Determinants of Corporate R&D Investment: An Empirical Study Comparing Korea's IT Industry with Its Non‐IT Industry

In our study, we extracted the market, finance, and government factors determining R&D investment of individual firms in the IT industry in Korea. We collected the financial data of 515 individual firms belonging to IT and non‐IT industries between 1980 and 1999 from the Korea Investors Service's database and investigated the empirical relationship between the factors using an ordinary regression model, a fixed effects model, and a random effects model. The main findings of our study are as follows: i) The Herfindahl Index variable representing the degree of market concentration is statistically insignificant in explaining R&D expenditures in the IT manufacturing industry. ii) Assets, which is used as a proxy variable for firm size, have a positive and statistically significant coefficient. These two results suggest that the Schumpeterian Hypothesis may be only partially applied to the IT manufacturing industry in Korea. iii) The dividend variable has a negative value and is statistically significant, indicating that a tendency of high dividends can restrict the internal cash flow for R&D investment. iv) The sales variable representing growth potential shows a positive coefficient. v) The subsidy as a proxy variable for governmental R&D promotion policies is positively correlated with R&D expenditure. This suggests that government policy has played a significant role in promoting R&D activities of IT firms in Korea since 1980. vi) Using a dummy variable, we verified that firms reduced their R&D investments to secure sufficient liquidity under the restructuring pressure during Korea's 1998 and 1999 economic crisis.     

User adaptation to interactive advertising formats: The effect of previous exposure,habit and time urgency on ad skipping behaviors

Due to commercial information loss of efficacy, social media advertising introduced skippable formats as an interactive function to attract customers. This empowerment of users could also favor the development of their skills and strategies to deal with online advertising, which may result in a lower advertising effectiveness. A study with 286 YouTube users was carried out to investigate this adaptation process to an advertising format by focusing on pre-roll skippable video ads. In contrast to advertisers’ approach (e.g. improving the persuasiveness of the ad), our research deepens on the ad skipping phenomenon from a human and context based perspective. In favor of an ad avoidance training effect, the findings show that participants previously exposed to a skippable ad are faster in taking the decision to watch or skip a subsequent ad. Participants’ skipping habits and time urgency are also revealed as main determinants of different ad skipping behaviors. This innovative research provides empirical support for the adaptation process leading people’s interrelation with interactive advertising formats. Practical and theoretical consequences are discussed for advancing on this underexplored topic.     

Spectrum redistribution for cognitive radios using discriminatory spectrum double auction

With the reformation of spectrum policy and the development of cognitive radio, secondary users will be allowed to access spectrums licensed to primary users. Spectrum auctions can facilitate this secondary spectrum access in a market‐driven way. To design an efficient auction framework, we first study the supply and demand pressures and the competitive equilibrium of the secondary spectrum market, considering the spectrum reusability. In well‐designed auctions, competition among participants should lead to the competitive equilibrium according to the traditional economic point of view. Then, a discriminatory price spectrum double auction framework is proposed for this market. In this framework, rational participants compete with each other by using bidding prices, and their profits are guaranteed to be non‐negative. A near‐optimal heuristic algorithm is also proposed to solve the auction clearing problem of the proposed framework efficiently. Experimental results verify the efficiency of the proposed auction clearing algorithm and demonstrate that competition among secondary users and primary users can lead to the competitive equilibrium during auction iterations using the proposed auction framework. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Strategic Capabilities and Radical Innovation: An Empirical Study in Three Countries

This paper examines strategic capabilities as drivers of the development and launch of radical innovations. We construct a theoretical framework relating five strategic capabilities (marketing, market linking, technology, information technology, and management-related capabilities) to radical innovation. From this framework, we derive hypotheses concerning a division's propensity to engage in radical innovation. Using empirical data derived from a research study of 376 firms in the United States, Japan, and China, we apply analysis of variance and negative binomial distribution (NBD) regression techniques to test our hypotheses. We find evidence that, overall, technology and information technology capabilities are significantly and positively related to radical product innovation. We also find some significant differences among the three country samples concerning drivers of radical innovation. Marketing capability is more significantly and positively related to radical innovation in the United States than in Japan; and, in China, the only capability that is significantly and positively related to radical innovation is technology. All of the findings completely or partially support our research hypotheses. We conclude with a discussion of the managerial implications of our findings, and directions for future research.      

Message and source factors, market uncertainty, and extrafunctionalinformation processing: hypotheses and empirical evidence

This article examines how the perceived quality of extrafunctional information improves the innovation management process and contributes to success with innovations. Data collected from 420 Japanese managers and 270 US managers are used to test hypotheses about the antecedents of satisfaction with extra-functional information and the impacts on new product performance. The results demonstrate that the level of marketing and R&D managers' satisfaction with extrafunctional information is an important predictor of new product success and financial performance. The results also show that marketing and R&D managers differ significantly in their preferences and criteria for evaluating extrafunctional information. The empirical evidence suggests that the factors that increase R&D's satisfaction with market information are not necessarily the same as those that increase marketing's satisfaction with R&D satisfaction. Each functional area should recognize which message factors are most related to high satisfaction with received information, and emphasize these when sending such information. The authors also discovered the moderating effects of market and technical uncertainty that should provide guidance for marketing and R&D managers on how to allocate their efforts in information transfer based on the external environment. The empirical findings also revealed some cross-cultural differences, as well as a few similarities, between US and Japanese respondents     

A Characterisation of Optimal Channel Assignments for Cellular and Square Grid Wireless Networks

In this paper we first present a uniformity property that characterises optimal channel assignments for networks arranged as cellular or square grids. Then, we present optimal channel assignments for cellular and square grids; these assignments exhibit a high value for δ₁ – the separation between channels assigned to adjacent stations. We prove an upper bound on δ₁ for such optimal channel assignments. This upper bound is greater than the value of δ₁ exhibited by our assignments. Based on empirical evidence, we conjecture that the value our assignments exhibit is a tight upper bound on δ₁.     

An anonymous and robust multi‐server authentication protocol using multiple registration servers

The concept of multi‐server authentication includes multiple numbers of application servers. The registration/control server is the central point in such environment to provide smooth services to a limited number of legitimate users. However, this type of environment is inappropriate to handle unlimited users since the number of users may grow, and thus, the response time may be very high. To eliminate these shortcomings, we have modified the existing multi‐server authentication architecture and then designed a new scheme by including multiregistration server technique that can provide a smooth environment to support unlimited number of users. The main aspect of our design is to provide a secure authentication environment for multi‐server application using password and smartcard so that the participants can securely communicate with each other. The simulation results are obtained by executing our protocol using AVISPA tool. The results provide concrete evidence about the security safety against active and passive attacks. Furthermore, the justification of correctness of the freshness of the session key negotiation and the mutual authentication between the participants has done been evaluated with the BAN logic model. The comprehensive comparative analysis justifies our argument that our protocol has better applicability in multi‐server environments compared to other protocols with similar nature.     

Relationship between Service‐Related Activities,Service Capability and Market Diffusion: Case of WiBro

The market performance of WiBro in Korea has not been as expected, and its rapid diffusion in the near future is unlikely owing to the existence of competing services. There has been little research on the factors affecting this low market diffusion. This study is based on an analytical framework in which a lack of service capability and the insufficiency of service‐related activities have resulted in the current poor market performance. An expert survey was conducted on WiBro specialists and verified using the analytical hierarchy process method. The result of this analysis is as follows: underinvestment in network deployment and marketing, insufficient promotional policies, and a shortage of service capabilities are to be analyzed as the main causes of WiBro's low market diffusion.     

Does Innovation Matter to Conference Calls?

The main purpose of this study is to investigate whether the likelihood, frequency, and information content of conference calls are positively associated with innovation. The study is based on 534 conference calls conducted in 340 firm-years from 1997 to 2001 in Taiwan. Our findings indicate that more innovative firms are more likely to conduct conference calls and conduct them more frequently than less innovative firms. Consistent with prior research, high-growth firms and larger firms are more likely to hold conference calls, and hold them more frequently, than other firms. Low price-earnings firms are, nonetheless, more likely and frequent to host conference calls when their stock price has been undervalued. We also find supporting evidence that cumulative abnormal returns surrounding the event dates of conference calls are positively associated with the level of and change in innovation investments. In addition, our empirical results of market reaction driven by conference calls are still robust after controlling the effect of selection bias, market expectation, and timing of conducting conference calls. Finally, we also find that firms that are more innovative are more likely to discuss innovation activities during conference calls.     

A market-based conflict resolution approach for satellite missionplanning

A market-based system has been developed to assist in mission planning for an Earth orbiting synthetic aperture radar mission. This approach was chosen over more traditional systems based on a functional model used to compare the market-based system with a human-expert, thematic and geometric approaches. The market-based system enables participants to signal demands for spacecraft resources needed for data acquisitions by establishing a currency and “worth” for a particular data acquisition request. We compared a serial draft approach to two market-based approaches; a simple market and a priority market. The market systems utilized a planning period which ended when the value of the time-ordered data acquisition plan did not increase by 10% of the value of the previous round. The market-based approaches were superior to a serial draft approach and that a priority market had a 2% greater value than a simple market     

The Relationship Between Message Recall and Persuasion: More Complex Than It Seems

A strong message recall‐attitude relationship was predicted when participants were induced to use memory‐based processing to form their attitudes but not when induced to use on‐line processing after exposure to a persuasive message. The recall‐attitude correlation in the memory‐based conditions was expected to be positive when the arguments were strong and negative when they were weak; 240 participants participated in a study to test these predictions. An ample and positive recall‐attitude relationship was found when participants were exposed to strong arguments in both processing conditions. A small but negative relationship was found in the weak arguments, on‐line processing condition but not the memory‐based condition. Parallel findings were obtained when need to evaluate was used to measure processing type.     

基于药物互作网络的协同与拮抗预测研究

药物的协同与拮抗关系预测,有助于药物的使用安全及组合用药的发展。该文从药物互作网络(DDINet)出发,基于网络拓扑结构构造分类特征,提出一种预测药物协同和拮抗关系的方法。从特征选择结果可知,根据药物与其公共邻居节点关系构造的特征表现出了明显的正负样本分布差距,能有效地反映出药物的协同或拮抗关系。在使用不同特征分类器的分类结果中,最优AUC和分类精度值分别达到了0.9687和0.9187。而在协同与拮抗关系预测结果中,其预测精度值达到了0.45和0.75以上。这说明基于网络拓扑结构的方法能有效对药物协同和拮抗关系进行分类和预测。与传统基于药物功能、结构、靶基因等相似性特征的方法相比,该方法计算简单高效,将会有效促进组合用药的发展。     

Beyond the privacy paradox: The moderating effect of online privacy concerns on online service use behavior

In the digital information era, dealing with privacy issues is problematic in related research since online activities have become an inevitable trend. Following the privacy paradox, which occurs when online services are increasingly accepted or used despite raising the level of privacy concerns of individuals, there is no need to alleviate individual privacy concerns regarding online services. Accordingly, this study aims to empirically analyze the effect of online privacy concerns, when interacting with individual innovativeness, on individual online service use behavior. For the empirical analysis, a Heckman two-step analysis is performed using South Korean data from the 2019 Korea Media Panel Survey conducted by the Korea Information Society Development Institute. The results provide evidence in contradiction of the privacy paradox. Specifically, the main findings of this study are as follows. First, use of online services and privacy concerns are not a contradictory phenomenon both in principle and behavior but can act as a negative influence or constraint. Second, individuals with high levels of innovativeness actively use online services owing to differences in their acceptance and use of innovation. Third, as online activities become more common, privacy concerns are likely to affect the level of online service use by interacting with other personality traits. As a result, privacy concerns are more likely to act as an influencing variable that moderates the degree or intensity of an individual's use of an online service rather than an independent variable for the use of an online service. The impact of privacy concerns of individuals on the use of online services identified in this study suggests there is a need for an adequate governing mechanism for privacy protection to realize service provision through e-government.     

A fault‐tolerant group key agreement protocol exploiting dynamic setting

A fault‐tolerant group key agreement is an essential infrastructure for Internet communication among all involved participants; it can establish a secure session key no matter how many malicious participants exit simultaneously in an effort to disrupt the key agreement process. Recently, Zhao et al. proposed an efficient fault‐tolerant group key agreement protocol named efficient group key agreement that can resist denial‐of‐service attacks, reply attacks, man‐in‐middle attacks, and common modulus attacks; it can also preserve forward secrecy with lower computational cost than previous protocols. We show that it is still vulnerable to active attacks by malicious participants and modify the corresponding security weakness adaptively. Furthermore, we propose an efficient fault‐tolerant group key agreement based on a binary tree structure and enhance it to a dynamic setting where participants can leave or join the group arbitrarily according to their preferences with instant session key refreshment. Additionally, our session key refreshment is based on secure key updating to protect forward/backward confidentiality and is resistant to active/passive attacks. The performance analysis shows that our proposed protocol has lower computational cost and little additional communication cost exploiting dynamic setting. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Determinants of new industrial product performance: a strategicre-examination of the empirical literature

Research on the determinants of industrial innovation performance using a three-dimensional framework is examined. Those dimensions are: generality over innovations, decision focus, and managerial controllability. The major determinants identified are: strategic and organizational factors, including general management's support, business-project fit, and R&D-marketing interaction; R&D and production factors, including product superiority, experience and synergy effect, user benefit of the product, and patent protection; and market and environmental factors, including degree of competition and market growth. An empirical study of 112 industrial products confirms that dynamic interaction exists between these determinants and the launch time of the product     

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Skyline Query Optimization for Preferable Product Selection and Recommendation System

Many social marketing systems use decision-making strategies for implementing product dominance analysis. The objective of the proposed work is to classify on-time issues in observing highly preferable market products, which is newer in online market places. Existing researches are interested to be useful for customers to identify the best possible products groups from the vast product details. To deal with this main objective, different types of product instances are reviewed. In this case, the price of popular products and the product groups are evaluated. This proposed system analyses the need for online market growth using novel skyline query analysis. The proposed system monitor user-based ratings affect the sales of various products. After finding the desirable products, the market prices are predicted. Once products are predicted, the new packages are assigned with optimal prices and added to the package database. Moreover, the proposed Skyline Query Optimization and Security Management System (SQOSMS) approach is focused on authorized user ratings and ensures they are more secured. The review system validates each and every user identities with the user activities involved with in review system. This is considered as major objective of this proposed system. The implementation section shows that the proposed system provides 10–15% of reduced movie lists than other systems. This illustrates the proposed SQOSMS’s controlled performance over the selection of preferable products.

     

Stock price forecasting model based on modified convolution neural network and financial time series analysis

To forecast the future trend of financial activities through its rules, a convolutional neural network (CNN) is used to forecast stock index. Firstly, a CNN stock index prediction model is constructed, the structural parameter relationship of the CNN model is analyzed, and a CNN model algorithm is implemented. Secondly, the influence of model parameters on prediction results is discussed, and the stock index prediction model based on CNN‐support vector machine (SVM) is established. At last, the empirical analysis is made, and the results show that the two prediction models are feasible and effective. It is concluded that the use of neural networks for financial prediction can deal with the continuous and categorical prediction variables and obtain good prediction results.     

Examining the relationship between electronic marketplace strategy and structure

The contribution of market structure to the success of an electronic marketplace (e-marketplace) is an issue that has not received a great deal of attention in the literature. Although, researchers have given some attention to the antecedents of successful e-marketplace participation by organizations,there has been relatively little attention given to the e-marketplace structures. In this paper, the issue of e-marketplace strategy and its relationship withe-marketplace structure is examined. A classification of e-marketplace strategies is presented. The market structures of intermediary, hierarchy, consortium,and large group ownership structures are mapped onto this classification using four case studies to explain the relationship between structure and strategy. Each structural model has a range of implications for market participants. These include the economic and service benefits from intermediaries, economic benefits, and the potential to deliver improved levels of service for hierarchies,the relational benefits from the strong network ethos of consortia, and large group ownership structures which have potential for regional community or industry sector development.     

Enabling multiparty karaoke over Internet based on low‐level computers: practice and experiment

Karaoke is a system for amateur singing. The traditional online karaoke system does not allow multi‐singers to sing a song in one session. This study designs and implements multiparty karaoke over Internet (MKI) based on low‐level computers. The MKI is an online karaoke system of distributed architecture that allows multi‐singers to sing a song in one session. The MKI must deal with the problems of feedback, asynchronous audio latency at singers’ nodes, round‐trip latency at an inviter's node, and multi‐singers singing a song in one session. The acoustic isolation between microphone and speakers avoids feedback. Network Time Protocol avoids asynchronous audio latency. The third method's round‐trip latency in this study is within 86 ms, and all participants experience the simultaneous singing of the inviter and the invitees. MKI can be used for increasing leisure time, singing skills, and interpersonal relationships. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

An Empirical Analysis on a Predictive Method of Systematic Segmentation in Volatile High‐Tech Markets

High‐tech markets are unpredictable owing to rapid technology innovation, diverse customer needs, high competition, and other elements. Many scholars have attempted to explain the uncertainty in high‐tech markets using their own various approaches. However, sufficiently clear ways to predict diverse changes and trends in high‐tech markets have yet to be presented. Thus, this paper proposes a new approach model, that is, systematic market segmentation, to give more accurate information. Using an empirical dataset from the mobile handset market in the Republic of Korea, we conduct our research model consisting of three steps. First, we categorize nine basic segments. Second, we test the stability of these segments. Finally, we profile the characteristics of the customers and products. We conclude that the approach is able to offer more diagnostic information to both practitioners and scholars. It is expected to provide rich information for an appropriate marketing mix in practice.