Time-Intensity Sensory Characteristics of Saccharin, Xylitol and Galactose and Their Effect on the Sweetness of Lactose

Time intensity measurement reveals a more comprehensive picture of the sweetness characteristics of various additives in combination with lactose than other sensory measurements. Sweetness additivity effects were found in the case of lactose-saccharin mixtures, synergistic sweetness effects were found in the case of lactose-xylitol mixtures and suppression of sweetness effects were found in lactosegalactose mixtures. These varied effects were only seen in the area under the time-intensity curve measurements. Sweetness suppression was found in all three mixtures when only the initial sweetness intensity and duration of sweetness measurements were interpreted.     

食用甜味剂的评价方法

本文对甜味剂评价过程中的评定人员．评价方法，以及对复合甜味剂的评价方法作了介绍，并介绍了利用电享舌和电子鼻评价、舌甘味剂的方法。     

Evaluation of Time-Intensity Sensory Responses using a Personal Computer

A method is presented which utilizes a personal computer to measure time-intensity (T-I) sensory responses. The judge uses a game paddle which moves an “X” along a fixed scale appearing on the monitor screen to indicate the attribute intensity at each instant in time. A clicker device on the game paddle can be used to record the occurrence of events such as initial mouth entry and time of swallowing. Data acquisition is continuous with the data stored on discs. This technique has advantages over strip chart recorder methods. Disc storage allows rapid and efficient data analysis. Judges can perform the evaluations virtually unsupervised with only minimal training.     

Formulation of Corn Zein Chewing Gum and Evaluation of Sensory Properties by the Time-Intensity Method

This study was conducted to determine the feasibility of using corn zein as a natural gum base to be an alternative to the currently used synthetic gum base. The objectives were to (1) develop a corn zein chewing gum and (2) evaluate the taste, texture, and aroma qualities compared with synthetic gum base using a time‐intensity (T‐I) method. Four corn zein gum samples, each made with a different plasticizer (oleic acid, glycerin, propylene glycol, and 1 without any plasticizer), were included in the study along with 2 synthetic gum‐base samples. Nine panelists participated in the T‐I study. Thirteen attributes were evaluated. Maximum intensity, time to maximum intensity, and duration were parameters extracted from the T‐I curve. The synthetic gum‐base samples were rated higher for the maximum intensity of sweet taste and cinnamon aroma‐by‐mouth and lower for the maximum intensity of bitter taste. The propylene glycol corn zein sample was rated the highest for cinnamon aroma and the lowest for stale, rancid, and cheesy aromas. Out of the corn zein gums, the oleic acid sample was rated the lowest for the maximum intensity of hardness. It was also rated highest for the maximum intensity of bitter taste and the lowest for sweet taste. This study showed that it is feasible to use corn zein as a gum base, but future work is needed to develop an acceptable product for consumers.     

On the Effect of Tastant Excluded Fillers on Sweetness and Saltiness of a Model Food

ABSTRACT: In this study, the effect on taste due to the addition of air bubbles to a water-based gel was investigated. The gel phase contained either sucrose to give a sweet taste or sodium chloride to give a salty taste. For the sweet gels, taste intensities were evaluated for samples with different volume fractions of the air bubbles (up to 40%, v/v) and different concentrations of the sucrose. For the salty gels, samples were evaluated at 40% volume fraction of air bubbles. It was found that a reduction of the sodium chloride or sucrose by the same weight percentage as the volume fraction of the air bubbles in the samples gave equal taste perception as the nontastant-reduced samples. Moreover, saltiness and sweetness perception were clearly enhanced at 40% volume fractions of air bubbles if the sodium chloride or sucrose was not reduced. Thus, the overall tastes of the samples appeared to depend mainly on the concentration levels of the salt or the sucrose in the aqueous phase irrespective of the volume fraction of the air bubbles. However, the air bubbles were found to change the texture and appearance of the samples. It has been demonstrated that the inclusion of air bubbles offers scope for the reduction of sodium chloride or sucrose in food products.     

Milk Protein-Amylose Interaction in Solution

A technique based upon the amylose “blue value” has been used to investigate the possibility of complex formation between amylose and various milk proteins. However the results have been shown to be ambiguous, since iodine is taken up by both amylose and protein when they are in admixture. Whilst iodimetric titration is suitable for the evaluation of the amylose-complexing ability of food emulsifiers it cannot reliably be used for the analysis of starch or amylose mixtures in which protein is present, unless account is taken of the amount of iodine made unavailable to the polysaccharide by the protein.     

Time-Intensity Parameters of Selected Carbohydrate and High Potency Sweeteners

Time-intensity (TI) sweetness curves were generated and ten TI parameters were determined for selected carbohydrate and high potency sweeteners. Samples were evalutated by trained panelists at 5% sucrose equivalency (SEV) in water for sucralose, sucrose, fructose, aspartame, cyclamate, acesulfame-K and saccharin and at 9% SEV in water and a buffered model beverage system for sucralose, sucrose, fructose, aspartame and cyclamate. When compared within each system, differences in temporal properties appeared to be concentration and media dependent. No differences in onset characteristics were observed among equisweet groups. Aftertaste characteristics differed among sweeteners only .at 9% SEV in water where high potency sweeteners tended to have somewhat longer aftertaste than nutritive sweeteners.     

关于甜菊糖苷的甜度、甜味和苦涩后味的成因机理

本文从分子化学结构的角度出发,论述分析了甜菊糖苷甜中带苦涩后味的根本原因,甜度、甜味与苷元的C连接部位和连接葡糖基数的关系;对于现今改进甜菊糖苷的苦涩味的酶化方法,作了深入的比较、论证,并指出新的科学技术方法。     

奢华甜美的味觉极致——提拉米苏

甜点,西餐中不可缺少的一道美味;因为有她,使得优雅的西餐更添浪漫;因为有她,使得浪漫的西餐更添情致;因为有她,使得情致的西餐结束于完美的甜蜜回味之中。有人说,甜点代表着的就是品味。从遥远的奢华时代一路走来的甜点,     

Sweetness Evaluation of Mixtures of Fructose with Saccharin, Aspartame or Acesulfame K

Some sensorial properties of synthetic sweeteners are limiting factors for use in low calorie soft drinks, By combining synthetic sweeteners with small fructose additions, these limitations can be overcome. Using paired comparison evaluation tests, nonlinear sweetness/concentration relations were established against sucrose, in acidified noncarbonated mineral water, for fructose, saccharin, aspartame and Acesulfame K. In binary combinations with fructose, sweetness additivity was demonstrated, for each of the three synthetic sweeteners. This is in contrast with literature reporting specific synergistic effects. By taking advantage of the high relative sweetness of fructose, low calorie soft drinks containing as little as 2–3% sugar could not be distinguished sensorially from traditional sucrose drinks.     

基于大豆原料蛋白质和氨基酸组成的豆浆甜度预测模型研究

本研究采用电子舌分析了30个大豆品种加工成豆浆的甜度值,运用相关性分析法探究了豆浆甜度值与大豆原料蛋白、氨基酸组成之间的关系,使用逐步回归的方法建立了豆浆甜度的预测模型。结果表明:不同品种的大豆在蛋白质、氨基酸组成上有很大差异。大豆球蛋白(11S)含量(r=0.370)、大豆球蛋白/β-伴大豆球蛋白比率(11S/7S比率)(r=0.436)、丝氨酸(r=0.418)和苏氨酸(r=0.373)含量与豆浆甜度呈显著正相关(p<0.05),α亚基含量(r=-0.460)、β-伴大豆球蛋白(7S)含量(r=-0.428)、蛋氨酸(r=-0.372)和酪氨酸(r=-0.464)含量与豆浆甜度呈显著负相关(p<0.05)。通过逐步回归建立豆浆甜度预测模型的决定系数R²=0.747,方程为:F(甜度预测值)=-0.125×α亚基+3.172×苏氨酸+1.655×丝氨酸-2.894×蛋氨酸-2.097×酪氨酸+9.908,模型验证结果显示,实测值与模型预测值的平均相对误差为4.61%。因此,用本研究模型能准确地预测豆浆甜度。     

Perceived Sweetness and Redness in Colored Sucrose Solutions

Perceived sweetness and redness in five red colored solutions containing 0.25–5.0% FD&C Red 40 were quantified using magnitude estimation. Three panels of 14 subjects each evaluated solutions containing five sucrose concentrations ranging from 2.7–5.3%. Color had a statistically significant effect (p≤0.05) on sweetness perception in 80% of the treatments. Sweetness in darker colored solutions was 2–10% greater than the lighter reference when the actual sucrose concentration was 1% less. Sweetness increased linearly over all sucrose concentrations and over a narrow range of color intensities. Color was measured using the Gardner XL-23 Colorimeter and the G.E. Recording Spectrophotometer. All color measurements were converted to L*, a*, b* and the value arctan (a*/b*) - used to represent color intensity. The perception of increasing color intensity was a linear power law function of arctan (a*/b*).     

Sweetness preferences for a sports-drink among US and Asian consumers

As the global market expands, it is critical that researchers understand how cultural factors influence the expectations and liking for a food product. The objectives of this study were to identify the optimal sweetness level for a sports-drink for consumers originating from different countries and to investigate the factors affecting the optimal sweetness level. In the first study, respondents (n=372) originated from 5 Asian countries and US tasted and evaluated the sports-drink at 4 sweetener levels. Consumers (n=256) from 3 Asian countries and US participated in the second study. Consumers evaluated the concept and sensory expectations for the ‘lemon-lime flavored’ sports-drink and other beverages. The optimal sweetness level for the sports-drink was lower for Americans than Asians. The familiarity to the product was a key factor affecting the optimal sweetener level. The results also suggested that information can differently influence the product acceptance depending on one’s familiarity with the product.     

论三氯蔗糖及其衍生物的甜味机理

对三氯蔗糖与螺旋蛋白受体之间相互作用构象进行研究,结果表明三氯蔗糖及其衍生物等强力甜味剂的甜味机理涉及:以3’-OH/2-O(AHs/Bs)参与受体蛋白肽链侧链形成多重疏水吸引;质子供体4’-OH(AHs4)与侧链第四个氨基酸残基(如谷氨酰)质子受体之间形成额外分子间氢键;三氯蔗糖分子6-OH和6’-Cl形成的弱分子内氢键将有助额外分子间氢键的形成;并且C-4’上卤素取代基及其立体化学结构也对甜味产生重要影响。AH,B,X理论和多点结合甜味理论都被用来解释三氯蔗糖及其衍生物的甜味肌理。     

Evaluation of Maillard Reaction Variables and Their Effect on Heterocyclic Amine Formation in Chemical Model Systems

Heterocyclic amines (HCAs), highly mutagenic and potentially carcinogenic by‐products, form during Maillard browning reactions, specifically in muscle‐rich foods. Chemical model systems allow examination of in vitro formation of HCAs while eliminating complex matrices of meat. Limited research has evaluated the effects of Maillard reaction parameters on HCA formation. Therefore, 4 essential Maillard variables (precursors molar concentrations, water amount, sugar type, and sugar amounts) were evaluated to optimize a model system for the study of 4 HCAs: 2‐amino‐3‐methylimidazo‐[4,5‐f]quinoline, 2‐amino‐3‐methylimidazo[4,5‐f]quinoxaline, 2‐amino‐3,8‐dimethylimidazo[4,5‐f]quinoxaline, and 2‐amino‐3,4,8‐trimethyl‐imidazo[4,5‐f]quinoxaline. Model systems were dissolved in diethylene glycol, heated at 175 °C for 40 min, and separated using reversed‐phase liquid chromatography. To define the model system, precursor amounts (threonine and creatinine) were adjusted in molar increments (0.2/0.2, 0.4/0.4, 0.6/0.6, and 0.8/0.8 mmol) and water amounts by percentage (0%, 5%, 10%, and 15%). Sugars (lactose, glucose, galactose, and fructose) were evaluated in several molar amounts proportional to threonine and creatinine (quarter, half, equi, and double). The precursor levels and amounts of sugar were significantly different (P < 0.05) in regards to total HCA formation, with 0.6/0.6/1.2 mmol producing higher levels. Water concentration and sugar type also had a significant effect (P < 0.05), with 5% water and lactose producing higher total HCA amounts. A model system containing threonine (0.6 mmol), creatinine (0.6 mmol), and glucose (1.2 mmol), with 15% water was determined to be the optimal model system with glucose and 15% water being a better representation of meat systems.     

Comparison of Temporal Perception of Fruitiness in Model Systems Sweetened with Aspartame, an Aspartame + Acesulfame K Blend, or Sucrose

Sweetness and fruitiness of equisweet solutions of aspartame (APM), an aspartame + acesulfame-K blend (APM/AK) or sucrose were evaluated in binary (BIN) (sweetener and orange flavor) and tertiary (TER) (BIN and citric acid) systems by time-intensity (TI) methodology. Sweetener solutions adjusted to the viscosity of sucrose (APM* and APM/AK*) showed small inconsistent differences from their unthickened counterparts. In BIN systems, APM and APM* had the longest duration (DUR) of sweetness and fruitiness. In TER systems, APM* increased maximum intensity (MAX) and DUR of fruitness and S decreased sourness MAX and DUR relative to APM and APM/AK blends. Fruitiness MAX was perceived later than sweetness, whereas sweetness DUR persisted longer than fruitiness.     

Immobilized Condensed Tannins and Their Interaction with Proteins

Condensed tannins from grapes immobilized on Sepharose 4B were found to have protein binding properties similar to tannins in free solution. Proteins bound to the gel at pH values below their individual isoelectric points and were eluted when the pH was increased. A good correlation was obtained between the isoelectric point and the elution pH for the following enzymes and proteins: alkaline phosphatase, ovalbumin, β-lactoglobulin, bovine serum albumin, α-amylase,γ-globulin, and cytochrome c. Trypsin represented an exception to the rule, α-Amylase retained enzymatic activity after elution from the gel.