用传输门VCO和动态PFD设计低功耗CMOS琐相环

锁相环（PLL）是VLSI系统的重要单元电路之一,为了实现高速低功耗的CMOS锁相环,用传输门VCO和动态反相器PFD电路设计CMOS锁相环。传输门结构VCO具有高速、低电压和低功耗的特性,而动态反相器PFD具有功耗低和面积小的特点。SPICE模拟表明,当电源电压为2．5V时,基于0．6μmCMOS工艺设计的CMOS锁相环电路,工作频率高达1000MHz,而功耗低于50mW。     

一种基于自偏置技术的低功耗锁相环设计

采用TSMC 0.13 μm CMOS工艺,设计并实现了一种低功耗、具有固定的环路带宽与工作频率之比,以及良好相位噪声性能的自偏置锁相环(PLL)芯片电路。仿真结果表明,该PLL电路工作频率范围为200~800 MHz,在480 MHz输出频率的相位噪声为-108 dBc@1 MHz,1.2 V电源供电下消耗功耗2 mW。芯片核心电路面积仅为0.15 mm²,非常适合应用于系统集成。     

GPS射频接收芯片中低功耗压控振荡器的设计

设计了一种应用于GPS射频接收芯片的低功耗环形压控振荡器.环路由5级差分结构的放大器构成.芯片采用TSMC 0.18 μm CMOS工艺,核心电路面积0.25 mm×0.05 mm.测试结果表明,采用1.75 V电源电压供电时,电路的功耗约为9.2 mW,振荡器中心工作频率为62 MHz,相位噪声为-89.39 dBc/Hz @ 1 MHz,该VCO可应用于锁相环和频率合成器中.     

一种低功耗时钟源IP的设计

基于SMIC 40 nm CMOS工艺,采用锁相环(PLL)设计了一种低功耗时钟源IP。提出的环路参数校准技术保证PLL在整个输出频率范围内稳定。采用电容倍乘技术减小环路滤波器占用的面积。采用可编程输出分频器拓宽了输出频率范围。后仿结果显示,该时钟源在0.125~3 GHz范围内可调,步长为0.125~1 MHz。环路参数校准后,PLL的带宽稳定在80 kHz,相位裕度稳定在48°。电路的供电电压为1.1 V,功耗小于3 mW,核心面积为0.096 mm²。     

低抖动的480 MHz CMOS电荷泵式锁相环

本文设计了一款用于USB2.0时钟发生作用的低抖动、低功耗电荷泵式锁相环电路。其电路结构包含鉴频/鉴相器、电荷泵、环路滤波器、压控振荡器和分频器。电路设计是基于CSM0.18μmCMOS工艺,经HSPICE仿真表明,锁相环输出480MHz时钟的峰峰值抖动仅为5.01ps,功耗仅为8.3mW。     

一种低功耗低噪声大带宽锁相环的设计

本文描述了一种低功耗低噪声大带宽锁相环路(PLL),给出了锁相环各组成单元模块的设计思路及电路结构。设计采用CMOS0.35μm工艺。压控振荡器的电源电压为3V,工作在900MHz-2GHz,典型功耗为3.4mW。电路占芯片上面积为450X400μm。     

基于双边沿触发计数器的低功耗全数字锁相环的设计

提出了一种低功耗、快速锁定全数字锁相环的设计方法。该文从消除因时钟信号冗余跳变而产生的无效功耗的要求出发,阐述了双边沿触发计数器的设计思想,提出了用双边沿触发计数器替代传统数字序列滤波器中的单边沿触发计数器的锁相环设计方案,以从降低时钟工作频率、减小工作电压和抑制冗余电路的开关活动性等方面降低系统的功耗;同时在环路中采用自动变模控制技术,以加快环路的锁定速度,减少相位抖动。最后采用EDA技术进行了该全数字锁相环的设计与实现,理论分析和实验结果表明其低功耗性、快速锁定性均有明显改善。     

一种高速低功耗电荷泵电路的设计

介绍了作为高速锁相环电路集成芯片一部分的高速低功耗电荷泵电路的设计。所设计的锁相环路适应高频工作环境,电路结构采用当前的主流结构———D/A混合结构的电荷泵锁相环。环路中的鉴相器是数字鉴频鉴相器结构,没有反馈回路,提高了工作频率,并且缓解了传统鉴频鉴相器中死区的产生。电荷泵结构进行了一定的改进,既使电路结构简单,又削弱了MOS管带来的非理想特性,使得电荷注入、电荷分享、时钟脉冲馈通等寄生效应得到最大程度的减缓,同时保证高速、低功耗的电路性能。压控振荡器采用环路振荡器结构,易于集成而且功耗低。     

一种低功耗混合信号直流失调消除电路

设计了一种应用于直接变频接收机的低功耗混合信号直流失调消除(DCOC)电路。该电路采用混合信号的方式消除直流失调电压,避免了传统模拟域直流失调消除系统环路响应速度与高通带宽之间的折中,具有功耗低、建立时间快、面积小等优点。采用该DCOC后,直接变频接收机的输出剩余直流失调电压小于37mV,直流失调消除环路的建立时间小于200μs。电路采用0.13μm CMOS工艺实现,芯片尺寸为0.372mm×0.419mm,工作于1.2V电源电压时,消耗电流仅为196μA。     

一种适用于相变存储器锁相环时钟的新型电荷泵

设计了一款低噪声、低功耗的电荷泵,适用于相变存储器驱动电路中的锁相环时钟。与其它结构的电荷泵相比较,此款电路对时钟馈通与电荷注入等干扰免疫力强。根据相变存储器对驱动电路低噪声的性能要求,本电路具有低的热噪声和1/f噪声。仿真结果表明输出电压在0℃~80℃温度范围内最大仅有11mV的偏差,其与PFD所产生的相位噪声在1MHz频率下为-102dB。电路采用40nm CMOS工艺设计,电源电压2.5V,功耗0.125mW,芯片面积60 m×55 m。     

Resolution Enhancement Technology:Integrated Process Solutions using OPC

DUV lithography, using the 248 nm wavelength, is a viable manufacturing option for devices with features at 130 nm and less. Given the low kl value of the lithography, integrated process development is a necessary method for achieving acceptable process latitude. The application of assist features for rule based OPC requires the simultaneous optimization of the mask, illumination optics and the resist.Described in this paper are the details involved in optimizing each of these aspects for line and space imaging.A reference pitch is first chosen to determine how the optics will be set. The ideal sigma setting is determined by a simple geometrically derived expression. The inner and outer machine settings are determined, in turn,with the simulation of a figure of merit. The maximum value of the response surface of this FOM occurs at the optimal sigma settings. Experimental confirmation of this is shown in the paper.Assist features are used to modify the aerial image of the more isolated images on the mask. The effect that the diffraction of the scattering bars (SBs) has on the image intensity distribution is explained. Rules for determining the size and placement of SBs are also given.Resist is optimized for use with off-axis illumination and assist features. A general explanation of the material' s effect is discussed along with the affect on the through-pitch bias. The paper culminates with the showing of the lithographic results from the fully optimized system.     

Cost-effective test solutions for smart card and other integrated flash applications

From its emergence in the late 1980s as a lower cost alternative to early EEPROM technologies, flash memory has evolved to higher densities and speedsand rapidly growing acceptance in mobile applications.In the process, flash memory devices have placed increased test requirements on manufacturers. Today, as flash device test grows in importance in China, manufacturers face growing pressure for reduced cost-oftest, increased throughput and greater return on investment for test equipment. At the same time, the move to integrated flash packages for contactless smart card applications adds a significant further challenge to manufacturers seeking rapid, low-cost test.     

Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain in the optical-fiber sensors

The relation between the power of the Brillouin signal and the strain is one of the bases of the distributed fiber sensors of temperature and strain. The coefficient of the Bfillouin gain can be changed by the temperature and the strain that will affect the power of the Brillouin scattering. The relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is thought to be linear by many researchers. However, it is not always linear based on the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Therefore, errors will be caused if the relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is regarded as to be linear approximately for measuring the temperature and the strain. For this reason, the influence of the parameters on the Brillouin gain coefficient is proposed through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.     

An improved parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations

The parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations is improved in this paper. By analyzing the notions of connected components and passes, a conclusion is drawn that the number of passes and the number of eight-connected components are equal. Then the expression of the number of eight-connected components is obtained which replaces the old one in the algorithm. And a reserving condition is proposed by experiments, which alleviates the excess deletion where a diagonal line and a beeline intersect. The experimental results demonstrate that the thinned curve is almost located in the middle of the original curve connectivelv with single pixel width and the processing speed is high.     

Novel fiber-optical interferometer with miniaturized probe for in-hole measurements

Today, micro-system technology and the development of new MEMS （Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems） are emerging rapidly. In order for this development to become a success in the long run, measurement systems have to ensure product quality. Most often, MEMS have to be tested by means of functionality or destructive tests. One reason for this is that there are no suitable systems or sensing probes available which can be used for the measurement of quasi inaccessible features like small holes or cavities. We present a measurement system that could be used for these kinds of measurements. The system combines a fiber optical, miniaturized sensing probe with low-coherence interferometry, so that absolute distance measurements with nanometer accuracy are possible.     

Development of the readout system for waveguide multilayer optical card

Waveguide multilayer optical card （WMOC） is a novel storage device of three-dimensional optical information. An advanced readout system fitting for the WMOC is introduced in this paper. The hardware mainly consists of the light source for reading, WMOC, motorized stages addressing unit, microscope imaging unit, CCD detecting unit and PC controlling ＆ processing unit. The movement of the precision motorized stage is controlled by the computer through Visual Basic （VB） language in software. A control panel is also designed to get the layer address and the page address through which the position of the motorized stages can be changed. The WMOC readout system is easy to manage and the readout result is directly displayed on computer monitor.     

Study of waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers

This paper presents a new method to increase the waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers. We find that the propagation constant of the InGaAsP emitting layer can be equal to that of the Si resonant layer through improving the design size of the InP waveguide. The coupling power achieves 42% of the total power in the hybrid lasers when the thickness of the bonding layer is 100 nm. Our result is very close to 50% of the total power reported by Intel when the thickness of the thin bonding layer is less than 5 nm. Therefore, our invariable coupling power technique is simpler than Intel＇s.     

Collinear phase-matching study of terahertz-wave generation via difference frequency mixed in GaAs and Inp

The collinearly phase-matching condition of terahertz-wave generation via difference frequency mixed in GaAs and InP is theoretically studied. In collinear phase-matching, the optimum phase-matching wave hands of these two crystals are calculated. The optimum phase-matching wave bands in GaAs and lnP are 0.95-1.38μm and 0.7-0.96μm respectively. The influence of the wavelength choice of the pump wave on the coherent length in THz-wave tuning is also discussed. The influence of the temperature alteration on the phase-matching and the temperature tuning properties in GaAs crystal are calculated and analyzed. It can serve for the following experiments as a theoretical evidence and a reference as well.     

Effects of the alloy compositions on the phonon-polaritons in ternary mixed crystals

Composition dependence of bulk and surface phonon-polaritons in ternary mixed crystals are studied in the framework of the modified random-element-isodisplacement model and the Bom-Huang approximation. The numerical results for Several Ⅱ - Ⅵ and Ⅲ- Ⅴ compound systems are performed, and the polariton frequencies as functions of the compositions for ternary mixed crystals AlxGa1-xAs, GaPxAS1-x, ZnSxSe1-x, GaAsxSb1-x, GaxIn1-xP, and ZnxCd1-xS as examples are given and discussed. The results show that the dependence of the energies of two branches of bulk phonon-polaritons which have phonon-like characteristics, and surface phonon-polaritons on the compositions of ternary mixed crystals are nonlinear and different from those of the corresponding binary systems.     

New insert layer structure OLEDs

An insert layer structure organic electroluminescent device（OLED） based on a new luminescent material （Zn（salen）） is fabricated. The configuration of the device is ITO/CuPc/NPD/Zn（salen）/Liq/LiF/A1/CuPc/NPD/Zn（salen）/Liq/LiF/A1. Effective insert electrode layers comprising LiF（1nm）/Al（5 nm） are used as a single semitransparent mirror, and bilayer cathode LiF（1 nm）/A1（100 nm） is used as a reflecting mirror. The two mirrors form a Fabry-Perot microcavity and two emissive units. The maximum brightness and luminous efficiency reach 674 cd/m^2 and 2.652 cd/A, respectively, which are 2.1 and 3.7 times higher than the conventional device, respectively. The superior brightness and luminous efficiency over conventional single-unit devices are attributed to microcavity effect.