Echo signal envelope fitting based signal processing methods for ultrasonic gas flow-meter

The echo signal of the ultrasonic gas flow-meter is difficult to locate, and the computation of signal processing methods proposed by others is extensive which affects the meter’s real-time performance. Aiming at solving these problems the echo signal envelopes under different flow rates are analyzed. And three kinds of signal processing methods based on echo signal envelope fitting are proposed. The shape of the echo signal remains the “approximate spindle shape” as the flow rate increases, and the envelope gradient of the middle parts of the upper envelope’s rising section and the lower envelope’s falling section remains the same at different flow rates, so the mathematical models of the two sections are established to obtain the envelope gradient curves of the two sections. With the envelope gradient curves, the ranges of envelope and peak points that linearly distributed are obtained. The least squares fitting is performed on those peak points to obtain two feature straight lines for respectively representing the upper envelope’s rising section and the lower envelope’s falling section. According to the spatial characteristics of the feature straight lines, the points on the feature straight lines are selected as the feature points for quickly locating the echo signal. According to the offline verification and comparison, the best one of three kinds of signal processing methods is selected, and realized on the hardware system of the two-channel ultrasonic gas flow-meter. The transmitter of two-channel ultrasonic gas flow-meter is developed based on FPGA & DSP dual core structure. It utilizes the parallel processing capacity and logic control ability of FPGA to realize the controlling of the high-speed ADC & DAC and the storage of the data. At the same time, it adopts the high-speed computing capacity of DSP to implement the digital signal processing method. The gas flow calibration experiments were carried out in a national accredited testing agency to verify the effectiveness of the signal processing methods and system. The experimental results show that the improved signal processing method based on echo signal upper and lower envelope fitting can quickly and accurately locate the echo signal. And the measurable range of the ultrasonic gas flow meter based on this signal processing method is broadened to 10 m³/h to 1,300 m³/h, and the turndown ratio is broadened to 1:130.     

Design of an observer for quantized output systems using orthogonal projection

This paper presents a state observer for linear systems with quantized outputs. The observer employs an orthogonal projection operation at quantizer output discontinuities to enhance its convergence rate for quantized output systems. Although there may be a significant quantization error on average, it is possible to design observers with an exponentially stable tracking error. We explain how to construct the orthogonal projection operation in a Hilbert space and prove the stability of the proposed observer by using the Lyapunov second method. In order to assess the value of the orthogonal projection operation in the proposed observer, the simple motor system with an optical encoder has been analyzed numerically.     

飞机蒙皮修理补片对气动特性的影响分析

利用欧拉方程计算了飞机机翼特殊部位蒙皮受损修补后,修理补片对气动特性的影响,并进行了粘性修正,从而为优化飞机蒙皮的实际修理工作提供了参考指标,具有较大的实际意义。     

一种改进的基于小波变换的包络提取算法研究

结合“模极大值小波域去噪”原理，提出了一种基于小波变换和希尔伯特变换的包络提取算法。首先用小波变换作为包络分析的前置处理手段，再利用希尔伯特变换对处理后的信号进行包络提取。针对希尔伯特变换解包络的不足，采用模极大值小波域去噪算法对包络信号进行消噪，从而解决了一般算法难以解决的由于随机噪声的干扰造成的提取的包络轮廓信息粗糙的难题。实验结果表明，该方法可以精确提取信号的包络并通过包络细化谱分析全面获得信号所隐古的故障特征。     

Scanning near-field optical microscopy of a cell membrane in liquid

The applications of scanning near‐field optical microscopy to biological specimens under physiological conditions have so far been very rare since common techniques for a probe–sample distance control are not as well suited for operation in liquid as under ambient conditions. We have shown previously that our own approach for a distance control, based on a short aperture fibre probe and a tuning fork as force sensor in a tapping mode, works well even on soft material in water. By means of an electronic self‐excitation circuit, which compensates for changes of the resonance frequency due to evaporation of liquid, the stability of the force feedback has now been further improved. We present further evidence for the excellent suitability of the tapping‐mode‐like distance control to an operation in liquid, for example, by force‐imaging of double‐stranded DNA. Moreover, we demonstrate that a nuclear envelope in liquid can be imaged with a high optical resolution of ～70 nm without affecting its structural integrity. Thereby, single nuclear pores in the nuclear envelope with a nearest neighbour distance of ～120 nm have been optically resolved for the first time.     

基于机器视觉的浮空器囊体材料表面缺陷检测系统

在复杂气象环境下,浮空器囊体作为整机系统的直接受压面,其表面必须平整光滑,无褶皱损伤,以将其与空气的摩擦力降至最小。文中基于机器视觉对浮空器囊体材料表面缺陷检测进行系统设计。首先为了降低背景灰度变化对缺陷检测的影响,研究了一种同时具有噪声滤除与图像增强功能的预处理算法;其次利用图像二值化和中值滤波技术实现特征图像的预处理,并结合纹理特征提取技术（基于灰度共生矩阵）对囊体材料表面不同缺陷图像的特征参数进行仿真提取,通过分析不同特征参数,判断囊体材料的表面缺陷类型。该系统对采集到的200个囊体材料表面缺陷样本的分析表明,所用方法能识别浮空器囊体材料93.6%的表面缺陷,识别内容包括缺陷的类型、位置、大小等,并根据缺陷的类型加盖不同的标记。该系统具有较高的识别率和准确率,可对浮空器囊体材料表面缺陷进行快速检测。     

Frequency discriminators for the characterization of narrow-spectrum heterodyne beat signals: application to the measurement of a sub-hertz carrier-envelope-offset beat in an optical frequency comb

We describe a radio-frequency (RF) discriminator, or frequency-to-voltage converter, based on a voltage-controlled oscillator phase-locked to the signal under test, which has been developed to analyze the frequency noise properties of an RF signal, e.g., a heterodyne optical beat signal between two lasers or between a laser and an optical frequency comb. We present a detailed characterization of the properties of this discriminator and we compare it to three other commercially available discriminators. Owing to its large linear frequency range of 7 MHz, its bandwidth of 200 kHz and its noise floor below 0.01 Hz(2)/Hz in a significant part of the spectrum, our frequency discriminator is able to fully characterize the frequency noise of a beat signal with a linewidth ranging from a couple of megahertz down to a few hertz. As an example of application, we present measurements of the frequency noise of the carrier envelope offset beat in a low-noise optical frequency comb.     

An evanescent-field optical microscope

The classic diffraction limit of resolution in optical microscopy (～γ/2) can be overcome by detecting the diffracted field of a submicrometre-size probe in its near field. The present stage of this so-called scanning near-field optical microscopy (SNOM) is reviewed. An evanescent-field optical microscope (EFOM) is presented in which the near-field regime is provided by the exponentially decaying evanescent field caused by total internal reflection at a refractive-index transition. A sample placed in this field causes a spatial variation of the evanescent field which is characteristic for the dielectric and topographic properties of the sample. The evanescent field is frustrated by a dielectric probe and thus converted into a radiative field. In our case the probe consists either of an etched optical fibre or of a highly sharpened diamond tip. The probe is scanned over the sample surface with nanometre precision using a piezo-electric positioner. The distance between probe and sample is controlled by a feedback on the detected optical signal. The resolution of the microscope is determined by both the gradient of the evanescent field and the sharpness of the tip. Details of the experimental set-up are discussed. The coupling of the evanescent field to the submicrometre probe as a function of probe-sample distance, angle of incidence and polarization has been characterized quantitatively. The observed coupling is generally in agreement with presented theoretical calculations. Microscopy has been performed on a regular latex sphere structure, which clearly demonstrates the capacity of the evanescent-field optical microscope for nanometre-scale optical imaging. Resolution is typically 100 nm laterally and 10 nm vertically. The technique is promising for biological applications, especially if combined with optical spectroscopy.     

基于EMD和信息熵的滚动轴承故障诊断

提出了一种基于EMD和信息熵的滚动轴承故障诊断方法。利用EMD将滚动轴承振动信号分解为多个IMF分量,计算各个IMF分量的信息熵,设定有效的熵阈值来取舍IMF分量,利用保留的IMF分量重构信号,并对重构信号进行Hilbert包络谱分析,提取滚动轴承故障特征频率。对实测滚动轴承振动信号分析表明,该方法能有效提取滚动轴承的故障特征频率。     

An improvement EMD method based on the optimized rational Hermite interpolation approach and its application to gear fault diagnosis

A demodulation technique based on improvement empirical mode decomposition (EMD) is investigated in this paper. Firstly, the problem of the envelope line in EMD is introduced and the drawbacks of two classic interpolation methods, cubic spline interpolation method and cubic Hermite interpolation method are discussed; then a new envelope interpolation method called optimized rational Hermite interpolation method (O-EMD) is proposed, which has a shape controlling parameter compared with the cubic Hermite interpolation algorithm. At the same time, in order to improve the envelope approximation accuracy of local mean, the parameter determining criterion is put forward and an optimization with Genetic Algorithm (GA) is applied to automatic select the suitable shape controlling parameter in each sifting process. The effectiveness of O-EMD method is validated by the numerical simulations and an application to gear fault diagnosis. Results demonstrate that O-EMD method can improve the reliability and accuracy significantly compared with traditional EMD method.     

Fiber-optic liquid level sensor based on coupling optical path length variation

The concept for a new and simple fiber-optic liquid level sensor is presented and experimental results are shown to demonstrate the principle. The sensing principle is based on light intensity modulation when rising and falling mode of liquid level causes coupling optical path distance variation between two optical fibers. Near continuous mode of liquid level variation could be monitored with resolution as low as 1 mm can be measured in the length scale of 25 cm.     

任意连续梁内力包络图的自动绘制法

根据内力包络图设计梁的断面,可以保证满足安全和经济两方面的要求。但是按传统方法绘制梁的内力包络图手续十分繁琐,对于连续梁之类的多跨梁尤其如此。介绍一种利用奇异函数对连续梁进行力学分析的新方法及其智能分析软件。该方法利用奇异函数与拉普拉斯变换相结合的方法导出连续梁变形和内力的普遍表达式,利用变形和内力的边界条件确定约束反力,然后再在内力普遍表达式的基础上建立一种内力包络图的自动绘制方法。该方法和程序对承受任意恒载和活载、具有任意跨数的连续梁具有普遍的适用性。     

FAULT DIAGNOSIS APPROACH FOR ROLLER BEARINGS BASED ON EMPIRICAL MODE DECOMPOSITION METHOD AND HILBERT TRANSFORM

Based upon empirical mode decomposition (EMD) method and Hilbert spectrum, a method for fault diagnosis of roller bearing is proposed. The orthogonal wavelet bases are used to translate vibration signals of a roller bearing into time-scale representation, then, an envelope signal can be obtained by envelope spectrum analysis of wavelet coefficients of high scales. By applying EMD method and Hilbert transform to the envelope signal, we can get the local Hilbert marginal spectrum from which the faults in a roller bearing can be diagnosed and fault patterns can be identified. Practical vibration signals measured from roller bearings with out-race faults or inner-race faults are analyzed by the proposed method. The results show that the proposed method is superior to the traditional envelope spectrum method in extracting the fault characteristics of roller bearings.     

微型光机电系统

微型电子机械系统（ＭＥＭＳ）与光器件融合于一体的微型光机电系统（ＭＯＥＭＳ）成为ＭＥＭＳ研究的一个重要方向,它将会给光器件的发展带来新的飞跃,而光系统因无需力的输出,正是ＭＥＭＳ的一个理想的应用领域。本文主要介绍几种有突破性的、具有可动部件的微型光机电系统,最后提出一种新型的微光学开关。     

Perturbed dynamics of discrete-time switched nonlinear systems with delays and uncertainties

This paper addresses the dynamics of a class of discrete-time switched nonlinear systems with time-varying delays and uncertainties and subject to perturbations. It is assumed that the nominal switched nonlinear system is robustly uniformly exponentially stable. It is revealed that there exists a maximal Lipschitz constant, if perturbation satisfies a Lipschitz condition with any Lipschitz constant less than the maximum, then the perturbed system can preserve the stability property of the nominal system. In situations where the perturbations are known, it is proved that there exists an upper bound of coefficient such that the perturbed system remains exponentially stable provided that the perturbation is scaled by any coefficient bounded by the upper bound. A numerical example is provided to illustrate the proposed theoretical results.     

Charge coupled device based on optical tomography system in detecting air bubbles in crystal clear water

Optical tomography is one of the tomography methods which are non-invasive and non-intrusive system, consisting of emitter with detectors. Most of the available detectors systems are intrusive where sensors or probes need to be placed within the analyzed processes and this will create disturbances in the current processes. This research are conducted in order to analyze and proved the capability of laser with Charge Coupled Device in an optical tomography system for detecting air bubbles exist in crystal clear water. Experiments in detecting moving air bubbles are conducted. The images of captured data are reconstructed based on filtered image of Linear Back Projection with Hybrid algorithms. As a conclusion, this research have successfully developed an optical tomography system that capable to capture the image and measure the diameter and velocity of rising air bubbles in a non-flowing crystal clear water.     

高速列车动态包络线测量系统现场校准方法的优化

高速列车动态包络线是指车体在运行过程中受各种不利因素影响所导致的最大极限轮廓。针对当前动态包络线测量系统存在标定过程繁琐、辅助设备不便携带、系统受场地因素制约严重等缺点,本文提出采用两个配置变焦镜头的高速相机作为测量系统的双目视觉传感器,设计并制作可快速重构的高精度三维靶标,通过共线性约束优化算法完成视觉传感器内参数和各空间位置关系参数的标定工作。该标定方法操作简单,标定设备便于携带,同时克服了双目相机与被测车体间严格的距离约束,增强了测量系统对复杂场地的适应性。实验表明,当双目相机距被测车体8-16 m 时,系统标定精度可达±0.5 mm,满足高速列车动态包络线的测量要求。     

The fine structure and morphogenesis of the envelope and nucleocapsid of goat poxvirus and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus: A freeze-fracture study

We studied the morphology and morphogenesis of viral envelopes and nucleocapsids of goat poxvirus (GPV) and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (IBRV) by means of the freeze-fracture technique. The GPV at an early development stage was fractured in its middle, and the envelope was shown to be a bilayer of particles. The mature GPV was fractured between two monolayers of the envelope. These facts suggest that there is little lipid and mainly protein particles in the envelope at the early-development stage, then the lipid inserts into the envelope during viral development. We found that there were still many intramembranous protein particles in protoplasmic fracture face (PF) and extracellular fracture face (EF) of the envelope of mature GPV in the cytoplasm, and fewer particles in the envelope of released GPV. In the envelope of mature IBRV, however, there were many more intramembrane protein particles in the PF face than that in the EF face. Spike-like structures could be seen at the outer edge of the IBRV envelope at times. Protein particles were regularly arranged in the plasmic membranes contacting IBRV. This phenomenon seems to be related to IBRV release. The naked cores, empty capsids, and nucleocapsids of IBRV were assembled in the nucleus of infected cells at the same time. The assembled nucleocapsids could be divided into five types according to their different fracturing positions, whose morphology was observed after deep etching. The morphology of the samples prepared with different methods was compared as well.     

改进的经验模式分解在机械故障诊断中的应用

针对经验模式分解(empirical mode decomposition,简称EMD)在工程应用中存在的端点效应和模式混叠问题,提出了一种改进的EMD方法。首先,利用遗传支持向量回归对短信号进行延拓;然后,采用改进的包络拟合方法并结合总体经验模式分解(ensemble empirical mode decomposition,简称EEMD)处理信号,数值仿真结果验证了该方法能够有效抑制端点效应和模式混叠;最后,利用该方法并结合包络解调对滚动轴承内圈故障信号进行实验与分析。结果表明,与EMD相比,该方法可以更有效地提取故障特征,满足机械设备故障诊断工程实际需求。     

二元光学透镜在超光谱成像仪中的应用

介绍了二元光学超光谱成像仪的基本原理。提出利用折衍混合透镜代替单一的二元光学透镜来实现色散和成像用于超光谱成像仪,论述了此透镜系统的设计方法,给出了理论设计公式。通过光学设计软件ZEMAX对具体实例进行分析和评估,并利用离子束刻蚀法制作了二元光学透镜系统,展示了二元光学透镜在超光谱成像仪中的应用前景。