PHYTIC ACID

Since its discovery, phytic acid has been categorized as an antinutritional component in cereals and legumes. Research has traditionally focused on its unique structure that gives it the ability to bind minerals, proteins, and starch, and the resulting detrimental effects. Phytic acid (PA) has also been attributed to high phosphorus excretion by monogastric animals and the resulting environmental problems of phosphorus pollution of water and soil. Although all of these concerns are valid, the development of phytases has offered solutions to overcome some of these adverse effects. With more understanding of the effects of phytic acid, many of the adverse effects can be overcome. In addition, more recent research has proposed that the same properties that labeled phytic acid as an antinutrient may in fact be responsible for a wide range of benefits. Many new areas for phytic acid utilization including medical and industrial applications have been proposed. This review will give a general overview of the structure and function of phytic acid and phytases, phytic acid as a component of food and animal feed, industrial applications, and medicinal qualities in order to better understand the complete phytic acid system.     

FATTY ACID COMPOSITION IN TISSUES OF MICE FED DIETS CONTAINING CONJUGATED LINOLENIC ACID AND CONJUGATED LINOLEIC ACID

The influence of 1% alpha-eleostearic acid (α-ESA, cis9,trans11,trans 13-18:3) and 1% punicic acid (PA, cis9,trans11,cis13-18:3) on fatty acid composition in mouse tissues was compared with conjugated linoleic acid (CLA, mixture of primarily cis9,trans11- and trans10,cis12-18:2) in the present study. The content (% total fatty acids) of 18:2n-6 was significantly reduced in the heart and adipose tissues, and total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and n-6 PUFA were significantly reduced in adipose tissue by α-ESA, PA and CLA feeding. The content of 22:6n-3 and total n-3 PUFA were significantly increased in the liver, kidney and heart by PA feeding, but not by α-ESA. In contrast to PA, supplementation with CLA significantly decreased 22:6n-3 in the liver, kidney and heart. The content of 20:4n-6 was significantly decreased in the liver and kidney by CLA feeding, but not by α-ESA and PA. The present results indicate that α-ESA, PA and CLA have differential effects on 22:6n-3 and 20:4n-6 content in mouse tissues.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Conjugated linolenic acid (CLnA), a group of octadecatrienoic acid isomers with a conjugated triene system, has been reported to exhibit favorable physiological effects, including anticancer properties and regulation of lipid metabolism. Punicic acid and alpha-eleostearic acid, two isomers of CLnA, have been shown to convert into cis 9, trans 11-18:2 in vivo . The effect of CLnA on fatty acid composition in mouse tissues was investigated in comparison with CLA mixtures in the present study. The data obtained here could provide information for the potential application of CLnA-containing seeds as functional food ingredients, a natural source of endogenously formed cis 9, trans 11-18:2 and a dietary feeding strategy to beneficially modify the fatty acid composition of animal tissues.     

异Vc和Vc水溶液稳定性的比较研究

将Vc和异Vc配成水溶液，利用碘量法测定在不同时间、不同条件下它们的浓度，通过比较保存率，考察了水溶液pH值、金属离子和金属络合剂、光、水质、食盐和温度等因素对它们稳定性的影响。试验所表现出的总体规律是：相同条件下，Vc比异Vc更稳定。     

苦丁茶中熊果酸和齐墩果酸的提取及含量测定

采用甲醇超声提取,高效液相色谱测定苦丁茶中熊果酸及齐墩果酸含量.最佳色谱条件为:Agilent HC-C18(250mm×4.6mm,5μm)色谱柱,流动相V(甲醇):V(水):V(磷酸)=87:13:0.03,流速1.0mI/min,紫外检测波长215nm.通过对不同样品的测定,结果表明:冬青科苦丁茶中熊果酸及齐墩果酸含量较高,而木樨科苦丁荼中基本不舍熊果酸及齐墩果酸,且含量随贮存时间延长而下降.     

p-HYDROXYPHENYLACETIC ACID AND-3,4-DIHYDROXYPHENYLACETIC ACID AS SUBSTRATES FOR MUSHROOM TYROSINASE

The hydroxylation of p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (PHPAC) and the oxidation of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) by mushroom tyrosinase are illustrated. DOPAC quinone (4-carboxy-methyl-o-benzoquinone (λ_max= 400±10 nm) is the initial pigmented product formed when DOPAC is oxidized by the enzyme. DOPAC quinone is very unstable, and, once formed, is converted rapidly to further oxidation product(s).
The relationships between the rate of p-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid hydroxylation and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid oxidation as a function of various concentrations of each substrate and of mushroom tyrosinase, are described.
The effect of the addition of various chemicals that can potentially conjugate otherwise affect DOPAC quinone was studied The Km value of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid for mushroom tyrosinase was estimated to be 4.0 mM.     

SIMULTANEOUS DIFFUSION of CITRIC ACID and ASCORBIC ACID IN PREPEELED POTATOES

The study of the simultaneous diffusion of chemical preservatives in vegetable tissues permits the determination of the time required to complete this process and the concentration distributions of the preservatives.
The individual or simultaneous diffusion of citric and ascorbic acids in pre-peeled potatoes was analyzed; the effect of pH decrease on the diffusive flux of ascorbic acid and the interaction between both acids was considered as the multicomponent diffusion problem.
Potato spheres of different radii were immersed in individual solutions or mixtures of citric and ascorbic acids in concentration ranging from 0.5% to 2% W/V for different immersion times and agitation conditions. the residual concentration of citric acid was determined by titrable acidity (22058 AOAC method) and that of ascorbic acid by 2–6 dichlorophenol-indophenol method.
Experimental data were fitted to the mathematical models and the effective diffusion coefficients were determined for citric (D_e= 4.3 ± 0.2 × 10⁻¹⁰ m²/s) and ascorbic acids (D_e= 5.45 ± 0.4 × 10⁻¹⁰ m²/s) diffusing individually. When mixtures of two acids were used, multicomponent analysis was adopted and interaction coefficients were evaluated (D₁₂= 6.67 ± 0.8 × 10⁻¹¹ m²/s and D₂₁= 8.33 ± 0.8 × 10⁻¹¹ m²/s); they were an order of magnitude lower than binary diffusion values.
The pH effect on the diffusive flux of ascorbic acid was decoupled from the interaction of both acids during simultaneous diffusion by studying the diffusion of the first acid in potatoes preacidified with the second acid.     

QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF GALLIC ACID IN TANNIC ACID BY THIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY

A method is described which allows the separation of compounds present in pyrogallol tannic acid by thin layer chromatography on previously purified silica gel. This method can be used to determine gallic acid in presence of gallotannin.     

利用餐饮杂油脂肪酸直接氢化生产硬脂酸的工艺研究

论述了餐饮杂油脂肪酸直接加氢的研究意义、工艺优势，以及催化剂、前处理、搅拌、温度等因素对加氢反应的影响。     

高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定山楂片中的熊果酸和齐墩果酸

建立了高效液相色谱同时测定山楂片中熊果酸和齐墩果酸含量的方法。色谱条件：色谱柱Hypersil BDS C18（4.6mm×200mm,5μm）,柱温为25℃,UV检测波长2l0nm,流动相为甲醇-磷酸水溶液（pH=3.0）（85∶15）,流速为0.5mL/min。结果表明：熊果酸和齐墩果酸的线性范围38.0μg/mL～600μg/mL（r=0.9991）和12.5μg/mL～200μg/mL（r=0.9994）,平均回收率分别为99.06%和99.17%,RSD分别为1.43%（n=5）和2.49%（n=5）;该方法简便、准确,适合于山楂片中熊果酸和齐墩果酸含量的测定。     

ANTIFUNGAL EFFECTS OF SORBIC ACID AND PROPIONIC ACID AT DIFFERENT pH AND NaCl CONDITIONS

The effect of pH (7, 5.6, 3.5), NaCl concentration (3 to 20% w/v) and EDTA on the antifungal activity of sorbic acid and propionic acid (Ca salt) against Candida spp. , Sporothrix sp. , Fusarium sp. , Penicillium spp. , Paecilomyces sp. and Aspergillus spp. was investigated by the Spiral Gradient End Point Test. Sorbic acid was active against most yeasts and molds, and in the presence of EDTA, which enhanced the effect of sorbic acid, all the organisms tested were inhibited. Sorbic acid was most effective at low pH. The inhibitory effect of sorbic acid increased with increasing NaCl concentration for all test organisms. Propionic acid was not as active as sorbic acid, but when combined with EDTA the inhibition was improved for some of the molds tested. Increasing or decreasing the pH did not change the antifungal activity of propionic acid. Synergistic effects of NaCl occurred at concentrations higher than 10%, but when EDTA was added, the inhibition was seen even at the lower NaCl concentrations.     

添加聚马来酸改善柠檬酸的免烫整理效果

分析了柠檬酸免烫整理剂在使用中的缺点和原因,同时提出了在柠檬酸整理液中添加马来酸以解决柠檬酸处理织物的不足之处,提高整理效果。     

PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS AND FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF PIGS FED A DIET WITH DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID

Market hogs were fed a ration from 22–42 days prior that contained the omega-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplemented at 0, 0.125 and 0.250 kg/pig in the form of the microalgae , Schizochythrum sp. There were no differences (P>0.05) between the average daily gain, feed consumption, or feed efficiency of the controls and those that received a DHA supplementation. Of the 21 fatty acids analyzed, the concentration of only five were affected by DHA supplementation. Muscles from the ham, loin, and shoulder of pigs that received 0.250 kg of DHA contained more eicosapentaenoate, docosahexaenoate, and docosapentaenoate n-6 and n-3 than either the controls or those that received 0.125 kg. Supplementation of DHA in the ration at 0.125 kg caused an elevation of docosapentaenoate n-6 and docosahexaenoate. These data suggest that addition of DHA to the diet can elevate the amount of this omega-3 fatty acid in pork with potential health benefits to consumers.     

反相高效液相色谱-光电二极管阵列检测器法测定金樱子中乌索酸和齐墩果酸

建立反相高效液相色谱法同时测定了金樱子中乌索酸和齐墩果酸的含量，并进行了方法学考察。色谱柱为Kromasil C18分析柱（4．6mm×250mm，5μm），流动相为甲醇-水（87：13），流速0．7mL／min，光电二极管阵列检测器（PAD），检测波长210nm，柱温25℃。在选定色谱条件下线性范围良好，乌索酸和齐墩果酸的样品加样回收率分别为100．1％和102．5％，RSD为1．6％和2．1％。     

释酸剂在锦纶织物弱酸性染料染色中的应用

探讨了释酸剂用量、加入方式以及起始pH值等对锦纶弱酸性染料染色的上染速率和上染率的影响，结果表明：释酸剂HTA能逐渐刚氏染液的pH值，在不改变染色牢度的前提下，可提高匀染性。     

AMINO ACID ESTERS IN BEER

The ethyl esters of valine, leucine and iso-leucine have been detected in a range of commercial and experimental beers at levels between ca. 3 ppb and 71 ppb. However these compounds have been shown to have no noticeable effect on beer flavour at levels up to at least 12 ppm.