贝类中诺如病毒的研究进展

从贝类中诺如病毒的污染现状、检测组织靶点、病毒浓缩方法及效率、检测方法有效性等多个方面评述贝类中诺如病毒的研究现状、进展、急需解决的问题和未来的发展方向,以期为制定诺如病毒检测技术标准及我国贝类进出口贸易提供参考。     

三种ELISA方法检测葡萄卷叶病毒(GLRaV)和扇叶病毒(GFLV)的比较

检测是认识一种病害最基本的前提，通过对三种ELISA检测GLRaV和GFLV的比较认为，双抗夹心－ELISA（DAS－ELISA）、间接－ELISA（PTA－ELISA）和A蛋白夹心－ELISA（PAS－ELISA）都能检测GLRaV和GFLV。DAS－ELISA能缩短检测的时间，然而这项技术具有较高的株系特异性，在检测中可能产生假阴性反应，因此，必要时可用PTA－ELISA和ELISA对一些关键样品进行复检。     

猪胃黏蛋白偶联磁珠和聚乙二醇富集检测青葱和葡萄中诺如病毒的比较研究

目的:以青葱与葡萄为材料,建立以猪胃黏蛋白偶联磁珠(PGM-MB)和聚乙二醇8000(PEG8000)富集检测水果、蔬菜中诺如病毒的方法。方法:确定病毒原液中的相对病毒量,梯度稀释病毒原液并进行实时荧光-聚合酶链式反应检测,以每个反应管内的荧光信号达到设定的域值时所经历的循环数值与病毒量(实时荧光-聚合酶链式反应单位数)的常用对数值绘制标准曲线和线性方程;人工接种诺如病毒于青葱与葡萄表面,洗脱后,分别用PEG8000和PGM-MB富集诺如病毒,实时荧光-聚合酶链式反应扩增,用标准曲线对回收的病毒进行相对定量。结果:基质为青葱时,高接种量条件下,两种富集方法的病毒回收效果相当,低接种量下,PGM-MB法的富集回收率高于PEG8000法,且PGM-MB的检测下限更低;基质为葡萄时,PGM-MB法的富集回收率均高于PEG8000法,且检测下限更低。结论:PGM-MB富集效果良好,快速方便,适合应用于水果和蔬菜中的诺如病毒的富集检测。     

四川部分葡萄品种资源感染病毒种类鉴定和健康状况评估

为了筛选和利用葡萄健康品种资源和材料,采用ELISA方法对收集和保存于四川省农业科学院园艺所葡萄资源圃内的46份葡萄品种材料进行了病毒种类鉴定和健康状况评估.结果表明,资源圃内41.3%的葡萄品种资源感染了所检病毒,其中GLRaV-3的感染率最高,为32.6%,其次为GVA和GLRaV-2,感染率分别为17.4%和10.9%,其中部分测试的葡萄品种资源被2～3种危险性病毒复合感染,利用价值很低,因此,建立国家级无病毒葡萄品种资源圃和采穗圃非常重要和必要.     

四川部分葡萄品种资源感染病毒种类鉴定和健康状况评估

为了筛选和利用葡萄健康品种资源和材料，采用ELISA方法对收集和保存于四川省农业科学院园艺所葡萄资源圃内的46份葡萄品种材料进行了病毒种类鉴定和健康状况评估。结果表明，资源圃内41.3％的葡萄品种资源感染了所检病毒，其中GLRaV-3的感染率最高，为32．6％，其次为GVA和GLRaV-2，感染率分别为17．4％和10．9％，其中部分测试的葡萄品种资源被2～3种危险性病毒复合感染，利用价值很低，因此，建立国家级无病毒葡萄品种资源圃和采穗圃非常重要和必要。     

Antioxidant and antimicrobial capacity of Chinese medicinal herb extracts in raw sheep meat

Antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of 10 Chinese medicinal herb extracts were evaluated by dipping raw sheep meat in extracts, packaging the samples in polyethylene, and refrigerating them at 4 degrees C. The optimum concentrations of Codonopsis pilosula, Platycodon grandiflorum, Artemisia capillaris, Cinnamomum cassia, Rheum palmatum, Ziziphus jujuba, Gardenia jasminoides, Santalum album, Angelica sinensis, and Bletilla striata were 0.10, 0.10, 0.25, 0.10, 0.25, 0.25, 0.25, 0.10, 0.25, and 0.25%, respectively. Analysis revealed that test ingredients were more effective in reducing lipid oxidation and microbial counts in raw sheep meat. Correlation analysis revealed a significant negative linear relationship between the inhibition of hydroxyl and lipid oxidation, and inhibition of hydroxyl was the main factor affecting lipid oxidation. A. capillaris (0.25%), C. pilosula (0.10%), and P. grandiflorum (0.10%) were identified as the most effective antioxidants. S. album (0.10%), A. capillaris (0.10%), and C. cassia (0.10%) were the most effective antimicrobials. A. capillaris (0.25%), C. pilosula (0.10%), and P. grandiflorum (0.10%) increased meat redness significantly (P < 0.05) when compared with the control samples on days 0, 3, 5, 7, 9, 10, and 11. The pH values of sheep meat treated with C. pilosula (0.10%) and A. capillaris (0.10%) were lower than those of meat treated with other extracts.     

6种药食两用中药材中多环芳烃污染水平及健康风险评估

目的 了解人参、甘草、地黄、杜仲、连翘、玫瑰花6种药食两用中药材中多环芳烃的污染水平及其对人群健康的影响。方法 查阅中药材中多环芳烃残留污染相关文献,搜集中药材受多环芳烃污染的数据,采用美国环保局(United States of America,Environmental Protection Agency USA EPA)推荐的终生致癌风险(Incremental lifetime cancer risk,ILCR)为度量指标,进行健康风险评价。结果 药食两用中药材中多环芳烃残留的总含量范围为nd~5400.99 μg/kg,均值为828.603μg/kg,中药材中多环芳烃浓度为：甘草＞杜仲＞玫瑰花＞地黄＞连翘＞人参。健康风险评价表明不同年龄组摄入人参、连翘的致癌风险可以忽略(ILCR小于10-6),摄入甘草、玫瑰花存在潜在的致癌风险(ILCR在10-6~10-4之间);不同人群的终生致癌风险顺序为：成年人＞儿童＞老年人＞青少年;6种中药材受多环芳烃污染的程度不同,所引起的致癌风险为：玫瑰花＞甘草＞地黄＞杜仲＞连翘 ＞人参。结论 6种药食两用中药材中普遍存在多环芳烃污染,对人群健康有一定的危害,本研究利用终生致癌风险评价模型对药食两用的中药材多环芳烃污染情况进行预警,有助于以中药材为原料的药食两用食品的开发研究,同时为制定中药材中多环芳烃污染控制标准提供参考依据。     

发展葡萄无毒化栽培控制病毒病危害

病毒病是影响葡萄生长发育、产量和品质的重要因素,栽培无病毒苗木是控制葡萄病毒病危害的根本措施。本文简要论述了世界葡萄病毒病研究与无毒化栽培概况、我国葡萄病毒病发生状况、葡萄病毒病的危害、无病毒苗木的优越性、我国发展葡萄无毒化栽培所具备的条件以及发展葡萄无毒化栽培存在的问题。     

中国5省市居民黄酒中氨基甲酸乙酯的风险评估

目的对中国东南地区5省市居民黄酒中氨基甲酸乙酯暴露的健康风险进行评估。方法利用2002年中国居民营养与健康状况调查5省市18岁及以上人群黄酒消费量数据,以及2010、2011年在5省市采集黄酒样品的检测结果,采用简单分布膳食暴露评估方法对人群经黄酒摄入氨基甲酸乙酯进行估计,并对造成的健康风险进行评估。结果 5省市黄酒中氨基甲酸乙酯的平均含量为0.103 mg/kg,最大值为0.498 mg/kg。18岁以上人群黄酒氨基甲酸乙酯平均暴露量为13.4 ng/kg BW,暴露限值为22 388。黄酒饮酒者氨基甲酸乙酯平均暴露量为427.8 ng/kg BW,暴露限值为701。结论 18岁及以上全部人群黄酒氨基甲酸乙酯暴露的健康风险较低,但在黄酒饮酒者中存在较高健康风险。     

Supercritical CO2 extraction of resveratrol and its glycoside piceid from Chinese traditional medicinal herb Polygonum cuspidatum

Resveratrol (3,5,4′‐trihydroxystilbene) and its glycoside piceid are phenolic compounds found to be beneficial to health. In this paper, resveratrol and piceid were successfully extracted from the Chinese traditional medicinal herb Polygonum cuspidatum (Hu Zhang in Chinese), with supercritical CO₂ plus ethanol modifier. The effects of ethanol content, pressure and temperature on the yields of resveratrol and piceid were investigated. Results showed that the extraction pressure was the main factor for the effective extraction of the two substances in the presence of ethanol modifier, especially for piceid. The optimal extraction condition was obtained: 30 MPa, 50 °C, (100 ml l^?1), ethanol and 20 kg h^?1 of CO₂, at which the yields of resveratrol and piceid were 7.1 g kg^?1 and 16.0 g kg^?1, respectively. The yields obtained by supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) was comparable with those obtained by traditional organic solvent methods, indicating that SFE is an alternative method for extraction of the two compounds. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

Improving the quality of Sichuan pickle by adding a traditional Chinese medicinal herb Lycium barbarum in its fermentation

Sichuan pickle is a traditional Chinese food fermented mainly by lactic acid bacteria (LAB). In this study, effect of adding Lycium barbarum on Sichuan pickle fermentation was investigated using kinetic modelling and correlation analysis. It was found that L. barbarum addition not only increased the amount of LAB, the total acid content and antioxidant capacity, but also improved the organoleptic quality and reduced nitrite content of the pickle considerably. Model‐based analyses revealed that L. barbarum addition increased the growth rate and decreased the death rate of LAB. The increase in antioxidant capacity of the pickle, especially the phenolics, can at least partly be attributed to its transferring from the L. barbarum. Correlation analysis results suggest that the nitrite reduction in pickle is closely related with pH value decrease and the increase in acids, and LAB, yeast and acids may all make contribution to the antioxidant capacity of the pickle.     

液相色谱-原子荧光光谱法测定8种中药材中砷和汞含量

目的 建立液相色谱-原子荧光光谱法(liquid chromatography-atomic fluorescence spectrometry,LC-AFS)检测山楂、甘草、白芍、西洋参、阿胶、金银花、枸杞子、黄芪8种药食同源中药材中砷和汞含量的方法.方法 采用电热板消解、微波消解法、凯式消解和水浴消解4种不同前处理...     

中国居民成人饮酒者DEHP的风险评估

评估中国居民成人饮白酒者(以下简称饮酒者)DEHP膳食摄入水平及其健康风险。方法 利用2011—2013年间收集的24类食品中DEHP含量数据(9 284条),结合2002年中国居民营养与健康状况调查数据,采用简单分布评估的方法,对我国居民成人饮酒者全人群以及18～59岁(男、女)、60岁以上(男、女)4个不同年龄组人群DEHP膳食摄入水平及其健康风险进行评估。结果 各类食品DEHP平均含量为0.12 mg/kg。成人饮酒者全人群DEHP膳食平均摄入量为2.23 μg/kg BW,占TDI(50 μg/kg BW)的4.45%,最高摄入量为10.04 μg/kg BW。其中18～59岁的男性饮酒者的DEHP平均摄入量和最高摄入量均高于其他性别年龄组。对成人饮酒者全人群而言,大米是成人饮酒者贡献率最高的食品,达26.97%,远高于其他类别食品。其次是白酒,为15.89%。结论 中国居民成人饮酒者DEHP膳食摄入水平低于健康指导值,健康风险较低。     

黔东南州禽蛋中24种兽药残留的风险评估

目的 对黔东南州禽蛋中兽药残留水平进行测定和风险分析.方法 随机采集黔东南州16个市县养殖大户、家庭农场、专业合作社、企业禽蛋共100批次,通过超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法检测禽蛋中7类共24种兽药的残留水平,并采用食品安全指数(international food safety indexes,IFS)对兽药残留进行风...