粮食中新兴真菌毒素的污染现状及毒理学研究进展

产毒真菌污染粮食等农产品产生有毒有害的次级代谢产物,称真菌毒素,严重威胁食用和饲用产品的质量安全。较为常见的真菌毒素包括黄曲霉毒素、镰刀菌毒素脱氧雪腐镰刀烯醇、玉米赤霉烯酮等,国内外针对这些主要污染毒素制定了相应的限量标准。近年来,随着真菌毒素研究的发展和检测技术的更新,一些新型真菌毒素不断被发现。将目前尚未被列入常规风险筛查和监管、也尚无相关限量标准的真菌毒素种类,称谓新兴毒素（Emerging toxins）。目前检出频次高、污染较为严重的新兴毒素主要由镰刀菌属（Fusarium spp.）和链格孢属（Alternaria spp.）等产毒真菌产生。这些新兴真菌毒素通常与主要毒素复合污染,本文将依据现有的风险调查报告与数据,综述粮食中常见新兴镰刀菌和链格孢毒素的污染现状和毒理学研究进展,为真菌毒素的全面风险评估和管控技术研发提供依据。     

大米中16种真菌毒素同时检测分析

目的建立大米中黄曲霉毒素、伏马毒素、雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇类毒素、玉米赤霉烯酮、赭曲霉毒素A、T-2毒素、HT-2毒素以及杂色曲霉毒素等16种真菌毒素便捷准确的液相色谱-串联质谱法。方法大米样品经粉碎均质后采用70%甲醇水溶液浸泡提取,通过PriboFastRM226多功能净化柱净化,利用液相色谱串联质谱的多反应监测模式进行测定分析,采用内标法定量。结果 16种真菌毒素均具有良好的线性关系(r0.99),3个加标水平回收率为85.2%～102.8%,相对标准偏差范围为2.05%～4.75%。在61件大米检测中,共有5件样品检出真菌毒素,检测到的真菌毒素有5种,其中雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、伏马毒素B_1、伏马毒素B_2、15-乙酰基脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇各有1件样品检出,黄曲霉毒素B_1有3件检出,检出率为8.33%,检出的5种真菌毒素含量在0.69～71.47μg/kg,均未超过国家食品安全标准规定的真菌毒素限量标准。结论大米中真菌毒素的检出率低,含量符合国家标准要求,该检测方法准确、可靠、便捷,可适用于大米中多种真菌毒素的检测。     

镰刀菌属真菌毒素的毒性研究进展

镰刀属真菌毒素是非常重要的一类真菌毒素,其种类繁多,污染率高,性质差异大,毒性也较强。本综述总结了较为常见的28种镰刀属真菌毒素(T-2毒素、HT-2毒素、蛇形毒素、新茄病镰刀菌烯醇、雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、镰刀菌烯酮、玉米赤霉烯酮、伏马毒素B_1、B_2、B_3、串珠镰刀菌素、白僵菌素以及恩镰孢菌素等)近40年来体内、体外毒性研究资料,主要涵盖急性毒性、慢性毒性的致癌性、生长生殖毒性、致突变和基因毒性、免疫毒性、神经毒性、细胞毒性及血液毒性。同时对伏马毒素B_1、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇及其他几种常见毒素间的协同毒性作用进行概述。体内毒性实验研究中主要采用口服和腹腔注射的给药方式;而最常用的实验动物为鸡、小鼠、大鼠和猪。体外毒性实验研究用细胞为:鼠伤寒沙门氏菌菌株、人类巨核红细胞祖细胞以及动物肾脏上皮细胞等。对此类真菌毒素毒性的总结,可进一步加深对毒素的认识,并为食品、饲料及中药安全性方面相关的法律法规制订提供重要依据。     

食品中主要真菌毒素检测方法研究进展

文章重点介绍了黄曲霉毒素、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、链格孢霉毒素等毒性较强的真菌毒素污染食品状况和毒性,并就当前国内外常用的真菌毒素检测方法进行了概述,分析了各方法的优缺点,最后对今后真菌毒素检测方法的发展方向进行了展望。     

分子印迹技术在真菌毒素检测中的应用

旨在综述分子印迹技术在真菌毒素检测中的应用,介绍分子印迹技术的原理、聚合物制备的过程以及评价聚合物性能的指标,并介绍粮食中常见真菌毒素：玉米赤霉烯酮、赭曲霉毒素A、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、黄曲霉毒素分子印迹聚合物的制备及其在固相萃取、生物传感器中检测真菌毒素的应用,分析分子印迹技术在真菌毒素检测领域的前景以及需要解决的问题。     

基于UPLC-MS-MS技术定量确证小麦中10种真菌毒素

建立了小麦中黄曲霉毒素B_1、黄曲霉毒素B_2、黄曲霉毒素G_1、黄曲霉毒素G_2、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、3-乙酰脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇-3-葡萄糖苷、15-乙酰脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇和玉米赤霉烯酮等10种真菌毒素的超高液相色谱-三重四级杆串联质谱法检测的方法。小麦样品经乙腈-水-乙酸溶液震荡超声提取后,采用多功能净化柱净化。待测物经Kinetex SB-C_(18)色谱柱分离,甲醇-0.1%甲酸为流动相,梯度洗脱,正负模式同时扫描,三重串联四级杆质谱多反应离子监测(MRM)方式检测,基质标准校正,外标法定量。结果表明,在一定的浓度范围内,10种真菌毒素线性关系良好,相关系数均大于0.999,方法的检出限为0.015~1μg/kg,空白样品中添加高中低不同浓度的真菌毒素的回收率为65.12%~89.16%,RSD%(n=6)在4.26%~9.46%之间。该方法分析速度快、重复性好、灵敏度高,适合小麦中多种真菌毒素的高灵敏度快速测定。     

玉米深加工中真菌毒素污染、检测及降解研究进展

概述了玉米深加工中真菌毒素——黄曲霉毒素B1、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇和玉米赤霉烯酮的污染情况、限量标准、检测方法,并深入探讨了毒素降解方法。以期为玉米深加工企业、饲料生产及养殖企业解决真菌毒素污染提供参考。     

2019年中国四省小麦中12种真菌毒素污染情况调查

目的 调查分析2019年中国4个小麦主产省生产的小麦中12种真菌毒素的污染情况。方法 从河南、河北、安徽和山东4省采集2019年产小麦样品289份,采用高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定8种镰刀菌毒素和4种黄曲霉毒素共计12种真菌毒素含量,并对其进行分析。结果 脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(DON)是小麦样品中污染的主要真菌毒素,其污染率与平均污染水平分别为95.5% (276/289)和135.9 μg/kg;DON 的乙酰化衍生物15-乙酰基-脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(15-Ac-DON)和3-乙酰基-脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(3-Ac-DON)的污染率和平均污染水平分别为37.4% (108/289)、4.4 μg/kg和36.7% (106/289)、5.2 μg/kg;4种黄曲霉毒素和其他5种镰刀菌毒素污染率和平均污染水平均较低。4省小麦中12种真菌毒素污染情况差异不显著。289份小麦样品中,59.9%(173/289)的样品被2种或2种以上真菌毒素协同污染,其中DON及其衍生物15-Ac-DON和/或3-Ac-DON为常见协同污染毒素组合。结论 DON是我国小麦中污染的主要真菌毒素,且存在与其衍生物3-Ac-DON 和/或15-Ac-DON的协同污染,黄曲霉毒素及其他镰刀菌毒素污染水平较低。建议对我国小麦中以DON及其衍生物为主的镰刀菌毒素污染水平进行持续监测。     

进口玉米酒糟粕中15种真菌毒素的检测和风险分析

建立了液相串联质谱检测玉米酒糟粕中15种真菌毒素的检测方法,并对结果分布进行了讨论。检测的真菌毒素包括黄曲霉毒素B1等15种真菌毒素。这些毒素采用溶剂提取,多功能净化柱净化,液相串联质谱检测。方法均经过优化和验证,满足进口玉米酒糟粕的检测要求。对67个进口玉米酒糟粕样品的检测结果表明,玉米赤霉烯酮、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、T-2毒素、HT-2毒素等真菌毒素均有检出。本试验对这些数据进行了统计分析,提出了对进口玉米酒糟粕的真菌毒素风险分析结果。     

超高压液相色谱-质谱同时测定酿酒、制曲原料中多种真菌毒素的方法研究

采用超高压液相色谱-质谱法同时检测酿酒、制曲原料中黄曲霉毒素B1、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、赭曲霉毒素A、玉米赤霉烯酮4种真菌毒素,同时采用梯度洗脱,在质谱正离子模式下监测并完成检测,检出限可满足国家标准《食品安全国家标准食品中真菌毒素限量》(GB 2761—2017)对粮食中4种真菌毒素的要求。该方法灵敏度高、准确性好,而且简单快速,可用于粮食中真菌毒素的检测及其风险评估。     

A behavioural reasoning perspective on the consumption of local food. A study on REKO,a social media-based local food distribution system

Consumption of local food is increasing due to its convenience and multiple perceived benefits. However, the factors shaping consumer attitude towards local food and brand love for local food have received limited academic attention. The study thus investigates the under-explored concept of self-identity, attitude towards local food, and brand love, along with contextual variables with respect to local food consumption. Behavioural Reasoning Theory (BRT) is adopted as the theoretical frame in which self-identity is utilised as value, supporting the environment and positive product perception about the food sold by REKO are the reasons for choosing local food, and negative product perception about the food sold by REKO and price are reasons against selecting local food from REKO. Data from 2045 Finnish consumers of local food were collected and analysed, with the findings indicating that self-identity is associated with attitude towards local food, and reasons for as well as against the consumption of local food distributed by REKO. Moreover, reasons for, as measured through supporting the environment and positive product perception, and reasons against, as measured by negative product perception, are associated with attitude towards local food. However, along with reasons for, only price, representing reasons against, is associated with brand love, which, in turn, is associated with attitude towards local food. Reasons and attitude towards local food also have a mediation effect on the hypothesised associations. The findings contribute to improved theoretical insights on BRT, brand love, and local food distribution systems and offer useful managerial recommendations to help promote local food consumption and their underlying distribution systems.     

中国传统饮食文化融入食育路径研究

为国民身体素质、探索具有中国特色的现代食育之路，必须深入分析与探索中国饮食文化中的食育理念。文章以传统饮食文化为出发点和落脚点，概括出医食同源、饮食有节、饮食有礼等先进的食育观点。分析传统饮食与现代食育的关系，认为食育是弘扬传统饮食文化的重要途径，传统饮食文化是发展现代食育的基础。但探索现代食育仍面临着西方快餐文化冲击和国民食育进程缓慢等困境，必须采取强化国民食育意识、加强食育法制建设、健全食育教育体系、推进食育试点工作等措施促进中国传统饮食文化融入食育体系建设，真正探索具有中国特色的食育之路。     

食品辐照对食品品质的影响及其安全性

简要综述食品辐照对食品营养品质的影响。低剂量辐照食品对食品糖粉、蛋白质、脂肪和维生素没有影响,适当的剂量辐照食品可以降解食品中农药残留,减轻食品过敏,杀死有害微生物,提高食品品质。因此辐照食品也是安全的。     

Food formulation and not processing level: Conceptual divergences between public health and food science and technology sectors

Observed changes in eating and drinking behaviors in economically developing countries are associated with increase of obesity and related chronic diseases. Researchers from field of public health (PH) have attributed this problem to food processing and have created new food classification systems to support their thesis. These classifications conceptually differ from processing level concepts in food science, and state to people that food processing is directly related to nutritional impact of food. Our work aims to compare the concept of food processing from the standpoint of food science and technology (FST) and public health and to discuss differences related to formulation or level of processing of products and their impact on nutritional quality. There is a misconception between food processing/unit operation/food technology and formulation or recipes. For the public health approach, classification is based on food products selection and the use of ingredients that results in higher consumption of sugar, sodium, fat, and additives, whereas in FST, processing level is based on the intensity and amount of unit operations to enhance shelf life, food safety, food quality, and availability of edible parts of raw materials. Nutritional quality of a product or preparation is associated with formulation/recipe and not with the level of processing, with few exceptions. The impact of these recommendations on the actual comprehension of food processing and quality must be considered by the population.     

Australia’s nutritional food balance: situation,outlook and policy implications

Australia is a food trading nation with a complex food system. Change can have important implications for rural communities, employment, trade, public health nutrition and food security. This study compares Australian food intake scenarios to 2050 with linear projections for Australian agricultural production. The study is distinguished by its nutritional perspective, characterising food balance in terms of basic foods rather than food energy or macronutrients, as well as its systems perspective, taking into account the transformations that occur in food processing and cooking, livestock feed requirements, as well as supply chain and kitchen losses. With Australia’s population projected to increase from around 23 million in 2015 to 37.5 million in 2050, substantial increases in domestic food supply will be required. Although the situation and outlook differ for each commodity, in most respects demand is projected to increase at a greater rate than local production. This suggests that the Australian food system is on a trajectory toward reduced net food exports and increased dependence on imports. This will have implications for Australia’s role in the global food system and presents a change in some of the determinants of national food security. The trajectory of the food system also appears to be at odds with the massive public health challenges associated with diet related disease. These and other implications of an enlarging and increasingly international food system are discussed.     

食物致敏原限量确定方法研究进展

食物中致敏原的管理是食品安全的重要内容之一,而食物致敏原限量对消费者、食品监管部门、企业都有着重要的实际意义,但食物致敏原限量却难以被严格、科学地确定。本文综述了欧盟、美国、澳大利亚以及日本等国家和组织食物致敏原限量的确定方法,并提出了我国食物致敏原限量确定的建议。     

Defining the public health threat of food fraud

Food fraud, including the more defined subcategory of economically motivated adulteration, is a food risk that is gaining recognition and concern. Regardless of the cause of the food risk, adulteration of food is both an industry and a government responsibility. Food safety, food fraud, and food defense incidents can create adulteration of food with public health threats. Food fraud is an intentional act for economic gain, whereas a food safety incident is an unintentional act with unintentional harm, and a food defense incident is an intentional act with intentional harm. Economically motivated adulteration may be just that-economically motivated-but the food-related public health risks are often more risky than traditional food safety threats because the contaminants are unconventional. Current intervention systems are not designed to look for a near infinite number of potential contaminants. The authors developed the core concepts reported here following comprehensive research of articles and reports, expert elicitation, and an extensive peer review. The intent of this research paper is to provide a base reference document for defining food fraud-it focuses specifically on the public health threat-and to facilitate a shift in focus from intervention to prevention. This will subsequently provide a framework for future quantitative or innovative research. The fraud opportunity is deconstructed using the criminology and behavioral science applications of the crime triangle and the chemistry of the crime. The research provides a food risk matrix and identifies food fraud incident types. This project provides a starting point for future food science, food safety, and food defense research. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Food fraud, including the more defined subcategory of economically motivated adulteration, is a food protection threat that has not been defined or holistically addressed. The terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, led to the development of food defense as an autonomous area of study and a new food protection discipline. As economically motivated adulteration grows in scope, scale, and awareness, it is conceivable that food fraud will achieve the same status as an autonomous concept, between food safety and food defense. This research establishes a starting point for defining food fraud and identifying the public health risks.     

食品异味问题现状及其研究进展

风味品质是食品质量的重要影响因素,然而,风味在生产加工等环节极易发生劣变,产生具有不愉快气味的挥发性物质,食品中普遍存在的异味问题严重制约了食品产业发展。本研究概述了食品异味现象的普遍性,介绍了食品异味鉴定技术方法,重点阐述了食品异味产生原因及控制措施,展望了今后食品异味问题的重点研究方向,旨在为研究者攻克食品异味难题,保障食品优质风味品质提供参考和指导。     

论中国食品安全法律体系的完善

我国目前食品安全形势严峻的主要表现是:产地环境污染较为严重;食品生产加工水平还处于较低阶段;食品安全标准与食品安全检测技术与国外发达国家存在较大差距;食品安全违法行为具有广泛性和普遍性,违法手段呈现恶意性、严重危害性和多变性;假冒伪劣食品严重侵害人民群众的身体健康,并导致消费者食品安全信心不足;食品出口受阻,严重影响经济的发展。食品安全形势严峻的主要原因是:现行食品安全法律体系的构建并不以食品安全为目的;现行食品安全法律体系强调以制裁为特征的“强法”,忽视以强调纲领、政策和原则为特征的“软法”;中央人民政府食品安全管理职能尚且没有法制化,食品安全公共管理部分职能缺失;食品安全监管职能横向与纵向的交叉和冲突严重;食品安全标准的含义以及强制性标准的法律性质和法律位阶的模糊不清。我国食品安全法律体系完善的构想:制定食品安全基本法;清理和完善现行食品安全监管法;建立食品安全监管部门之间、地方与中央之间及地方与地方之间的协调机制。     

2010年北京市食物中毒事故状况

摘要：目的 为掌握北京市发生食物中毒事故规律和流行特点,制定科学有效的预防措施,控制食物中毒事故的发生。方法 对2010年北京市卫生监督所接到的25起食物中毒事故进行整理分析。结果 全年共发生食物中毒事故25起,发病人数396人,与2009年同期相比,发生起数降低44.4%,发病人数减少30.5%。微生物及动植物是引起食物中毒的主要致病因素;集体食堂是发生食物中毒事故的主要责任单位,其次是饮食服务单位;第三季度是食物中毒的主要发病季节;植物类食品是引起食物中毒的主要食品; 加工不当是引起食物中毒的主要原因。结论　加强对重点单位集体食堂的监管和从业人员食品安全知识培训,建立和健全食物中毒事故预警机制,最大限度减少食物中毒事故的发生。