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1.
This paper documents vegetation changes in a floodplain area lying next to a newly constructed reservoir on the River Yamuna (near Delhi), about a kilometre downstream of an older, silted‐up reservoir. The study site was a rectangular depression bounded by dykes on three sides and agricultural fields on the fourth. The composition and abundance of species in the plant community were observed over a ten year period (1986–1996) and changes in water level both at the study site and in the reservoir were followed. Site hydrology was governed by water level changes caused by reservoir operation with effect from 1990, when it was first filled to capacity and water began to seep through the dyke. The study area experienced increasing depth, duration and frequency of flooding. Species richness peaked in 1992, and the plant community developed four distinct zones closely associated with the hydrological gradient. Patchiness also increased though Typha angustata patches merged over time to form a continuous expanse. The microtopography of the study site, and hydrological and plant‐induced changes were largely responsible for community changes. Dyke compaction over time resulted in cessation of seepage and the study site gradually dried up by 1998, with a consequent loss of plant species. The study concludes that the hydrological regime, rather than physical connectivity with the river, may play the dominant role in developing and maintaining plant community structure in floodplain wetlands. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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The St. John's Bayou water control structure near New Madrid, MO, connects the main Mississippi River to two large backwater areas called the New Madrid Floodway and St. John's Bayou. While this area has been altered, the New Madrid Floodway and St. John's Bayou account for the only substantial portion of the historic Mississippi River floodplain that remains and provides the only critical connection between backwater/floodplain habitat and the river. Fish passage was evaluated during April–December 2010 using ultrasonic telemetry. Stationary receivers were placed strategically at five locations above and below the structure in St. John's Bayou, in the floodway and the outlet to the Mississippi River. A total of 100 individuals representing 14 species were tagged. Total number of detections during an 8‐month period was 1 264 717. Fifteen individuals representing five species moved into the Mississippi and Ohio rivers; seven individuals returned to St. John's Bayou. Thirteen of the 14 species moved upstream through the structure. Of the 85 individuals that stayed in the bayou, 29 fish passed through the structure for a total of 92 passage events. The downstream : upstream passage was roughly 50:50. Passage was correlated with river rise, with frequency of passage being higher in spring, but passage occurred each month during the study. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Hydrologic connectivity between the channel and floodplain is thought to be a dominant factor determining floodplain processes and characteristics of floodplain forests. We explored the role of hydrologic connectivity in explaining floodplain forest community composition along streams in northern Missouri, USA. Hydrologic analyses at 20 streamgages (207–5827 km2 area) document that magnitudes of 2‐year return floods increase systematically with increasing drainage area whereas the average annual number and durations of floodplain‐connecting events decrease. Flow durations above the active‐channel shelf vary little with increasing drainage area, indicating that the active‐channel shelf is in quasi‐equilibrium with prevailing conditions. The downstream decrease in connectivity is associated with downstream increase in channel incision. These relations at streamflow gaging stations are consistent with regional channel disturbance patterns: channel incision increases downstream, whereas upstream reaches have either not incised or adjusted to incision by forming new equilibrium floodplains. These results provide a framework to explain landscape‐scale variations in composition of floodplain forest communities in northern Missouri. Faust ( 2006 ) had tentatively explained increases of flood‐dependent tree species, and decreases of species diversity, with a downstream increase in flood magnitude and duration. Because frequency and duration of floodplain‐connecting events do not increase downstream, we hypothesize instead that increases in relative abundance of flood‐dependent trees at larger drainage area result from increasing size of disturbance patches. Bank‐overtopping floods at larger drainage area create large, open, depositional landforms that promoted the regeneration of shade‐intolerant species. Higher tree species diversity in floodplains with small drainage areas is associated with non‐incised floodplains that are frequently connected to their channels and therefore subject to greater effective hydrologic variability compared with downstream floodplains. Understanding the landscape‐scale geomorphic and hydrologic controls on floodplain connectivity provides a basis for more effective management and restoration of floodplain forest communities. Published 2013. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA. 相似文献
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Natural hydrogeomorphic characteristics and hydrologic alterations are important ecological drivers, and hydrology is also a common ecological, flood control and navigation system indicator. Hydrologic characteristics change dramatically from one end of the Upper Mississippi River System to the other, and hydraulic characteristics also differ spatially across the river channels and floodplain in response to dams, levees and diversions. Low flow surface water spatial change in response to navigation and flood control has been well known for many years, but little information was available on the spatial distribution of frequent floods. The flow frequency data presented here were developed to better estimate contemporary floods after historic flooding in 1993. Flood stage estimates are enhanced in GIS to help quantify and map potential floodplain inundation for more than 1000 river miles on the Upper Mississippi and Illinois Rivers. Potential flood inundation is mapped for the 50% to 0.2% annual exceedance probability flood stage (i.e. 2‐ to 500‐year expected recurrence interval flood) and also for alternative floodplain management scenarios within the existing flood protection infrastructure. Our analysis documents: (i) impoundment effects, (ii) a hydrologic gradient within the navigation pools that creates repeating patterns of riverine, backwater and impounded aquatic habitat conditions, (iii) potential floodplain inundation patterns for over 2 million acres and (iv) several integrated floodplain management scenarios. Extreme flood events are more common in recent decades, and they are expected to continue to occur at greater frequency in response to climate change. Floodplain managers can use the results presented here to help optimize land management and flood damage reduction on the Upper Mississippi River System. Published 2012. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA. 相似文献
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采用竖管法现场测定渭河漫滩饱和带渗透系数,为测定漫滩沉积物渗透系数提供一种更为简便的方法。分析渗透系数各排内的变化以及各排之间的差别。应用Matlab软件检验实验数据的统计分布规律,应用地质统计原理计算渗透系数的变异函数并分析其空间变异性。分析得出各排的渗透系数属于对数正态分布。结果表明:①78个采样点测定垂向渗透系数平均值为11.35m/d,沿河岸线方向渗透系数相近,与河岸线垂直方向渗透系数差异较大;②渭河漫滩饱和带垂向渗透系数具有较强的空间变异性。 相似文献
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J. N. Callow 《河流研究与利用》2012,28(8):1072-1092
The approaches used to manage rivers have been developed and adapted to many different problems and settings. Because of their relatively low cost, vegetation‐based approaches implemented at the reach, landholder and catchment scales have become the foundation for river management in most landscapes. In many dryland agricultural catchments, secondary (anthropogenic) salinity caused by clearing native vegetation has resulted in rising saline groundwater, streamflow salinity values that exceed seawater and severe the degradation of riparian vegetation communities. The potential effectiveness of vegetation‐based strategies in these landscapes remains largely unknown, yet these strategies are still widely pursued. This study initially investigated the patterns of vegetation recovery and recolonization following a large flood in a saline river that disturbed the system. A conceptual model was developed to describe spatial patterns of where different vegetation types had regrown and recovered in relation to controls exerted by streamflow salinity, surface texture characteristics, topography and reach morphology. Using this model, vegetation‐based river management options for different reaches were developed, and their potential effectiveness in stabilizing reaches was investigated using a 1‐D hydraulic modelling approach. This study finds that in a dryland catchment with high stream salinity (20 000–93 000 mg L?1), there is still a strong potential for successful vegetation‐based management, but only in selected reaches. Results showed that changes in stream power and channel velocity were not associated with the areas of most severe vegetation degradation. Rather, there is a complex interplay between channel morphology, channel slope and places of potential vegetation growth within a reach. This paper outlines an approach to evaluate the potential success of vegetation‐based river management in saline landscapes. It identifies the need to prioritize investment based on the following: an understanding of factors controlling revegetation potential, the likely impact of revegetation in mitigating adverse channel changes and the proximity of reaches to high‐value infrastructure and biodiversity assets. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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《Journal of Great Lakes research》2022,48(1):97-109
The Nyanza Gulf of Lake Victoria is considered eutrophic with degrading water quality, as shown by harmful algal blooms formed by cyanobacteria of the genus Microcystis. The dilution of gulf water occurs mainly through the wide Rusinga Channel, whereas the much narrower and shallower Mbita Channel was reopened in May 2017. Specific conductivity and phytoplankton biovolume composition were monitored monthly from July 2017 to July 2018 at three stations and compared with records during 2008 – 2009, when higher eutrophication was observed, in the west gulf (WG, closely located to the Mbita Channel), the mid gulf (central part of the gulf), and the east gulf (EG, close to Kisumu City). As previously observed, conductivity showed a distinct increase from the WG to the EG but compared with records 2008–2009 it had decreased. Water level fluctuations, resulting from wind possibly causing water exchange with the main basin, were related to the decrease in conductivity at the EG. When all three stations were compared, the environmental variable transparency was positively related to most phytoplankton genera, whereas the genera Dolichospermum, Microcystis, and Aulacoseira were related to eutrophication. Compared with the period 2008–2009, the proportion of Microcystis decreased, while the proportion of Aulacoseira increased. Compared with the period 2008–2009, the observed dilution at the EG was primarily related to the overall increased water level in the main basin. The observed dilutional influence might have led to a decline in nuisance phytoplankton and overall improved water quality conditions. 相似文献
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Reports concerning the influence of dams on river hydrology vary among researchers, interest groups and government agencies. These often contradicting statements may occur because changes in hydrology caused by dams are distinct for each dam and river watershed. The objective of this research was to use site specific techniques to determine if the 1967 installation of the Carlyle Dam, lower Kaskaskia River, Illinois, altered flood frequency and duration within the forested floodplain located below the dam. Results indicated a decrease in flood duration and frequency, and a decrease in annual flood frequency variation at a site 6.4 km below the dam. Pre‐dam versus post‐dam differences in flood frequency and duration at the site 32.2 km below the dam were related to climate rather than dam effects. Although dam impacts are a concern, this research shows that distance downstream from the dam and downstream tributary and watershed characteristics should be considered before assuming that the dam has changed hydrologic parameters for portions of rivers. This research also indicates that areas of the lower Kaskaskia River may still maintain hydrologic ecological integrity, and could be targeted for restoration and adaptive management purposes. Hydrologic modelling combined with river gage and on‐site well measurement techniques presented in this study could provide detailed flood frequency and duration information for land use, sociological and geomorphological questions in focus areas within river floodplains. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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认为影响黄河下游游荡性河道水位涨率的因素是多方面的 ,河宽只是其中的原因之一。利用黄河下游花园口、夹河滩等水文站历次实测大洪水测流断面资料 ,计算了各水文断面不同槽宽的水位流量关系。在洪水涨水阶段 ,同样的流量涨幅 ,等河宽的平均河底高程变化 ,河南河道和山东河道没有明显差别 ,但河南河道的比降是山东河道的 2倍 ,同河宽的水位涨率必然小于山东河道。对游荡性河道已发生的几场水位涨率偏大的原因作了分析 ,认为游荡性河道十分宽浅 ,河势摆动频繁 ,大洪水时形成顶冲、局部壅水 ,它对水位涨率的影响远大于河宽缩窄的影响 ;复式河槽在洪水漫滩后 ,由于滩槽水流的动量交换 ,引起主槽的阻力增大 ,也是导致水位涨率增大的重要原因。 相似文献
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黄河下游河道湿地浅析 总被引：7，自引：3，他引：7
黄河属于高含沙河流,自小浪底以下河道大部分为宽浅游荡型河道,形成了特有的黄河河道湿地。研究认为:黄河下游河道湿地是黄河小浪底以下河道行洪的重要组成部分;湿地保护应考虑下游滩区的现状,并应与下游综合治理相结合;黄河下游频繁断流对湿地的破坏较大;黄河下游滩区生产堤的修建既影响防洪又不利于河道湿地发育;黄河下游河道湿地的存在有利于沿黄两岸生态环境的改善。提出黄河下游河道湿地的研究方向为:①河道典型湿地价值评估研究;②黄河下游河道湿地规模与黄河径流补给的响应关系研究;③黄河自然洪水对下游河道湿地的影响效应研究;④黄河调水调沙对河道湿地的影响效应研究等。 相似文献
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We sampled natural and reconstructed side‐arms during different stages of hydrological connectivity with a large floodplain river in northern New Zealand, to determine whether re‐establishment of connectivity would be an effective strategy for restoring plankton communities in former side‐arms. Connectivity between side‐arms and the river was moderated by water level and influenced flow rates and closure of inlets and outlets. Physicochemical conditions were more strongly related to the connectivity phase than to habitat type (river, natural or reconstructed side‐arm), except during low connectivity when natural side‐arms in particular were characterised by higher ammonium (NH4‐N) and total phosphorus (P) concentrations, as well as specific conductivity. Dissolved reactive phosphorus (PO4‐P), water temperature, conductivity and dissolved oxygen were identified as explanatory variables of phytoplankton and zooplankton community composition, which along with total nitrogen (phytoplankton) or total suspended solids (zooplankton) explained 44–52% of variation. Phytoplankton community composition and the abundance of several dominant or discriminatory taxa were affected by connectivity but not habitat type, whereas habitat and connectivity both had significant effects on zooplankton communities and abundances of the cladoceran Bosmina meridionalis. Significant interactions between connectivity and paired habitat types occurred for abundances of the diatom Asterionella, the cryptophyte Cryptomonas, the rotifer Synchaeta oblonga and cyclopoid copepods, reflecting differential responses to connectivity among habitats by these taxa. Overall, these results underscore the importance of hydrological connectivity between side‐arms and rivers in moderating plankton community composition, and highlight unpredictable trajectories of community development and alternative transient states that can occur soon after side‐arm reconnection. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
13.
On meandering rivers with well‐developed floodplains, bankfull stage has geomorphological and ecological significance because it approximates the level of connection between the channel and the floodplain. As a river rises to bankfull stage, sediment begins to be deposited on the floodplain, wetlands are progressively inundated and organisms migrate between the channel and floodplain habitats. On many rivers large headwater dams have reduced the frequency and duration of floodplain inundation downstream. However, the lack of reliable pre‐regulation flow data has made it difficult to quantify the effects of river regulation. This study used historical regulated and modelled natural flow data to determine the effects of regulation on the frequency and duration of bankfull flows on the Murrumbidgee River, one of Australia's largest and most heavily regulated rivers. In combination with floodplain surveys the flow data show that regulation has halved the frequency and duration of bankfull flows. This reduction in channel–floodplain connection has implications for the ecological health of the Murrumbidgee River. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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保障河流连通性是生态系统保护与修复的一项重要举措,为推进我国江河湖库水系连通工作,亟需加强河流连通性评价的理论方法研究。基于河流生态系统四维结构和功能整体模型,构建了河流连通性综合评价方法;通过梳理国内外河流连通性评价的研究和实践,从4个维度凝练了构建河流连通性指数的5个评价指标,包括破碎度指数、库容调节系数、水资源利用消耗率、路网密度和城市夜间灯光指数;通过综合分析各个指标的阈值和权重,建立了河流连通性指数计算方法、综合评价方法及评价依据。研究成果进一步完善了河流连通性评价的理论方法,为河流连通性评价提供了一种新的思路,可为河流生态系统保护与修复提供参考。 相似文献
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生态河道是人与自然和谐相处的子系统，而水生植物是河道生态自我修复的基础。本文综合分析了生态河道的内涵，阐述了水生植物在河道生态系统中的作用，并就水生植物的选择与注意事项进行探讨．旨在为生态河道的研究提供参考。 相似文献
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The Atchafalaya River Basin (ARB) is the largest distributary basin of the Mississippi River and contains the largest tract of forested wetlands in North America. However, hydrologic manipulations for flood control, logging, and mineral extraction have altered how water flows through the ARB and have led to widespread stagnation and hypoxia. To address this, the State of Louisiana has developed a hydrologic restoration plan to increase connectivity between the Atchafalaya River and backswamp areas on the floodplain. Here, we report on water quality changes in the forested wetlands of the ARB during a flood pulse as part of a prerestoration monitoring programme. Monitoring stations were set up in the backswamp to collect data on water levels, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, temperature, and specific conductance. We found that when water levels were high enough to overtop bayou banks and spoil banks, north‐to‐south flow patterns were reinstated and water quality in the backswamp was improved. Specifically, hypoxic conditions, which had been common before the flood, were alleviated whereas the swamps were receiving flowing, oxygenated river water. The magnitude and duration of dissolved oxygen improvement was dependent on the length of time a site received river water. Our results suggest that stagnation and hypoxia can be alleviated in the ARB by increasing the amount of time river water can access to floodplain swamps. 相似文献
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Ognjen Bonacci Mladen Kerovec Tanja Roje-Bonacci Milorad Mrakov
i&#x; Andstrokelka Plenkovi&#x;-Moraj 《河流研究与利用》1998,14(3):245-256
The paper defines an ecologically acceptable flow regime for the River Žrnovnica, Croatia. This is a small and relatively short karst river with high flows and high quality water, convenient for use for public water supply. Because the water from the river will be taken from the karst spring zone, the entire river channel could suffer negative ecological consequences. The main goal of setting minimum acceptable flows is to protect the Žrnovnica river food webs and to sustain the rare and endangered fish species Salmothymus obtusirostris. This paper presents results obtained from hydrological, morphological and biological investigations. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Connectivity throughout large riverine networks is often compromised by lock and dam (L/D) structures designed to facilitate year‐round navigation. The resultant interruption of flow inhibits free passage of aquatic biota potentially isolating mainstem and tributary communities. Our objectives were (i) to evaluate the impact of a series of navigational L/D structures on two targeted fish assemblages (TFAs): large‐bodied (>250 mm total length) pelagic and benthic (darter) communities and (ii) to examine patterns of tributary and mainstem connectivity. We systematically captured fishes utilizing gillnets, benthic trawls and backpack electrofishers from an impounded and a free‐flowing reach extending over 203 km of the Allegheny River in Pennsylvania. Species richness among the large‐bodied targeted fish assemblage was distributed somewhat evenly throughout each pool, peaking near dams and in an undredged pool. Depauperate darter assemblages of low species richness characterized most of the navigable reach with diversity and abundance concentrated in L/D tailrace areas. By contrast, darter communities inhabiting the free‐flowing reach were more diverse, abundant and evenly distributed, indicating the influence of uninterrupted connectivity. Community similarity at mainstem/tributary junctions increased with increasing tributary size with 50% of the mainstem species complement also inhabiting the largest tributary. This study underscores the importance of dams as barriers to ichthyofaunal connectivity, particularly to those benthic fishes which are relatively immobile and habitat specific, and the importance of mainstem/tributary junctions as avenues of riverine connectivity. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献