免疫初乳对正常小鼠及四氧嘧啶致糖尿病小鼠血糖血脂的调节作用研究

目的:研究免疫初乳对正常小鼠和四氧嘧啶致糖尿病小鼠的血糖、血脂的影响。方法:用正常小鼠和糖尿病模型小鼠研究免疫初乳调节血糖、血脂的作用。连续30d给予正常小鼠和四氧嘧啶糖尿病模型小鼠免疫初乳,30d后眼眶取血,取其血清测定小鼠空腹血清血糖、血清总胆固醇(TC)、血清甘油三脂(TG)及血清高密度脂蛋白(HDLC)等生化指标。结果:免疫初乳能显著降低四氧嘧啶致高血糖小鼠的血糖水平。在降血糖的同时,能够显著降低糖尿病小鼠的血清甘油三酯、血清胆固醇及血清高密度脂蛋白水平,且高剂量免疫初乳组的效果好于低剂量组的效果。但免疫初乳对正常小鼠的血清血糖、血脂没有影响。     

免疫初乳中IgG的分离与纯化

本实验采用硫酸铵一次性盐析、DEAE—Sepharose FF离子交换层析和Sephacryl S-200凝胶过滤层析法，分离纯化免疫初乳中的IgG，并采用SDS—PAGE电泳、单向火箭免疫电泳及试管凝集法对IgG分离物进行了定性定量检测，结果表明所得IgG纯度高，活性大。     

初乳和免疫乳的功能成分

综述了初乳与免疫乳中功能成分的结构特性、加工特性、生物学功能以及在食品领域中的应用,并提出了开发牛乳中功能成分的方向。      

关于免疫乳与初乳

本文综述了免疫乳和初乳的发展、制备和作用,分析了免疫乳和初乳存在的问题,提出免疫乳与牛初乳只能作为增强肠道局部免疫的保健食品,但对预防肠道传染病的时效性提出质疑,并指出长期服用可能会产生抗抗体的论点。     

免疫初乳中乳抗体对大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌所致小鼠腹泻的被动免疫保护

以24株人肠道病原菌(包括病原性大肠杆菌12株、沙门氏菌8株、志贺氏菌3株、小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌1株)作为抗原，对乳牛进行系统免疫，免疫乳与非免疫乳乳中IgG含量无显著差异。系统免疫并不增加乳中IgG的含量，但IgG的抗体特异性大大增强，所得的免疫初乳中乳抗体对24种不同病原菌的凝集价为2^8-2^12，为普通初乳中乳抗体凝集价的32—256倍。采用硫酸胺盐析从免疫初乳中分离乳抗体，免疫初乳中的特异性IgG乳抗体较普通初乳中的IgG可显著抑制大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌的生长。动物试验表明，免疫乳中特异性的IgG对大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌所致小鼠腹泻具有很好的保护作用，而普通乳中非特异性的IgG则无此作用，这是由于IgG的特异性所决定。     

初乳和免疫乳的功能成分

综述了初乳与免疫乳中功能成分的结构特性、加工特性、生物学功能以及在食品领域中的应用,并提出了开发牛乳中功能成分的方向。     

免疫初乳对腹泻大鼠血液免疫细胞活性和免疫介质调节作用研究

目的：探讨免疫初乳在干预急性感染性腹泻病中的保护效应及其机制。方法：选用32只健康成年SD大鼠,随机分成对照组(C组)、模型组(M组)、普通初乳保护组(NC组)、免疫初乳保护组(IC组)。NC和IC组每天分别灌服普通初乳和免疫初乳(1ml/100g bw),C和M组灌服生理盐水,连续12d。在灌服实验后的第5、10d,M、NC和IC组大鼠(1ml/100g)感染混合的肠侵染性大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌菌液(108/ml)。结果：M和NC组大鼠血液红细胞CR1(RBC-CR1)花环率和红细胞免疫复合物(RBC-IC)花环率分别显著低于和高于C组,而IC组和C组无显著差异;M和NC组T淋巴细胞比例显著下降,但IC组与C组无明显差异;感染腹泻病原菌导致血浆IL-2水平下降,TNF-α水平升高,但IC组和C组相近。结论：免疫初乳可以通过改善和提高血液免疫细胞功能活动,介导免疫介质的调整作用发挥抗大鼠感染性腹泻的保护效应。     

益生乳杆菌对产后母猪初乳品质及免疫水平的影响

试验研究旨在探索益生乳杆菌改善母猪初乳品质及产后免疫水平的效果。将相同胎次的60头母猪随机分成3组,每组20头。分别为对照组、益生罗伊氏乳杆菌组、益生唾液乳杆菌组。试验周期为84d,配种后30d至分娩。结果表明:罗伊氏乳杆菌组母猪初乳蛋白质含量显著高于对照组和唾液乳杆菌组(P0.05),乳糖、脂肪和非脂固形物含量三个组无显著差异(P0.05);罗伊氏乳杆菌组母猪血清白介素2,α、β-干扰素显著高于对照组(P0.05)。因此,母猪日粮中添加一定剂量的益生罗伊氏乳杆菌可提高产后母猪初乳品质及免疫水平。     

骆驼初乳对环磷酰胺诱导小鼠免疫功能低下的调节作用

本文研究骆驼初乳对免疫低下小鼠免疫功能的影响。采用环磷酰胺腹腔注射法建立免疫低下小鼠模型,用不同剂量的骆驼初乳灌胃,30 d后检测免疫学指标,观察骆驼初乳免疫调节功能。用骆驼初乳和酪蛋白饲养小鼠,计算骆驼初乳食物转化率及蛋白质功效比值。骆驼初乳高剂量组T淋巴细胞阳性率和白细胞数分别是免疫低下组的2.2倍和1.4倍(p0.05);中剂量和高剂量骆驼初乳能够显著提高免疫低下小鼠CD4+/CD8+比值和Ig G水平(p0.05)以及巨噬细胞的吞噬能力和免疫器官指数,同时能有效修复脾脏组织病理损伤;骆驼初乳的蛋白质利用率为85.05%,矫正蛋白质功效比值为3.17;本研究表明骆驼初乳可以增强免疫低下小鼠的免疫功能,对环磷酰胺诱导的免疫器官损伤有明显修复作用,骆驼初乳蛋白质为优质蛋白,更容易被吸收,更有助于免疫活性蛋白发挥免疫调节功能。     

初乳的免疫作用及免疫牛初乳的开发研究进展

本文论述初乳对幼畜的被动免疫作用及影响这一作用的因素，最后对免疫牛初乳进行了简单介绍。     

新型降糖奶粉的研制

依据糖尿病人的生理特点和营养需求，对糖尿病人所需碳水化合物、蛋白质、脂肪及维生素和微量元素5大营养素进行科学配比，并在此基础上加入可以起到辅助降低人高血糖的中草药提取物——粗多糖，使该产品在营养、功能及口感上实现最优化．最大可能满足糖尿病人所需。     

Proteinases in normal bovine milk and their action on caseins

Native proteolytic enzymes in good quality normal bovine milk readily hydrolysed the caseins during incubation or storage, producing the gamma-caseins, proteose-peptone components 5 (PP5) and 8-fast (PP8F) and a considerable number of other unidentified fragments, many of which were also subsequently found in the proteose-peptone fraction. The rate of casein hydrolysis was greater in pasteurized than in raw milk, with beta-casein being slightly more susceptible to attack than alpha S1-casein. Measurements of gamma-casein and proteose-peptone formation have been made and it was found that PP5 was an intermediate product that was subject to further proteolysis while PP8F was a stable end-product. With the exception of component 3 (PP3), virtually all constituents of the proteose-peptone fraction increased during storage and appeared to be products of the action of proteolytic enzymes. Further evidence was obtained from the effects of various inhibitors that the principal proteinase of normal milk is plasmin, but slight differences were apparent between the protein breakdown patterns induced by storage and by added plasmin, which was consistent with the presence of more than one proteinase. Incubations in the presence of soya bean trypsin inhibitor to prevent plasmin action clearly revealed that another enzyme(s) was also involved.     

免疫乳对肠道菌群的调节作用

以24种人肠道病原茵作为抗原对乳牛进行免疫，制得的免疫乳中乳抗体的凝集价为非免疫乳的64倍。以免疫乳作为原料制备的免疫乳粉具有调节肠道茵群的作用。结果表明免疫乳粉较普通乳粉可显著增加小鼠肠道中双歧杆茵和乳杆茵的数量以及肠道中乳酸和已酸的含量，同时可显著降低小鼠肠道中肠球茵、大肠杆茵及产气荚膜梭茵的数量。     

免疫初乳及过渡乳中类胰岛素生长因子-Ⅰ含量测定及其变化

研究了免疫初乳及过渡乳中类胰岛素生长因子-Ⅰ(IGF-Ⅰ)含量的变化.在制备并收集免疫乳后,用放射免疫法对不同时期收集的免疫乳中IGF-Ⅰ的含量进行测定.结果表明:免疫牛初乳及过渡乳中IGF-Ⅰ含量随产后泌乳的进行急剧下降.泌乳前5d,免疫初乳中的IGF-Ⅰ以游离形态为主,游离IGF-Ⅰ比例由第1d的71.28%下降到第14d的41.44%;5d之后,过渡乳中的IGF-Ⅰ以结合形态为主,结合IGF-Ⅰ比例由第1d的28.72%上升到58.56%,达到常乳水平.     

Effect of mastitis on proteolytic activity in bovine milk

Proteolytic activity of milk was studied before, during, and after experimental-induced mastitis. An inoculum of Streptococcus agalactiae was infused into one quarter of each udder of six cows to elicit an infection. Bacteriological cultures and SCC of milk were used to monitor infection status. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-PAGE was used to measure proteolytic activity of milk. Inhibitor 6-amino-n-hexanoic acid was used to determine the relative proportion of plasmin and nonplasmin proteolytic activity of milk. Somatic cell count, total milk proteolytic activity, and nonplasmin proteolytic activity were higher in infected quarters than in quarters preinfection. After elimination of infections, SCC and nonplasmin proteolytic activity decreased to preinfection amounts. Total proteolytic activity of milk decreased after infections were cured but remained significantly higher than preinfection activity. This postinfection proteolytic activity in milk may be due to an increase in milk plasmin activity. Our data suggest that detrimental effects of mastitis on milk quality can continue after infection has been eliminated and milk SCC have returned to low values.     

降糖奶粉生产中功效原料筛选的研究

通过对比知母、枸杞、黄芪、山药4种中药降低四氧嘧啶致高血糖大鼠空腹血糖的效果和中药提取物——粗多糖的口感，优选性能较好的3种中草药。即黄芪、知母、枸杞，最后采用正交实验，对3种中草药进行复配。确定生产中的最佳添加量为100g奶粉中同时加入黄芪36g，知母18g，枸杞9g可取得较好效果。     

Effect of bovine skim milk and whey on monocyte function

Previous studies have documented the ability of bovine milk to inhibit lymphocyte proliferation in response to mitogens. It is not known whether inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation is mediated through the action of monocytes. To address this question, we examined the ability of bovine skim milk and whey to affect monocyte function with emphasis on expression of major histocompatibility class II antigens and production of interleukin-1 by monocytes. Data showed that expression of major histocompatibility complex class II molecules and production of interleukin-1 by monocytes were not altered when monocytes were cultured in the presence of bovine skim milk or whey. Thus, it is unlikely that the suppressive effect of milk on lymphocyte proliferation could be mediated through alterations in the expression of major histocompatibility class II molecules or in production of interleukin-1 by monocytes. The role of other monocyte antigens or secretory products, however, should also be evaluated.