Status of the laser ion source at IMP

A laser (Nd:YAG laser, 3 J, 1064 nm, 8-10 ns) ion source has been built and under development at IMP to provide pulsed high-charge-state heavy ion beams to a radio frequency quadrupole (RFQ) for upgrading the IMP accelerators with a new low-energy beam injector. The laser ion source currently operates in a direct plasma injection scheme to inject the high charge state ions produced from a solid target into the RFQ. The maximum power density on the target was about 8.4 × 10(12) W∕cm(2). The preliminary experimental results will be presented and discussed in this paper.     

Multi-chord fiber-coupled interferometer with a long coherence length laser

This paper describes a 561 nm laser heterodyne interferometer that provides time-resolved measurements of line-integrated plasma electron density within the range of 10(15)-10(18) cm(-2). Such plasmas are produced by railguns on the plasma liner experiment, which aims to produce μs-, cm-, and Mbar-scale plasmas through the merging of 30 plasma jets in a spherically convergent geometry. A long coherence length, 320 mW laser allows for a strong, sub-fringe phase-shift signal without the need for closely matched probe and reference path lengths. Thus, only one reference path is required for all eight probe paths, and an individual probe chord can be altered without altering the reference or other probe path lengths. Fiber-optic decoupling of the probe chord optics on the vacuum chamber from the rest of the system allows the probe paths to be easily altered to focus on different spatial regions of the plasma. We demonstrate that sub-fringe resolution capability allows the interferometer to operate down to line-integrated densities of the order of 5 × 10(15) cm(-2).     

非激光在怀特池中的传播特性

为了探索怀特池在不同特性光源条件下的性能,在使用虚拟仪器技术对怀特池反射光程进行仿真的基础上,研究了提高反射次数的一般规律和方法,同时特别研究了具有一定发散角的光束在怀特池中反射的模型,提出了光束直径及发散角与反射次数之间的关系,该关系可用于指导非激光光源的怀特池应用。仿真结果证明,光束直径和发散角越小,可达到的最高反射次数越多,实验也证明了这一点。     

激光加工用半导体激光器的光束变换

考虑不同的激光加工方式对激光功率密度和激光光斑尺寸的要求不同,研究了如何通过调整光路设计实现各种尺寸的聚焦光斑输出,使半导体激光器满足不同激光加工方式的需求.利用ZEMAX光学设计软件模拟半导体激光光路,包括光束整形、准直、聚焦等光束变换方式,实现了多种尺寸的光斑输出.实验中采用16个bar叠加而成的980 nm半导体激光叠阵,阈值电流为6.4A,最大工作电流为84.8A,最大输出功率为1 280 W,总的电-光转换效率为58.9％.准直后快轴的发散角小于4 mrad,慢轴的发散角小于20 mrad.通过实验对该激光叠阵进行光束整形和扩束准直、聚焦,最终实现了功率为1 031 W的激光输出,聚焦镜焦距为300 mm时的聚焦光斑尺寸达1.2 mm×1.5 mm,功率密度达3.8×104 W/cm2,可以用于金属的表面重熔、合金化、熔覆和热导型焊接.     

Compact and accurate concept of laser wavemeters based on ellipsometry

Common laser wavemeters are based on a scanning Michelson interferometer. Displacements of the moving mirror as long as tens of centimeters are needed to reach a relative accuracy of 1 × 10(-6) (1σ) on the unknown laser wavelengths. Such a long displacement range makes the system very sensitive to mechanical vibrations and to misalignments of the laser beams. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate a new concept of laser wavemeter based on the measurements of the ellipsometric parameters ψ and Δ of the laser beams. Experimental results show that a 10(-6) (1σ) accuracy level could be reach with a displacement range of only 4 μm. Implementations of the device are described. Comparisons between our polarimetric wavemeter and a calibrated wavemeter are presented for two lasers, an extended cavity laser diode at 656 nm and a 532 nm green line Nd:YAG laser.     

Apparatus for laser-assisted electron scattering in femtosecond intense laser fields

An apparatus for observation of laser-assisted electron scattering (LAES) in femtosecond intense laser fields was developed. The unique apparatus has three essential components, i.e., a photocathode-type ultrashort pulsed-electron gun, a toroidal-type electron energy analyzer enabling simultaneous detection of energy and angular distributions of scattered electrons with high efficiency, and a high repetition-rate data acquisition system combined with a high power 5 kHz Ti:sapphire laser system. These advantages make extremely weak femtosecond-LAES signals distinguishable from the huge elastic scattering signals. A precise method for securing a spatial overlap between three beams, that is, an atomic beam, an electron beam, and a laser beam, and synchronization between the electron and laser pulses is described. As a demonstration of this apparatus, an electron energy spectrum of the LAES signals with 1.4 × 10(12) W/cm(2), 795 nm, 50 fs laser pulses was observed, and the detection limit and further improvements of the apparatus are examined.     

Two-color CO2/HeNe laser interferometer for C-2 experiment

A six-channel two-color interferometer has been developed for plasma electron density measurements in the C-2 field reversed configuration experiment. A CO(2) laser is utilized as the main probe beams, while copropagating visible HeNe laser beams are mainly sensitive to vibration. Density measurements in C-2 plasmas have shown that this is a reliable turn-key system. The maximum residual phase noise after vibration compensation is less than ±5°, corresponding to a line integral density of 3×10(18)?m(-2). The time resolution for routine operation is 2?μs.     

Invited article: Digital beam-forming imaging riometer systems

The design and operation of a new generation of digital imaging riometer systems developed by Lancaster University are presented. In the heart of the digital imaging riometer is a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), which is used for the digital signal processing and digital beam forming, completely replacing the analog Butler matrices which have been used in previous designs. The reconfigurable nature of the FPGA has been exploited to produce tools for remote system testing and diagnosis which have proven extremely useful for operation in remote locations such as the Arctic and Antarctic. Different FPGA programs enable different instrument configurations, including a 4 × 4 antenna filled array (producing 4 × 4 beams), an 8 × 8 antenna filled array (producing 7 × 7 beams), and a Mills cross system utilizing 63 antennas producing 556 usable beams. The concept of using a Mills cross antenna array for riometry has been successfully demonstrated for the first time. The digital beam forming has been validated by comparing the received signal power from cosmic radio sources with results predicted from the theoretical beam radiation pattern. The performances of four digital imaging riometer systems are compared against each other and a traditional imaging riometer utilizing analog Butler matrices. The comparison shows that digital imaging riometer systems, with independent receivers for each antenna, can obtain much better measurement precision for filled arrays or much higher spatial resolution for the Mills cross configuration when compared to existing imaging riometer systems.     

Design, construction, and performance of a real-time holographic refractometry prototype for liquid analysis

The development and the performance of a portable holographic refractometer prototype for liquid measurement employing multimode diode lasers with emission centered at 662 nm as light sources is reported. Due to the multiwavelength character of the holographic recording, a synthetic wavelength was generated, and the diffracted wave intensity was thus modulated as a function of the optical path difference between the reference and the object beams. The transparent test cell containing the liquid was placed at the reference-beam arm of the optical setup, while the contour interferogram generated on the holographic image of a flat object was used for fringe counting. A change ΔL on the liquid column length is proportional to the Δp running fringes on the object image, and from this relation the refractive index of the test liquid was obtained. The holograms were recorded on a photorefractive Bi(12)TiO(20) crystal whether using a single multimode diode laser or by combining two diode lasers. In the latter configuration the synthetic wavelength can be varied in order to enhance the measurement sensitivity and∕or to allow the analysis of turbid liquids. The size of the whole prototype is 54 × 22 × 14 cm(3). The refractive indexes of ethanol∕water mixtures with different concentrations were measured, as well as the NaCl concentrations in aqueous solutions were determined upon comparison with an empirical curve. In both cases the results were compared with the ones obtained through an Abbe refractometer.     

激光共焦扫描显微镜及其应用

介绍了共焦激光显微镜的基本光路、成像原理、关键技术及应用。     

基于相位计算全息的完美涡旋光产生和调控方法

空间光调制器模拟锥透镜法是目前最为广泛使用的产生完美涡旋光的方法,但是该方法无法调控光束环宽,为了解决这个问题,提出了使用傅里叶空间相位计算全息法产生、调控完美涡旋光。通过理论分析和实验测量证明,改变编码相位可以实时调控完美涡旋光的光环半径、环宽和拓扑荷数。该方法光路简单,产生的光束质量高,且光路只需进行一次调整,操作简便。另外,该方法还具有通用性强的优点,可用于产生各类变形完美涡旋光。实验产生了不同参数的椭圆形完美涡旋光,实验测量结果与理论结果吻合得很好。因此,傅里叶空间相位计算全息法是一种简便、通用、实用性更强的完美涡旋光产生、调控方法。     

Focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy in biology

Since the end of the last millennium, the focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB‐SEM) has progressively found use in biological research. This instrument is a scanning electron microscope (SEM) with an attached gallium ion column and the 2 beams, electrons and ions (FIB) are focused on one coincident point. The main application is the acquisition of three‐dimensional data, FIB‐SEM tomography. With the ion beam, some nanometres of the surface are removed and the remaining block‐face is imaged with the electron beam in a repetitive manner. The instrument can also be used to cut open biological structures to get access to internal structures or to prepare thin lamella for imaging by (cryo‐) transmission electron microscopy. Here, we will present an overview of the development of FIB‐SEM and discuss a few points about sample preparation and imaging.     

预应力混凝土旧吊车梁疲劳及承载性能评估

某机械制造厂有预应力混凝土旧吊车梁数十根.为检验这批旧吊车梁能否继续使用,对两根锈蚀程度较严重的吊车梁进行疲劳强度试验和静力荷载试验.试验结果表明:在2×106次疲劳荷载下,旧吊车梁仍处于弹性工作阶段;在静力荷载作用下,旧吊车梁承载力满足正常工作要求且具有良好的延性,达到破坏荷载时端部的预应力锚具状态完好.     

Optimal design and fabrication of three-dimensional calibration specimens for scanning probe microscopy

Micro-/nano-scale roughness specimens are highly demanded to synthetically calibrate the scanning probe microscopy (SPM) instrument. In this study, three-dimensional (3D) specimens with controllable main surface evaluation parameters were designed. In order to improve the design accuracy, the genetic algorithm was introduced into the conventional digital filter method. A primary 3D calibration specimen with the dimension of 10 μm × 10 μm was fabricated by electron beam lithography. Atomic force microscopy characterizations demonstrated that the statistical and spectral parameters of the fabricated specimen match well with the designed values. Such a kind of 3D specimens has the potential to calibrate the SPM for applications in quantitative surface evaluations.     

Thomson-scattering measurements in the collective and noncollective regimes in laser produced plasmas (invited)

We present simultaneous Thomson-scattering measurements of light scattered from ion-acoustic and electron-plasma fluctuations in a N(2) gas jet plasma. By varying the plasma density from 1.5×10(18) to 4.0×10(19)?cm(-3) and the temperature from 100 to 600 eV, we observe the transition from the collective regime to the noncollective regime in the high-frequency Thomson-scattering spectrum. These measurements allow an accurate local measurement of fundamental plasma parameters: electron temperature, density, and ion temperature. Furthermore, experiments performed in the high densities typically found in laser produced plasmas result in scattering from electrons moving near the phase velocity of the relativistic plasma waves. Therefore, it is shown that even at low temperatures relativistic corrections to the scattered power must be included.     

Shot-to-shot reproducibility in the emission of fast highly charged metal ions from a laser ion source

The generation of fast highly charged metal ions with the use of the sub-nanosecond Prague Asterix Laser System, operated at a fundamental wavelength of 1315 nm, is reported. Particular attention is paid to shot-to-shot reproducibility in the ion emission. Au and Pd targets were exposed to intensities up to 5 × 10(16) W∕cm(2). Above the laser intensity threshold of ～3 × 10(14) W∕cm(2) the plasma is generated in a form of irregular bursts. The maximum energy of protons constituting the leading edge of the fastest burst reaches a value up to 1 MeV. The fast ions in the following bursts have energy gradually decreasing with the increasing burst number, namely, from a value of about 0.5 MeV∕charge regardless of the atomic number and mass of the ionized species.     

Apparatus for vectorial Kerr confocal microscopy

We present a confocal microscopy setup that is able to record magneto-optical hysteresis cycles separating the in-plane and out-of-plane magnetization components. This apparatus is based on a modified commercial microscope, where the light beam has been deviated from the cylindrical symmetry axis of the objective lenses by inserting a translating plate in the optical path. The instrument allows for the magneto-optical imaging with a lateral resolution of 600 nm at λ = 635 nm light wavelength.     

基于荧光成像的准分子激光系统多路光束自动准直

研究了基于准直光束成像的准分子激光主振荡功率放大(MOPA)系统的多路光束自动准直,实现了激光在放大器中的多程放大及高的靶面指向精度。采用352nm He-Cd激光作为准直光源,提出了多光束感光屏同步接收与可见光CCD荧光成像相结合的复合图像采集技术,解决了自动准直系统多路激光的近场、远场图像获取问题。利用图像区域分割处理方法编制了准直信息处理软件,实现了对多光束的自动准直闭环反馈控制。最后,结合准分子激光MOPA系统中的预放大器光学设计进行了自动准直验证实验。结果表明:准直成像光强可调谐倍数为300,成像系统在放大器窗口处固有误差占放大器口径比例小于设计值1.08%,3路激光的自动准直时间为40s,完全满足放大器的几何填充和能量提取要求。     

双参考光两次曝光激光全息法测材料机械变形方向

本文利用2个平面反射镜将1束扩展激光束分成2束参考光和1束物光的光路设计，采取双参考光两次曝光的激光全息方法，记录材料在加载情况下机械变形的双参考光两次曝光全息干涉图；对全息干涉图所含有的材料机械变形的数值信息以及材料机械变形的方向信息，进行了理论分析和定量讨论；给出了一般情况下用本技术测量和计算材料机械变形方向的方法，列出了本技术测量的实验数据和结果。     

基于五束光的三维多普勒测振仪设计

为了实现物体的三维振动分析测量,设计了一种基于五束激光的多普勒振动测量系统.该系统将五束激光汇聚到一个焦点,并照射到被反射膜覆盖的被测物体表面,经过反射后,散射光被光电二极管接收,并进入高精度信号处理系统,分别得到五路振动信息,通过计算机处理后,可以分别解析得到包括频率和振幅的三维振动信息.实验结果表明,该系统有望被应用于高精度的无接触振动测量.