Enhancing the performance of parallel cascade control using Smith predictor

Parallel cascade controllers are used in chemical processing industries to improve the dynamic performance of a control system in the presence of disturbances. In the present work, a delay compensator has been incorporated in the primary loop of the parallel cascade control system. The secondary controller is designed using the internal model control (IMC) method. The primary controller is designed based on a direct synthesis method for the delay-free system. Design of controllers for slow (when the secondary loop dynamics is slow i.e. process contains poles sufficiently slower than the desired closed loop response) as well as fast dynamics (when the inner loop dynamics is fast i.e. process contains poles sufficiently faster than the desired closed loop response) of the secondary process is considered. The method provides robust control performances. Significant improvement in the closed loop performances are obtained with the delay compensator over that of a conventional parallel cascade control system. Several case studies are considered to show the advantage of the proposed method when compared to other recently reported methods.     

Improving performance using cascade control and a Smith predictor

Many investigations have been done on tuning proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controllers in single-input single-output (SISO) systems. However, only a few investigations have been carried out on tuning PID controllers in cascade control systems. In this paper, a new approach, namely the use of a Smith predictor in the outer loop of a cascade control system, is investigated. The method can be used in temperature control problems where the secondary part of the process (the inner loop) may have a negligible delay while the primary loop (the outer loop) has a time-delay. Two different approaches, including an autotuning method, to find the controller parameters are proposed. It is shown by some examples that the proposed structure as expected can provide better performance than conventional cascade control, a Smith predictor scheme or single feedback control system.     

Robust control for a biaxial servo with time delay system based on adaptive tuning technique

A robust control method for synchronizing a biaxial servo system motion is proposed in this paper. A new network based cross-coupled control and adaptive tuning techniques are used together to cancel out the skew error. The conventional fixed gain PID cross-coupled controller (CCC) is replaced with the adaptive cross-coupled controller (ACCC) in the proposed control scheme to maintain biaxial servo system synchronization motion. Adaptive-tuning PID (APID) position and velocity controllers provide the necessary control actions to maintain synchronization while following a variable command trajectory. A delay-time compensator (DTC) with an adaptive controller was augmented to set the time delay element, effectively moving it outside the closed loop, enhancing the stability of the robust controlled system. This scheme provides strong robustness with respect to uncertain dynamics and disturbances. The simulation and experimental results reveal that the proposed control structure adapts to a wide range of operating conditions and provides promising results under parameter variations and load changes.     

地基大口径望远镜伺服系统的抗扰动设计

针对地基大口径望远镜伺服系统的抗扰动问题,提出了一种抗扰动控制算法。该算法采用双闭环控制结构:内环为高带宽的电流环,采用PI控制器;外环为速度环;采用线性自抗扰控制器,通过线性扩张状态观测器辨识出系统扰动,然后将该扰动前馈到系统控制量中去,构成复合校正系统。为解决大动态输入引起的控制器饱和问题,状态观测器的输入控制量加入了抗饱和控制算法,保证了系统的稳定性和良好的动态特性。仿真和实验结果表明:与传统的PI控制器相比,引入抗饱和功能的自抗扰控制器在高低速均可以获得良好的动态性能;在低速平稳跟踪实验中,速度波动误差(RMS)由0.000 68(°)/s降低到0.000 32(°)/s。实验结果证明提出的方法能够有效提高伺服系统抗扰动能力和速度跟踪的平稳性。     

An optimisation approach to the contour error control of CNC machine tools using genetic algorithms

A contour control strategy has been studied in this paper to improve the contour error of CNC machine tools. First, a single axis controller is analysed and then a velocity feedforward controller is added in the velocity loop. To further reduce the contour error, a cross-coupled controller is adopted and an algorithm for an on-line estimation of the contour error in arbitrary curved contouring is proposed. These controller parameters are all optimised by an efficient robust optimisation technique using genetic algorithms. Experimental results are provided to illustrate the proposed methods.     

High pressure common rail injection system modeling and control

In this paper modeling and common-rail pressure control of high pressure common rail injection system (HPCRIS) is presented. The proposed mathematical model of high pressure common rail injection system which contains three sub-systems: high pressure pump sub-model, common rail sub-model and injector sub-model is a relative complicated nonlinear system. The mathematical model is validated by the software Matlab and a virtual detailed simulation environment. For the considered HPCRIS, an effective model free controller which is called Extended State Observer – based intelligent Proportional Integral (ESO-based iPI) controller is designed. And this proposed method is composed mainly of the referred ESO observer, and a time delay estimation based iPI controller. Finally, to demonstrate the performances of the proposed controller, the proposed ESO-based iPI controller is compared with a conventional PID controller and ADRC.     

超精密微动台控制器带宽优化研究

为提高超精密微动台的控制带宽,改善控制性能,针对微动台模型包含机械谐振以及时滞的特性研究一种优化回路成形(Optimized loop shaping,OLS)控制器设计方法。通过回路成形方法分析得出PID控制器相位超前量不足是造成带宽受限的主要因素,并给出一种能实现高带宽的高阶控制器。利用回路成形(Loop shaping,LS)设计方法将控制器参数设计描述为优化问题,并利用遗传算法对其进行求解。将OLS控制器与试验整定的PID控制器进行试验对比,结果显示采用OLS控制器的系统的上升时间、调整时间、定位精度都有较大幅度地改善,最大超调量有所增加但仍在工程允许的范围内,表明所提出方法能够减小控制器设计对经验的依赖并有效提高地超精密微动台的控制性能。     

A double-loop structure in the adaptive generalized predictive control algorithm for control of robot end-point contact force

Robot force control is an essential issue in robotic intelligence. There is much high uncertainty when robot end-effector contacts with the environment. Because of the environment stiffness effects on the system of the robot end-effector contact with environment, the adaptive generalized predictive control algorithm based on quantitative feedback theory is designed for robot end-point contact force system. The controller of the internal loop is designed on the foundation of QFT to control the uncertainty of the system. An adaptive GPC algorithm is used to design external loop controller to improve the performance and the robustness of the system. Two closed loops used in the design approach realize the system?s performance and improve the robustness. The simulation results show that the algorithm of the robot end-effector contacting force control system is effective.     

Wideband phase-locked loop circuit with real-time phase correction for frequency modulation atomic force microscopy

We have developed a wideband phase-locked loop (PLL) circuit with real-time phase correction for high-speed and accurate force measurements by frequency modulation atomic force microscopy (FM-AFM) in liquid. A high-speed operation of FM-AFM requires the use of a high frequency cantilever which, however, increases frequency-dependent phase delay caused by the signal delay within the cantilever excitation loop. Such phase delay leads to an error in the force measurements by FM-AFM especially with a low Q factor. Here, we present a method to compensate this phase delay in real time. Combined with a wideband PLL using a subtraction-based phase comparator, the method allows to perform an accurate and high-speed force measurement by FM-AFM. We demonstrate the improved performance by applying the developed PLL to three-dimensional force measurements at a mica/water interface.     

Wiener model based GMVC design considering sensor noise and delay

Even though there is a plethora of literature available for assessing linear control loop performance, they cannot be applied to the nonlinear control loops. In this paper, a nonlinear generalized minimum variance (NGMV) controller based on a single input–single output (SISO) Wiener model is proposed. The NGMV controller’s performance is used as a benchmark for a class of nonlinear control loops. The advantage of the proposed method is ability of online parameter estimation of the nonlinear model using common recursive least squares (RLS) method. In real-world applications, sensor and measurement tools force noises and extra delay to the control loop which poses limitations on achievable control performance. Hence, the classic control performance assessment techniques, is not attainable anymore. To handle the limitation caused by sensor delay, the k-step ahead prediction method is utilized. Further, the exponential digital filter is used in order to attenuate impact of the measurement noise on the controller. To show the effectiveness of the proposed method, a simulation test on a pH neutralization process is carried out.     

基于速度-加速度时滞反馈的振动主动控制

在振动主动控制中,基于加速度测量信号,并考虑滤波器群时延引入的时滞,研究了一种时滞控制器设计方法。采用等维方法和状态导数反馈思想,提出一种速度-加速度时滞反馈控制器的设计方法。该控制器不含位移信号,可省去两次数值积分和去直流分量、趋势项这两个过程,并可避免由两次数值积分带来的累积误差。以粘帖有压电陶瓷和加速度传感器的智能梁为控制对象,采用该控制器控制其自由振动,并与速度-加速度反馈控制效果进行比较。仿真结果表明,当采用速度-加速度反馈直接控制时滞系统时,若时滞超出其稳定区间,该方法失效,而速度-加速度时滞反馈控制方法则具有良好的控制效果。     

基于神经网络的压电自感知主动控制仿真试验

由于传统的自感知电桥电路难以有效地实现自感知执行器传感与执行之间的信号分离,因此,提出了一种采用神经网络分离出压电自感知执行器传感信号的新方法,用神经网络直接估算结构的振动速度来得到振动控制时控制器的反馈信号.将嵌入在复合材料悬臂梁中的压电陶瓷片作为自感知执行器,采用基于Filter-X LMS算法的自适应滤波控制器对悬臂梁的振动进行主动控制.结果表明神经网络估算得到的振动速度和用传感器直接测得的完全吻合,将神经网络的输出作为控制器的反馈信号可以取得理想的减振效果.     

一种新的积分过程PID控制器整定方法

针对积分过程，提出了一种简单、实用的PID控制器。该方法首先通过PD控制器对积分过程建立内部反馈控制回路，将内部闭环系统近似为二阶加纯滞后模型；然后，根据有效的模型，基于鲁棒性能指标设计外部反馈回路的PID控制器；最后，简化控制系统的结构，采用设定值加权PID控制器控制积分过程。仿真结果表明了设定值加权PID控制器的有效性和可行性。     

一种基于神经网络的振动主动控制方法

分析了表面贴有压电材料ＰＺＴ作为作动器的悬臂梁系统的特性,从控制角度推导出系统的传递函数,在此基础上采用神经网络对系统进行振动主动控制。分别利用线性神经网络和ＢＰ神经网络作为辨识器和控制器,同时将速度信号引入到控制器中以提高系统性能。数值仿真证明了方法的可行性。     

On-line delay estimation for stable, unstable and integrating systems under step response

A simple but effective on-line method to estimate the delay from step response, which can be used for stable, unstable and integrating systems, is proposed in this paper. The estimation and control are made simultaneously since the nominal delay is updated in closed-loop based on certain calculus on the output signal. Moreover, the approach is based on a Modified Smith Predictor and the delay estimation is implemented using a multi-model scheme with fixed models. Additionally, the convergence properties of the estimation algorithm and the stability analysis of the closed-loop are well-defined. Simulation examples show the effectiveness of the proposed method, where the delay estimation leads to an optimal and robust controller, tackling the uncertainty in the delay.     

基于模糊滑模控制和两级滤波滑模观测器的PMSM改进控制策略

针对传统带有滑模观测器的永磁同步电机控制系统中转矩脉动大、抖振明显、反电动势估计精度差等问题,提出基于模糊滑模控制和两级滤波滑模观测器的PMSM改进控制策略.首先,在速度环提出基于双曲正弦函数的新型趋近率,结合模糊控制思想对趋近率参数实现自整定,设计了一种基于新型趋近率的模糊积分滑模速度环控制器,并且对新型趋近率的抖振抑制效果给出严格分析.其次,提出基于变截止频率低通滤波器和修正反电动势观测器的两级滤波结构,抑制反电动势中的高频分量和测量噪声,并对转子位置进行合理补偿,继而设计了两级滤波滑模观测器;通过Lyapunov判据对本文提出控制策略的稳定性进行了推导证明.仿真和实验结果表明,与传统滑模观测器相比,改进的控制器使电机在启动和受到外部扰动时系统响应良好,有效改善了转矩脉动、抖振、反电动势的估计精度等问题.     

Experimental evaluation of adaptive three-tank level control

Liquid level control through regulation of mass flow rates is an important application in various areas of the power industry. Very often a PID controller is used for these applications. This paper compares a nonconventional PID controller and three different types of adaptive controller, a direct model reference adaptive controller (MRAC), an indirect MRAC with Lyapunov estimation, and an indirect MRAC with recursive least-squares (RLS) updating estimation, for liquid level control. By implementing all four controllers on a three-tank system, the performances of each are compared. All controllers track a sinusoidal input very well and overall exhibit somewhat varying performance. The direct MRAC and the indirect MRAC with RLS estimation give the best performance. With Lyapunov estimation and RLS estimation, all the system parameter estimates converge to the reference model values. However, RLS estimation has a much faster convergence. It is concluded that adaptive liquid level control is an improvement over traditional liquid level control when precise level control in three coupled tanks is desired.     

含多级油缸的液压举升系统智能PID控制研究

给出了应用电液比例技术对多级液压缸驱动的攀升系统进行闭环速度控制的方法，在常规PID控制的基础上，引入了自适应神经元对PID控制参数进行在线调整，实现了对多级缸系统运动过程的智能控制。该方法保持了常规控制方法结构简单、易于实现的特点，同时可以更好地适应系统参数时变和外部干扰的影响，提高了控制精度。仿真结果表明，智能PID控制效果优于常规控制方法。     

Constant tip-surface distance with atomic force microscopy via quality factor feedback

The atomic force microscope (AFM) is a powerful and widely used instrument to image topography and measure forces at the micrometer and nanometer length scale. Because of the high degree of operating accuracy required of the instrument, small thermal and mechanical drifts of the cantilever and piezoactuator systems hamper measurements as the AFM tip drifts spatially relative to the sample surface. To compensate for the drift, we control the tip-surface distance by monitoring the cantilever quality factor (Q) in a closed loop. Brownian thermal fluctuations provide sufficient actuation to accurately determine cantilever Q by fitting the thermal noise spectrum to a Lorentzian function. We show that the cantilever damping is sufficiently affected by the tip-surface distance so that the tip position of soft cantilevers can be maintained within 40 nm of a setpoint in air and within 3 nm in water with 95% reliability. Utilizing this method to hover the tip above a sample surface, we have the capability to study sensitive interactions at the nanometer length scale over long periods of time.     

A modified model reference adaptive control with application to MEMS gyroscope

Micro electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) are increasingly being used in measurement and control problems due to their small size, low cost, and low power consumption. The vibrating gyroscope is a MEMS device that will have a significant impact on stability control systems in the transportation industry. This paper investigates the application of a modified model reference adaptive control for MEMS gyroscope. Using this adaptive control algorithm, an estimation of the angular velocity and the damping and stiffness coefficients in real time is easily computable. Changing the conventional model reference input makes it feasible to utilize a low pass filter to remove unwanted oscillations caused by high adaptation gain. This new adaptive control technique enables quick compensation for large changes in the system dynamics, providing consistent estimation of gyroscope parameters including angular velocity and large robustness to parameter variations and external disturbances. The asymptotic stability of the mentioned adaptive controller is guaranteed using the Lyapunov direct method. Numerical simulation is presented to verify the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme.