葡萄覆盖防寒越冬研究初报

葡萄覆盖防寒越冬研究初报曹锦贤，马全奎（新疆吐鲁番市红柳河园艺场，８３８００２）葡萄是吐鲁番地区主栽果树之一，在露地大面积种植需埋土防寒越冬，因这里的绝对低温值为－２９℃，远远低于埋土防寒临界值－１５℃，不埋土葡萄地上部被全部冻死，所以本地区均采用地...     

葡萄覆盖防寒和埋土防寒越冬比较试验

以无核白、新郁、紫霞、贝达等为试材,研究了天津产膨胶棉加双层塑料膜、乌鲁木齐棉被加塑料膜、双层无纺布加塑料膜、连木沁棉被覆盖及埋土防寒对葡萄越冬的影响。结果表明,采用棉被加塑料膜进行的葡萄覆盖防寒越冬在无核白和火焰无核两个品种上取得了良好的效果;而贝达采用几种覆盖物均可安全越冬。     

寒冷地区葡萄树体越冬防寒方法及生产成本分析

本文详细论述寒冷地区葡萄树体越冬防寒的几种方法,包括土壤防寒法、秸秆配合土壤防寒法、保温被覆盖防寒法,并分别对其优缺点及生产成本进行比较分析。对比认为,采用保温被覆盖葡萄树体的防寒方法具有劳动效率高、投入成本低的优点。虽然一次性生产投入较高,但分摊到每年的生产成本较低,仅为埋土防寒方法的三分之一左右,且防寒劳动效率可提高4.5倍,解除防寒劳动效率提高7倍,防寒时段延长20 d以上,劳动强度由重体力劳动转变为轻体力劳动,符合葡萄省力化生产方向,破解了寒冷地区葡萄规模化生产瓶颈问题,是一种比较优化的防寒方式,在北方有着广阔的发展空间。     

贺兰山东麓酿酒葡萄栽培主要自然灾害及规避措施

本文总结了贺兰山东麓酿酒葡萄栽培30年来发生的主要自然灾害;提出了采用抗寒嫁接苗、应用沟栽法、秋冬科学埋土、覆盖防寒越冬、灾后补救措施以及预防早、晚霜冻害的规避措施.     

介绍一个能在熊岳露地越冬的白葡萄新品系

葡萄是深受群众欢迎的果树树种之一。但在我国北方栽培葡萄每年均需进行程度不同的埋土防寒才能安全过冬,而如何能选育出不埋土防寒就能露地越冬的栽培葡萄,特别是适合酿酒用的白葡萄新品种,一直是葡萄育种工作者所想往的意愿。为此,我国不少葡萄育种工作者,     

冬季免埋防寒栽培措施对酿酒葡萄产量与品质的影响

我国90%酿酒葡萄栽培区域冬季需要埋土防寒,制约了葡萄与葡萄酒产业的发展,且不利于干旱半干旱地区的生态环境保护。本研究旨在比较不同越冬措施对葡萄品质的影响,为可代替越冬保护措施的研发提供参考。试验以"爬地龙"栽培模式的‘赤霞珠’葡萄为材料,进行了埋土防寒不挂枝和喷施可降解液态地膜加挂枝(免埋栽培措施)两种处理,分析不同越冬措施对越冬后葡萄产量与品质的影响。结果表明,免埋栽培措施延迟了葡萄的萌芽日期,对葡萄皮与籽中的各酚类物质含量均具有有利影响,提高了葡萄皮中总黄烷醇、总酚、总单宁及总花色苷的含量。并且免埋措施可降低越冬成本,提高葡萄产量,增加经济效益。     

简易覆盖对泰安地区酿酒葡萄园冬季土壤温湿度的影响

为了筛选适宜的简化防寒方法以替代树体下架埋土防寒,采用温湿度实时监控技术,检测了泰安地区最低气温情况,并对比研究了泰安地区冬季最冷时段葡萄园在简易覆盖和埋土防寒情况下土壤温度和湿度的变化特点。结果表明,1月所监测葡萄园冬季最低气温达到-15~-16℃;与埋土防寒相比,各种覆盖方式均能显著提高不同深度土层温度的最低值和平均值,保温效果依次是双毡+膜双毡=单毡埋土。其中,单层毡布覆盖操作简易,价格低廉,其地下5 cm、10 cm、20 cm及40 cm土层极低温度分别为0.91℃、1.28℃、1.69℃、2.80℃,均在0℃以上,明显优于埋土防寒的-2.95℃、-0.45℃、0.66℃、1.80℃;覆单毡后地下20cm土层的相对湿度为76.47%,较埋土防寒提高23.4%,利于葡萄度过干旱的冬季;覆单毡后赤霞珠的物候期比埋土防寒推迟7 d;但发芽率和坐果率没有显著差别。本研究表明,在冬季最低气温不低于-16℃的泰安或类似地区,采用覆毡的简易防寒方式有替代埋土防寒的可行性。     

NBG葡萄栽培法研究：南坡北墙沟栽葡萄塑膜覆盖安全越冬栽培法

我国黄河以北地区栽培葡萄,冬季实施埋土措施,才能安全越冬。埋土耗费大量人力、物力。采用“南坡北墙沟栽培葡萄 塑膜覆盖的方法”(NBG葡萄栽培法)葡萄植株不埋土,可安全越冬。即顺葡萄东西行向,北边砌矮墙(0.5～0.7 米高),葡萄定植在沟内,使根系向深土层发展;此法在越冬期间(131 天)提高地表积温322°C,提高土壤积温226°C,北墙又能阻挡和减弱西北风的侵袭,塑膜保湿、保温,改善葡萄植株的小环境条件,解决了葡萄不埋土可安全越冬的问题。建议此项技术在我国北方地区推广     

电导仪测定葡萄抗寒性的方法初探

埋土防寒和越冬冻害是北方葡萄栽培的重要问题。为加快抗寒育种进程及测定品种的抗寒性,采用电导法探讨品种的抗寒性及抗寒杂种实生苗露地越冬的生理指标,作为预测方法。为此,首先对用电导仪测定葡萄抗寒性的方法进行了初步探索,以便制定适宜的取样标准,采用较适合的处理方法和测定方法。     

一种适应我国埋土防寒区可持续葡萄栽培模式

可持续发展理念是我国的基本国策之一。我国90%以上的酿酒葡萄栽培区需要冬季埋土防寒,埋土时间最长可达半年。而传统的葡萄栽培模式,存在着在埋土防寒期间,地表裸露,极易引发土壤风蚀扬沙等问题。根据葡萄最小化修剪的库源关系调控理论,以及我国冬季埋土防寒区葡萄种植限制性因素等,设计了爬地龙葡萄栽培模式,并进行了持续20多年的研究推广,该模式能基本满足我国埋土防寒地区栽培葡萄所需的自然、生态和人文需求,达到葡萄可持续发展的要求。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the