wave action, leading to habitat degradation. Recently, riparian habitats were restored by creating foreshores and spawning grounds in the river Yser, a lowland river in Flanders, Belgium. The aim of this paper was to evaluate the role of these restored habitats for spawning and nursery of juvenile fish. To cover a wide range of anthropogenic disruption, four riparian mesohabitat types were selected and compared, ranging from semi‐natural over artificial spawning grounds and foreshores to artificial embankments. Juvenile fish were subjected to sampling by using electrofishing between June and September 2009 at different microhabitats located in five sites of each riparian mesohabitat type. Juvenile fish strongly preferred natural riparian habitats, whereas artificial embankments showed the lowest species richness, abundance and functional organization of juvenile fish species. Restored riparian habitats appeared to be an appropriate alternative for artificial embankments in navigable lowland rivers but still score significantly less than natural habitats. Juvenile fish avoided bare microhabitats but did not prefer any other microhabitat type (reed, woody or grassy vegetation), emphasizing the importance of microhabitat diversity. This paper provides valuable insights into riparian habitat restoration to river managers and stakeholders. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
13.
Habitat fragmentation is an important cause of biodiversity loss in freshwater systems, as worldwide rivers have been fragmented by dams and other hydraulic structures. To restore freshwater fish populations, some barriers have been removed, but the long‐term ecological effects of this removal have been rarely quantified. In the present study, we quantified the effects of barrier removal on river colonization by anadromous sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) by analyzing the spatial distribution and nest density in a small coastal river (France) from 1994 to 2011. Our results demonstrated the benefit of dam removal within few years after restoration. Indeed, the spatial distribution of nests shifted significantly upstream and was more uniform throughout the river after removal. Our results also suggest that the spatial patterns of habitat colonization were affected by the density of nests, river flow and connectivity. Finally, although the number of nests was significantly higher after removal, it was not possible to clearly identify the contribution of intrinsic versus external factors involved in this pattern. Further investigations are therefore needed to quantify the potential subsequent effects on juvenile recruitment and the overall population dynamics. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
14.
汾河治理美化工程在渗透性很高的河道砂土地层上成功蓄水是由于采用了高喷防渗墙和橡胶坝等先进技术。本文对有关技术参数的评述，对工程实践有一定的参考价值。 相似文献
15.
为了探究邕宁闸坝混凝土施工温控方案,以该工程12#溢流闸坝为研究对象,建立三维有限元模型进行仿真计算,分析混凝土在3种施工方案下的温度场和温度应力。研究表明：低温季节采用方案1进行施工时,施工过程中温度场与温度应力均满足规范要求;高温季节采用方案2进行施工时,施工过程中最高温度与最大温度应力值均不满足规范要求;高温季节采用方案3进行施工时,施工过程中最高温度与最大应力值均满足规范要求。建议低温季节浇筑时采用自然入仓的浇筑方式;高温季节浇筑时,应控制底板混凝土浇筑温度不超过14 ℃,闸墩混凝土浇筑温度不超过16 ℃,同时采取通水冷却措施。计算结果可为邕宁闸坝及类似工程施工方案设计提供参考。 相似文献
16.
Larval fishes were sampled in the Milk River, Missouri River drainage, Montana from May to August 2002, 2003 and 2004 to describe temporal spawning distribution in relation to spring discharge. Total larval catch‐per‐unit‐effort (CPUE) in 2002 (28.9 fish/100 m3) was an estimated 29 times greater than in 2003 (0.99 fish/100 m3) and 16 times greater than in 2004 (1.78 fish/100 m3). In 2003 and 2004 more than one third of the total catch occurred before 12 June whereas in 2002, only 5% of the total catch occurred before 12 June. Marked differences in larval species composition were also observed between years, suggesting that a later peak in discharge may benefit some species and an earlier peak others. In 2002, when flows peaked later (at 77 m3 s?1), common carp Cyprinus carpio represented 37% of the total larval catch. Common carp were proportionally less abundant in 2003 (7.2%) and 2004 (1.4%) than in 2002. In 2004, when flows peaked (at 163 m3 s?1) 32 days earlier than in 2002 but only 15 days earlier than in 2003 (at 73 m3 s?1), shorthead redhorse Moxostoma macrolepidotum and suckers Catostomus sp. were the numerically dominant taxa. These results indicate that the timing, not necessarily the magnitude, of peak spring discharge may influence spawning success in the lower Milk River, as indicated by larval fish catches. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
17.
Kwadwo Kwarfo-Apegyah Patrick Kwabena Ofori-Danson 《Lakes & Reservoirs: Research and Management》2010,15(1):3-14
The spawning and recruitment patterns of the major Cichlid fish species, including Hemichromis fasciatus, Oreochromis niloticus, Sarotherodon galilaeus, Tilapia zillii and other species, Auchenoglanis occidentalis, Brycinus nurse, Clarias gariepinus and Marcusenius senegalensis were studied for 24 months in Bontanga Reservoir, Ghana, using length‐based fish stock assessment approaches. The species spawned throughout the year, with two spawning pulses described as major and minor spawning seasons. The major spawning season occurred from March to September for the Cichlids, and from May to September for the other species. The minor spawning season, indicative of extended spawning, occurred from October to March for all the fish stocks. Fish spawning began with the onset of the rains in April/May, peaking by June/July, before the rainfall peak in August for all the fish stocks studied. Recruitment was found to occur throughout the year, with major and minor pulses coinciding with the major and minor spawning seasons. Accordingly, the most appropriate time for a possible closed fishing period appears to be from June to August, 1 month after the start of, and before the end of, the rains. The estimated mean standard length (Lm) for first time spawners of A. occidentalis, B. nurse, C. gariepinus and H. faciatus were 11.7, 12.7, 2.7 and 7.5 cm respectively. The estimated maturity–length ratio of 0.4 and 0.2 for O. niloticus, S. galilaeus and T. zillii were lower than the known 0.7 for normal growth, suggesting the tilapias matured faster, and at a smaller size, in the reservoir. Apparent sexual precocity associated with early maturity, year‐round spawning and recruitment were some important adaptations found to have sustained the reservoir fisheries, even during high fishing pressures. For conservation and sustainable exploitation of the fisheries, instituting a closed fishing season, mesh size regulations, withdrawal rights and a community‐based fishery management system are recommended. 相似文献
18.
P. S. da Silva M. C. Makrakis L. E. Miranda S. Makrakis L. Assumpção S. Paula J. H. P. Dias H. Marques 《河流研究与利用》2015,31(3):313-322
Regulation of rivers by dams transforms previously lotic reaches above the dam into lentic ones and limits or prevents longitudinal connectivity, which impairs access to suitable habitats for the reproduction of many migratory fish species. Frequently, unregulated tributaries can provide important habitat heterogeneity to a regulated river and may mitigate the influence of impoundments on the mainstem river. We evaluated the importance of tributaries to spawning of migratory fish species over three spawning seasons, by comparing several abiotic conditions and larval fish distributions in four rivers that are tributaries to an impounded reach of the Upper Paraná River, Brazil. Our study confirmed reproduction of at least 8 long‐distance migrators, likely nine, out of a total of 19 occurring in the Upper Paraná River. Total larval densities and percentage species composition differed among tributaries, but the differences were not consistent among spawning seasons and unexpectedly were not strongly related to annual differences in temperature and hydrology. We hypothesize that under present conditions, densities of larvae of migratory species may be better related to efficiency of fish passage facilities than to temperature and hydrology. Our study indicates that adult fish are finding suitable habitat for spawning in tributaries, fish eggs are developing into larvae, and larvae are finding suitable rearing space in lagoons adjacent to the tributaries. Our findings also suggest the need for establishment of protected areas in unregulated and lightly regulated tributaries to preserve essential spawning and nursery habitats. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
19.
Macroinvertebrates were sampled from riffles upstream and downstream of the Blue Rock Dam construction site and inundation area in late November/early December 1979 (before construction) and 1982 (late in construction). Changes in the downstream fauna were much less than at some other large dam sites in Australia, probably because of improved erosion control. At the downstream sampling stations the total number of taxa collected was similar in both years, but there was a 30-40 per cent reduction in faunal density; no significant change in density occurred at the upstream station. Multivariate analysis showed that the degree of change in faunal composition between years was similar at upstream and downstream stations. The proportion of fine (<4 mm) inorganic sediment in the streambed increased significantly at downstream stations over the study period, while there was no signficant change upstream. Silt (<250μm) also increased significantly downstream, but never exceeded 1 per cent of inorganic bed material. 相似文献
20.
三门峡水利枢纽大坝为混凝土重力坝,原设计选择其溢流坝和安装场坝为重点观测坝段,因此,在施工中埋设了各种观测仪器1000多支。经对1958～1988年气温、坝体混凝土温度、基岩温度及水库水温观测资料分析表明:三门峡大坝温度变化规律虽与一般重力坝不同,但它却比较全面地反映了防洪与径流发电具体运用的特性。 相似文献