牛粪、鸡粪发醇产氢潜力的研究

采用恒温厌氧发酵工艺，用乳酸调控发酵pH值，进行了牛粪和鸡粪发酵产氢的实验研究。实验结果表明，pH为4．7～5．5时，牛粪的产氢潜力为32.33ml／g(TS)和41.39ml／g(VS)；鸡粪的产氢潜力为33．58ml／g(TS)和50．88ml／g(VS)。     

发酵条件对发酵产氢细菌B49产氢的影响

采用间歇发酵实验，研究了葡萄糖浓度、接种量、温度、氮源、不同有机底物对发酵产氢产酸细菌新菌种IM9(AF481148 in EMBL)生物产氢的影响。结果表明，接种量影响IM9的产氢；IM9生长和产氢适宜温度均为35℃；IM9不能利用无机氮源，而有机氮是IM9生长、产氢的适宜氮源；葡萄糖是IM9发酵产氢的最适宜底物，当浓度为10g／L时，IM9的葡萄糖利用率为100％，氢气得率为1．69molH2／mol glucose；此外，IM9可利用小麦、大豆、玉米、土豆及糖蜜废水和啤酒废水产氢，其中利用糖蜜废水、啤酒废水产氢分别为137．9ml H2／g COD和49．9ml H2／g COD。     

稻草发酵产氢潜力的研究

以稻草为发酵原料 ,控制发酵料液pH值在 5 0左右 ,采用批量发酵工艺 ,进行了厌氧发酵产氢的研究。实验结果表明 ,稻草的产氢潜力为 5 3.5mL/g·TS和 6 3.6 5mL/g·VS。     

Fe对产氢发酵细菌发酵途径及产氢能力影响

经过对20株产氢发酵细菌的静态发酵试验，结果发现加入Fe的培养液中细菌发酵由原来的丁酸型发酵过程向乙醇型发酵过程转化；在有机物发酵产氢的两个主要途径中，Fe为必要成分之一，其参与促进酶促反应的进行。在相似培养条件下，单质Fe与Fe^2 均可诱导细菌代谢向乙醇型发酵转化，其中单质Fe的作用能力优于Fe^2 ；在细菌代谢过程中，单质Fe具有提高细菌发酵产氢能力的作用。     

牛粪和餐厨垃圾混合两相发酵产氢产甲烷的协同作用研究

通过两相厌氧发酵批式实验,研究牛粪和餐厨垃圾在不同混合比例下（4∶0,3∶1,2∶2,1∶3和0∶4）的产氢、产甲烷和产能特性,探究混合基质发酵在两相厌氧发酵产能过程中的协同作用。研究结果表明：氢气产率、甲烷产率和能量产率均随着餐厨垃圾占比的提高而增大,混合发酵在缩短产气延迟时间和提高最大产氢产甲烷速率方面具有积极作用;氢气产率和丁酸产量呈显著正相关关系,说明混合发酵和餐厨垃圾产氢均遵循丁酸型代谢途径;牛粪单独发酵时的主要挥发性脂肪酸产物为乙酸,氢气产率很低;混合发酵产氢在牛粪和餐厨垃圾之比为1∶3时表现出协同作用,而在牛粪和餐厨垃圾之比为3∶1和2∶2时表现出拮抗作用;在产甲烷和产能方面混合发酵呈现协同作用,且协同率随牛粪占比的增加而提高;当牛粪和餐厨垃圾之比为3∶1时,产甲烷协同率和产能协同率分别为23.6%和20.4%,协同效果最显著。     

生物质产氢的研究现状与发展

综述了生物质光合产氢和发酵产氢的研究现状,分析了利用生物质产氢技术目前所面临的问题;评述了把生物质产氢与新能源开发,环境保护相结合的应用可能性和前景展望。     

发酵产氢面临的问题及对策

氢是一种高效、清洁、可再生的燃料，通过发酵的方式产生氢气，已经成为国内外研究的热点。目前，这一新兴技术的研究取得了可喜的成果。文章在综合国内外发酵产氢技术的基础上，通过比较沼气发酵和产氢发酵的技术成果，揭示了挥发性有机酸反馈抑制是制约生物法发酵产氢的关键因素，提出了如何提高氢的转化率和发酵稳定性的措施和对策。     

乙酸对发酵产氢过程的抑制影响

以甲酸为发酵原料进行试验,控制发酵料液的pH在4.8左右,试验共分为10组,每组中分别含有不同浓度的乙酸作为抑制剂。采用批量发酵工艺,进行厌氧发酵产氢,研究乙酸在产氢过程中的抑制作用。由试验可知,当乙酸浓度≥7000mg/l时,抑制作用显著,使产气停止。     

不同浓度NaOH对牛粪发酵的影响试验

采用单相厌氧消化系统对用不同浓度NaOH溶液预处理的牛粪进行消化试验，结果表明，当TS=35．5％时，水处理组酸期较短，5％NaOH组有轻微的酸积累，2．5％NaOH组反应正常。与水处理组相比较。2．5％NaOH组产气量增加34％。因此，用2．5％NaOH溶液处理牛粪反应效果相对较好。     

聚球藻自相发酵产氢研究

研究了培养基的pH值、盐度和氮源等对聚球藻生长及自相发酵产氢的影响。发现聚球藻在弱碱性时(pH=7.5~8)不能正常生长,当pH值高于8.5时藻才能实现富集,当碱性进一步增强到pH值9.5时藻生长状态最佳。收获藻液置于黑暗厌氧条件下利用自身氢酶进行自相发酵产氢,单位干重的产氢量达到22.25mL/g。聚球藻无法适应高盐度环境,在盐度较低情况下(0.154 mmol/L)才能迅速生长,得到自发酵产氢最大值为25.68 mL/g。加入无机氮源能明显提高聚球藻的生长速率及生物质产量,但对随后产氢效果有抑制作用。     

猪粪发酵产氢潜力的研究

采用批量发酵工艺，以解猪粪为原料，进行了厌氧发酵产氢的研究，发酵料液pH值控制在5．0左右，实验结果表明，鲜猪粪的产氢潜力为127ml/g(TS)和158ml/g(VS).     

Fermentative bio-hydrogen production from cellulose by cow dung compost enriched cultures

The performance of hydrogen production from cellulose by the cow dung compost enriched continuously in defined medium containing cellulose was investigated. In the initial experiments, batch-fermentation was carried out to observe the effects of different substrate concentration conditions on the rate of cellulose-degrading, growth of bacteria and the capability of hydrogen-producing from cellulose. The result showed that the cellulose degradation decreased from 55% at 5 g/l to 22% at 30 g/l. The maximum cumulative hydrogen production and the rate of hydrogen production first increased from 828 ml/l at 5 g/l to 1251 ml/l at 10 g/l then remained constant beyond 10 g/l. The maximum hydrogen production potential, the rate of hydrogen production and the yield of hydrogen was 1525 ml/l, 33 ml/l.h, and 272 ml/g-cellulose (2.09 mol/mol-hexose) was obtained at substrate concentration 10 g/l, the hydrogen concentration in biogas was 47–50%(v/v) and there was no methane observed. During the conversion of cellulose into hydrogen, acetate and butyrate were main liquid end-products in the metabolism of hydrogen fermentation. These results proposed that cow dung compost enriched cultures were ideal microflora for hydrogen production from cellulose.     

Isolation and evaluation of a high H2-producing lab isolate from cow dung

Hydrogen producing bacterial strain was isolated from Indian cow dung and identified of the bacterial family Enterobacteriaceae. This lab isolate was differentiated from Citrobacter Y-19 at molecular level by using RAPD, PCR based technique, and OPO-03₄₆₀ and OPO-17₈₀₀ RAPD marker for this specific strain (lab isolate) was identified. Fermentative studies were investigated for important parameters, starting with pH of the culture, temperature, inoculum age and inoculum volume, initial substrate concentration and different substrates. Among different substrates, dextrose and sucrose were the preferred substrates for hydrogen production. The optimal starting pH of the culture was found to be 5.0. The H₂ production increased with increase in temperature up to 30 °C. The maximum value of H₂ production was recorded when inoculum volume was 12.5% of the culture broth and inoculum age was 14 h. Under batch fermentation conditions, the maximum hydrogen production rate and yield were 355.2 ml l⁻¹ h⁻¹ and 2.1 mol/mol glucose (conversion 35%), respectively. These results indicate that this lab isolate is an ideal hydrogen producer.     

Isolation of hydrogen generating microflora from cow dung for seeding anaerobic digester

The effectiveness of using cow dung as a source for isolating hydrogen generating microflora was investigated under varying isolating conditions based on viz.: pH adjustment and pH adjustment coupled with heat treatment. The viability of the isolated microflora was tested in an anaerobic jar with respect to biogas generation, hydrogen content and pH. The results showed that for pH adjusted microflora isolated from cow dung with solids content at 10% resulted in a cumulative biogas generation of 1494, 2404 and 3327 ml, whereas the corresponding cumulative hydrogen generation was found to be 424, 701 and 47 ml during the anaerobic fermentation for 120 h at a pH of 4, 5 and 6, respectively. The biogas was free from methane when operated at pH 4 and 5, whereas at pH 6 methane generation was observed. In the case of microflora isolated from cow dung with 10% solids, by subjecting to pH adjustment coupled with heat treatment resulted in biogas free from methane content during the fermentation at pH 4, 5 and 6, respectively. At the end of 120 h of fermentation for a reactor pH at 4, 5 and 6 the cumulative biogas generation was 1685, 2610 and 2353 ml, whereas the cumulative hydrogen generation was 509, 1198 and 1165 ml, respectively. A maximum of 41% and 62% hydrogen was obtained at pH 5 for microflora isolated based on pH adjustment and pH adjustment coupled with heat treatment. The effect of initial solids content of the cow dung on the isolating efficiency of hydrogen generating microflora was also investigated at pH 5 and 6 coupled with heat treatment. The results revealed that with the increase in initial solids content of the cow dung the optimum heat treatment period also increased as the pH increased from 5 to 6.     

Performance analysis of solar still with cow dung cakes and blue metal stones

The aims of this paper is to investigate the effects of various materials inside the solar still on the increase of the productivity of potable water. Here, blue metal stones and cow dung cakes were used as materials. To investigate their effect, three identical solar stills with an effective area of 1 m square made from locally available materials were tested in climate conditions of Mehsana (23°50′ N 72° 23′). The first and second solar stills were filled with blue metal, stones and cow dung cakes, while the third one was taken as a reference which consisted of only blue paint at the basin. The experiments show that blue metal stones have the highest distillate output at daytime, followed by cow dung cakes solar still and reference solar still. On the other hand, the overall distillate output of blue metal stones and cow dung cakes at daytime as well as at night were 35% and 20% compared with that of reference solar still.     

温度和pH值对餐厨垃圾和牛粪混合厌氧发酵的影响

通过序批式厌氧发酵,以产气量、产甲烷量、厌氧发酵过程中pH值以及有机物降解程度为指标,研究了不同温度、不同初始pH值对餐厨垃圾和牛粪混合厌氧发酵的影响。试验结果表明,温度为50℃时,厌氧发酵效果最佳,其单位产气量(以VS计)为722.98 mL/g,甲烷体积分数最高达62.73%.,有机物去除率为67.5%;初始pH值为7时,厌氧发酵效果最佳,其单位产气量(以VS计)为618.23 mL/g,甲烷体积分数最高达62.4%,有机物去除率为66%。     

Effect of microwave irradiation pretreatment of cow dung compost on bio-hydrogen process from corn stalk by dark fermentation

The bio-hydrogen production potential from corn stalk was significantly affected by microwave irradiation pretreatment of cow dung compost in batch tests. The maximum hydrogen yield of 144.3 ml/g-corn stalk and hydrogen production rate of 3.6 ml/g-corn stalk h⁻¹ were observed using the pretreated compost by microwave radiation of 1.5 min at fixed Na₂CO₃ dosage of 800 mg/l, Fe dosage of 400 mg/l, substrate concentration of 20 g/l, which increased about 99.6% and 85.2% compared with that of the control. The effects of microwave irradiation on microbial characteristics were further discussed by Atomic Force Microscope (AFM), determination of protein content and PCR-DGGE. The four dominant hydrogen-producing strains had been isolated and confirmed to be Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus subtilis and Enterococcus faecium, respectively. The diversity and symbiosis relations of the mixed bacteria were also observed in fermentation hydrogen production process.     

Potential of renewable hydrogen production for energy supply in Hong Kong

Hong Kong is highly vulnerable to energy and economic security due to the heavy dependence on imported fossil fuels. The combustion of fossil fuels also causes serious environmental pollution. Therefore, it is important to explore the opportunities for clean renewable energy for long-term energy supply. Hong Kong has the potential to develop clean renewable hydrogen energy to improve the environmental performance. This paper reviews the recent development of hydrogen production technologies, followed by an overview of the renewable energy sources and a discussion about potential applications for renewable hydrogen production in Hong Kong. The results show that although renewable energy resources cannot entirely satisfy the energy demand in Hong Kong, solar energy, wind power, and biomass are available renewable sources for significant hydrogen production. A system consisting of wind turbines and photovoltaic (PV) panels coupled with electrolyzers is a promising design to produce hydrogen. Biomass, especially organic waste, offers an economical, environmental-friendly way for renewable hydrogen production. The achievable hydrogen energy output would be as much as 40% of the total energy consumption in transportation.