微小器件热特性测量新方法

微小器件热特性具有快速产生、不可逆、易损坏器件等性质,较难在瞬间捕捉到它变化的一些信息.为了研究微小器件热特性,本文引入了一种测试器件热性能的新方法——反射率热成像法,并对该种方法的成像原理、功能应用作了简单介绍.在实际测试小器件热特性过程中,应用反射率热成像系统与红外热像仪进行了对比测试,结果表明:反射率热成像系统空间分辨率更高,达到亚微米量级;时间分辨率更高,达到百纳秒级;对样品温度要求低,温度范围更大,不需要对样品加热;只需对新材料进行校准,无需对样品表面进行逐点校准.在要求高分辨率、超快速的微小尺寸热测试领域,反射率热成像仪有着很好的应用前景.     

黄土高原坡向信息量变化与DEM分辨率的关系

运用非线性回归方法,研究了从数字高程模型（DEM）所提取坡向信息量随DEM分辨率变化而变化的函数规律。在中国西北部黄土高原选取了代表7种黄土地貌类型的252个样区。在每个样区以1：10000地形图为数据源建立了分辨率分别为5,15,25,…,75m的DEM。以5m分辨率DEM提取的坡向信息为假定真实值,以其它分辨率DEM提取的坡向信息为研究对象,分析了坡向信息量的损失与分辨率的函数关系。提出了基于单个栅格的坡向分类别正确率（a）指标和坡向信息量损失（q）指标。在每一类地貌类型区得到了上述两项误差指标与分辨率的函数关系,可以根据函数关系由已知误差求得所需要的分辨率。函数关系的建立可在保证预定坡向信息的精度前提下,选定DEM的适宜分辨率,减小数据量,降低成本。     

近贴X射线成像系统调制传递特性联合检测方法

利用光学调制传递函数评价原理,在建立了各个成像子系统信号传递关系的基础上,提出了一种近贴式X射线成像光学调制传递特性检测方法。从像增强器约束、射线源约束和噪声约束这3个角度对近贴式X射线成像系统光学调制传递函数进行理论定标。将近贴式X射线成像系统后端的CCD望远系统换成CCD显微系统并对不同空间分辨率的铅栅进行成像与对比度拟合。实验结果表明:时域均衡可以有效提高拟合精度。其拟合结果表明空间分辨率为10线对/mm时其调制传递函数仍有10%,与理论定标结果基本一致。故传统近贴式X射线成像系统的望远光学镜头分辨率才是真正的成像瓶颈。     

反射-折射多分辨率全向相机设计

为了满足智能车辆自动驾驶的需要,提出了一种真正单视点、多分辨率的反射-折射式系统,作为车载全向相机。该系统由光学反射器件和折射器件组成,由于使用了椭圆锥镜面的光学反射器件,故其是真正单视点的,能够为车辆前方场景提供比侧方更高的分辨率,同时具有宽广的视场。相机原型和仿真实验结果表明,它的水平分辨率和垂直视场随观察方位角的变化而变化,垂直分辨率不随方位角变化,可实现6倍的多分辨率和180°的大视场。     

基于lp范数的ECT图像重建算法研究

针对在ECT图像重建过程中,基于lp-范数的非凸压缩感知算法常存在计算量较大以及现有的近端映射算法受一些特定的p值限制而导致成像分辨率较低的问题,利用改进的插值函数替换lp-范数xpp,通过调整参数使得改进的函数无限逼近lp-范数xpp,同时引入阈值表示理论,并在此基础上提出新的自适应阈值迭代算法对新模型进行求解。实验结果表明,改进后的自适应lp-范数重构算法相对于Landwebr算法、迭代重加权最小二乘法具有更强的适应性,更高的图像分辨率,更快的成像速度。     

动磁式直线冰箱压缩机的设计方法

建立了动磁式压缩机理论数学模型,采用描述函数法对非线性气体力进行了线性化,分析了压缩机系统振动特性.从制冷量和制冷性能系数(COP值)要求出发,提出了一套动磁式直线冰箱压缩机理论设计新方法,从而合理确定压缩机主要结构和性能参数,保证压缩机系统高效运行.样机设计和性能仿真分析表明.此种设计方法是可行的.     

大景深相位模板的个性化设计

从大景深成像系统实际所需要的景深、分辨率以及最小调制传递函数MTF响应值出发,本文建立了相位模板的个性化优化设计模型.在设计景深、分辨率范围内,以保证系统的MTF值大于设定的最小MTF响应值为优化限制条件,以不同离焦对应的光学传递函数的Fisher信息的积分作为优化目标函数.对波前编码系统的立方相位模板CPM和指数相位模板EPM进行了几组优化设计.同时,给出了后续的图像复原滤波器表达式.结果表明,得到的个性化相位模板和图像复原的结合,能够满足系统的实际需求,系统总的传递函数接近衍射受限系统的传递函数.     

栅结构微陀螺大角速度信号输入下分辨率的研究

主要研究了大角速度信号输入对栅结构振动式微陀螺及其检测电路分辨率的影响。在0.01-200°/s的动态范围内,按照设计值,陀螺器件与检测电路组成的系统能够分辨0.01°/s的输入角速度变化。考虑到驱动电压和积分电容与敏感电容的特性差异的影响后,当输入角速度大于10°/s时,整个系统即无法分辨0.01°/s的输入角速度变化。针对这种情况,提出了在传感器件上集成关键元件的方法来解决大角速度信号输入下整个系统分辨率降低的问题。     

微构件拉伸测试辅助引导对中测量系统设计

设计了一套微构件拉伸测试辅助引导对中测量系统,该系统以激光准直特性为基础并结合折反射定律,采用正交二维相机获得包含平移和角偏移的激光光点图像信息,建立了二维位移和二维角偏移与激光器成像点变化的数学模型。搭建了实验平台,依据该模型,利用MATLAB对获取图像进行处理获得需要调整的二维平移和角偏移参数变量。实验结果表明,该测量系统的二维角偏移分辨率可达到0.001°,重复性优于0.02°;二维位移分辨率可达到亚微米,重复性优于10μm。可为微构件拉伸测试中辅助引导对中提供调整参数并提高拉伸测试数据的准确性。     

LCD组件检测中用MTF评估自动聚焦分辨率的方法

液晶检测设备在自动聚焦后由于焦距变化,成像分辨率也不可避免的发生变化,为此必须提供一种快速评估检测设备实际分辨率的方法。由于检测设备总分辨率为镜头分辨率与相机分辨率的乘积,因此论文提出先根据相机的各种噪声模型建立相机对比度分辨值,接着用频率渐变的LCD黑白样条光栅评估不同频率下镜头MTF的像质退化情况,最后通过分析分辨率与对比度关系,得出相机最高对比度下能够分辨出的经过成像系统像质退化产生亮暗模糊所对应的空间截止频率。实验表明在使用光学检测设备对手机背光源进行缺陷检测时,论文的方法评估实际分辨率>17μm,用背光源标定样品实际检测后可以得到,对于17μm以上缺陷检测设备都能清晰成像,因此结果证明了该方法的有效性。     

Miner线性累计损伤理论在汽车试验场可靠性试验强化系数研究中的应用

 可靠性试验强化系数是汽车试验场制定规范的基础,运用科学的计算理论和方法可以得到准确的强化系数．根据Miner线性累积损伤理论,按照零件产生疲劳的因素对其进行修正,推导了计算汽车可靠性试验强化系数的数学模型,并在模型中引入损伤因子统计量和频率因子统计量的概念,使影响强化系数的多因素的物理意义更为准确．结合长安大学汽车试验场可靠性强化道路的实际,对某载货车在试验场上的载荷谱测试数据进行处理,计算得到试验场多种路面的综合强化系数．提供的理论和计算方法对其他试验场具有普遍的参考价值．     

感绿X线胶片稀土增感屏生产工艺和发光机理探讨

感绿（正色性）医用x线胶片与稀土元素增感屏配合可显示出极大的优越性：显著地减少x线剂量，提高影像质量，降低生产成本等等．本文扼要地介绍了发射绿光的稀土元素增感屏生产工艺，并在稀土元素原子的电子结构基础上，简明地阐述了稀土元素增感屏的荧光发光机理．     

医用S/F系统感绿胶片技术动态

感绿胶片／稀土增感屏系统可大大降低射线剂量。这主要是由于稀土增感屏比钨酸钙增感屏有较高的Ｘ线吸收效率及转换为可见光的效率。感绿的屏／片体系显示了细微的影像颗粒，具有较高的解像力。这主要是由于感绿片采用了Ｔ颗粒技术及抗交迭效应技术，提高了乳剂对荧光的吸收，同时防止交迭光的散射危害。     

溴氧化镧：铽增感屏

本文扼要阐述了与医用X线皎片匹配使用的荧光增感屏的结构和主要性能,如:增感效率、分辨率、光谱特性、余辉等,阐明了稀土元素增感屏较之传统的钨酸钙增感屏的种种优越性,重点介绍了目前应用最多的稀土元素荧光粉——溴氧化镧:铽的制备方法和特性,并列举了有关试验数据。     

Multi scale hard x-ray microscopy

The structure of crystalline materials is typically organised hierarchically on several length scales. Hard x-ray microscopy is presented as a collection of modalities that allows to zoom into a mm-sized sample to acquire 3D maps of any embedded region and at essentially all relevant length scales. For coarse mapping of grains, their orientations and average stress state diffraction based tomography methods can sample thousands of grains with a resolution of 2 µm. At the 100 nm scale, domains and dislocations and their associated strain fields can be visualised by diffraction microscopy. Similar to dark field electron microscopy, diffraction and imaging can be combined in several ways. For the ultimate resolution, a bulk version of coherent diffraction imaging is introduced. Hard x-ray microscopy is optimised for acquisition of 3D movies: directly visualising the structural changes during nucleation and growth, deformation or damage. The state of art is provided along with examples of use. I discuss how hard x-ray microscopy studies can enable the formulation and validation of improved multiscale models that account for the entire heterogeneity of materials.     

基于MCNP的X光机模拟及足跟效应修正

为修正X射线管的足跟效应,根据常用的X射线管参数,基于MCNP建立了X光机仿真模型,模仿光机成像系统增感屏,建立了169个像素的探测器阵列,并利用该阵列探究了X射线管的足跟效应现象,采用多项式拟合分段修正的方法设计了足跟效应过滤片HEF,对足跟效应照度过高的区域进行匀整修正。通过平面过滤片与HEF的通量分布对比,发现HEF成功地将阴阳极轴线方向-12°至19°的范围修正到无过滤片时强度的60%,该区域通量的最大相对误差小于3%,实现较大匀整面积。通过模拟成像对比分析发现,经过HEF修正后的X光机,大大提高了物体分辨的能力。所提出的对特定X光管参数和成像阵列面足跟效应的修正方法具有一定的实用性与可推广性,对X光机的设计和使用具有一定的参考价值。     

Analysis of powder X-ray diffraction resolution using collimating and focusing polycapillary optics

Focusing X-ray optics can be used to increase the intensity onto small samples, greatly reducing data collection time. Typically, the beam convergence is restricted to avoid loss of resolution, since the focused beams broaden the resulting powder diffraction rings. However, with smooth Gaussian peaks, the resolution defined by the uncertainty in peak location can be much less than the peak width. Polycapillary X-ray optics were used to collimate and focus X-rays onto standard inorganic powder diffraction samples. Comparisons were made of system resolution and diffracted beam intensity with and without focusing and collimating optics using a standard small spot rotating anode system in point source geometry. The area detector and optics also allowed for the use of a low power 60 W source, without increasing either the collection time or the peak center error compared to the rotating anode no optic case. Resolution and intensity were in good agreement with those obtained from a simple geometrical model developed for the optics, which allows for system design and optimization for the desired sample characteristics. Foils and powders were used to model thin film samples while allowing both reflection and transmission measurements to more effectively verify theoretical modeling of beam parameters.     

Characterization of a CCD-based digital x-ray imaging system for small-animal studies: properties of spatial resolution

A digital x-ray imaging system was designed for small-animal studies. This system is a fiber-optics taper-coupled imaging system with two CCD arrays uniquely jointed. The x-ray source of the system has a small focal spot of 20 microm. This digital imaging system contains specially designed shelves to provide magnification levels, ranging from 1.5x to 5x. The system is characterized in terms of its properties of spatial resolution. An observer-based spatial resolution measurement was conducted with a line-pair target and a sector test pattern. The modulation transfer function of the system, with different magnifications, was studied by use of a 10-microm lead slit. The average resolutions at 50% and 5% modulations at 1x magnification were measured as 3.9 and 8.4 lp/mm, respectively, where lp indicates line pairs. With 5x magnification, the 50% and the 5% modulations provided 13.2- and 29.9-lp/mm, respectively, average spatial resolutions. The measurements showed consistency between the two individual CCD arrays; the difference in resolution between the two CCDs is less than 1%, even at high magnifications.     

Fourier synthesis image reconstruction by use of one-dimensional position-sensitive detectors

An improvement of Fourier synthesis optics for hard x-ray imaging is described, and the basic performance of the new optics is confirmed through numerical simulations. The original concept of the Fourier synthesis imager utilizes nonposition-sensitive hard x-ray detectors coupled to individual bigrid modulation collimators. The improved concept employs a one-dimensional position-sensitive detector (such as a CdTe strip detector) instead of the second grid layer of each bigrid modulation collimator. This improves the imaging performance in several respects over the original design. One performance improvement is a two-fold increase in the average transmission, from 1/4 to 1/2. The second merit is that both the sine and cosine components can be derived from a single grid-detector module, and hence the number of imaging modules can be halved. Furthermore, it provides information along the depth direction simultaneously. This in turn enables a three-dimensional imaging hard x-ray microscope for medical diagnostics, incorporating radioactive tracers. A conceptual design of such a microscope is presented, designed to provide a field of view of 4 mm and a spatial resolution of 400 microm.